ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﻣﺮضا ﻣﻌﺪيا. ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ
Everyone's familiar with cancer, but we don't normally think of cancer as being a contagious disease. The Tasmanian devil has shown us that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease, but it can also threaten an entire species with extinction.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ. ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ؟ ﺑﻌﻀﻜﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﻴﺮﺓ "ﺗﺎﺯ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ الحيوان الجرابي ﻫﻮ من الثديات ﺫﻭ ﺟﻴﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ الكنغر ﻳﺤﻤﻞ "ﺍﻟﻌﻐﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﺒﺔ ﺍﻟتﻲ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ
So first of all, what is a Tasmanian devil? Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character, the one that spins around and around and around. But not many people know that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil, and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial. A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like a kangaroo. The Tasmanian devil got its name from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes.
ﺻﺮﺧﺎﺕ
(Screaming)
ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ
(Laughter)
ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮالعفريت ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ حيوان ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻭﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻲ ﻳﻤﻀﻎ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧية ﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ نموها ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ دائما ﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ في ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ
The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger, and it uses its powerful jaws and its sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals. [The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania, which is that small island just to the south of the mainland of Australia. And despite their ferocious appearance, Tasmanian devils are actually quite adorable little animals. In fact, growing up in Tasmania, it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a Tasmanian devil in the wild.
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ. الآن ﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ 20 ﺍﻟﻲ 30 ﻋﺎﻣﺎ. ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ الا ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻱ
But the Tasmanian devil population has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline. And in fact, there's concern that the species could go extinct in the wild within 20 to 30 years. And the reason for that is the emergence of a new disease, a contagious cancer.
ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996 ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘط ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ هنا ﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ. ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮت حالة فريدة ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ. ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ الآن ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ الآن ﻭﺑﺎﺋﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996 ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻶﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ. ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ
The story begins in 1996 when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face. At the time, this was thought to be a one-off. Animals, just like humans, sometimes get strange tumors. However, we now believe that this is the first sighting of a new disease, which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania. The disease was first sighted in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996 and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave. Now there's only a small part of the population, which remains unaffected.
ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪاية كأورام ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ. ﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻌﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ لا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ نمو الأورام ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ
This disease appears first as tumors, usually on the face or inside the mouth of affected Tasmanian devils. These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors, such as these ones here. And the next image I'm going to show is quite gruesome. But inevitably, these tumors progress towards being enormous, ulcerating tumors like this one here.
هذا الورم بالتحديد التصق في ذهني لأنه كان أول حاله من هذا المرض اراها بنفسي وأذكر رعبي وأنا أري هذه العفريتة ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺢ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻕ ﻓﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ. لﻢ ﺗﻜﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺗﻬﺎ ممتلئة بﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﺮﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺮﺿﻊ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ..ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ اكثر من 90 ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺍ بالفعل من هذا المرض
This one in particular sticks in my mind, because this is the first case of this disease that I saw myself. And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor inside her mouth that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw. She hadn't eaten for days. Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms. Her body was riddled with secondary tumors. And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils in her pouch. Of course, they died along with the mother. They were too young to survive without their mother. In fact, in the area where she comes from, more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population has already died of this disease.
العلماء حول العالم اهتموا بهذا المرض هذا السرطان المعدي الذي انتشر خلال ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ العفاريت التاسمانية واتجهت اذهاننا في الحال إلي سرطان عنق الرحم في النساء والذي ينتشر بسبب فيروس و وباء الإيدز الذي ارتبط بعدد من السرطانات المختلفة كل الدلائل ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻸﻥ -ﻭﺃﻗﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ- ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ الان ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ شئ أكثر تهديدا شئ لم نفكر به بالفعل من قبل لكن من أجل ان أوضح لكم ما هو احتاج الي دقيقتين اتحدث فيهما اكثر عن السرطان نفسه
Scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population. And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women, which is spread by a virus, and to the AIDS epidemic, which is associated with a number of different types of cancer. All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer was spread by a virus. However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now -- that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus. In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer is something altogether more sinister, and something that we hadn't really thought of before. But in order for me to explain what that is, I need to spend just a couple of minutes talking more about cancer itself.
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻼﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ. ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺑمرض اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻛﺍﻥ لدي ﻭﺭﻡ ﻭﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ القولون ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻝ 14 ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ) ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎء الطبيعي النمو المستمر لخلايا السرطان والانتقاء الطبيعي هو نمو الخلايا المناسبة فإذا كان عندك عدد من خلايا السرطان المتضاعفة عندما تكتسب واحدة منهم طفرات جديدة يسمح لها بنمو اكثر سرعة والحصول علي الغذاء بنجاح والانتشار في الجسد و إجتياحه ويتم انتقائهم - الخلايا المصابة - لأجل التطور
Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people around the world every year. One in three people in this room will develop cancer at some stage in their lives. I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine when I was only 14. Cancer occurs when a single cell in your body acquires a set of random mutations in important genes that cause that cell to start to produce more and more and more copies of itself. Paradoxically, once established, natural selection actually favors the continued growth of cancer. Natural selection is survival of the fittest. And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells, if one of them acquires new mutations, which allow them to grow more quickly, acquire nutrients more successfully, invade the body, they'll be selected for by evolution.
وهذا هو سبب صعوبة ﻋﻼﺝ السرطان ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﻄﻪ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻸﺑﺪ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ونموها المتواصل ونموها المتواصل وانتشارها في الجسم والتهامها لإنسجتنا يؤدي الى وفاة مريض السرطان وموت خلايا السرطان نفسها
That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat. It evolves. Throw a drug at it, and resistant cells will grow back. An amazing fact is that, given the right environment and the right nutrients, a cancer cell has the potential to go on growing forever. However cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies, and its continued growth, its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues, leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself.
لذا فمن الممكن التفكير في السرطان علي انه كائن غريب قصير الأجل ومدمر طريقه في التطور خارج الجسد مسدود ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ مكان اكتساب سرطان العفاريت التاسمانية والذي حدث بصورة مدهشة وبﺗﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﺬﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ معرفة اللغز ﺟﺎﺀت ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ الحمض النووي ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻜﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ
So cancer could be thought of as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form -- an evolutionary dead end. But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer has acquired an absolutely amazing evolutionary adaptation. And the answer came from studying the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA. This was work from many people, but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment that I did a few years ago.
الشريحة ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻷﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ وايضا بعض العينات من اماكن اخرى بجسده ﺍﺧﺬﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ للحمض النووي ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺍﺱ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻫﻤﺎ ﻛﺈﺧﺘﻼﻓﻚ ﺍﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻚ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ فﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺒﺮﺗﻨﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ نشأ في الأصل من خلايا ﺃﻧﺜﻲ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺫﻛﺮ
The next slide is going to be gruesome. This is Jonas. He's a Tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on his face. And being a geneticist, I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations. So I took this opportunity to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor and also some samples from other parts of his body. I took these back to the lab. I extracted DNA from them. And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA, and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor to that of the rest of his body, I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile. In fact, Jonas and his tumor were as different from each other as you and the person sitting next to you. What this told us was that Jonas' tumor did not arise from cells of his own body. In fact, more genetic profiling told us that this tumor in Jonas actually probably first arose from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil -- and Jonas was clearly a male.
لذا كيف يمكن لورم نشأ من خلايا حيوان آخر ان ينمو علي وجه جوناس ؟ جاءت الطفرة العلمية القادمة بعد دراسة أورام العفاريت التاسمانية في تاسمانيا كلها. ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍلاﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻓﻜﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ الاﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ اﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ إلي ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ
So how come a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual is growing on Jonas' face? Well the next breakthrough came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers from all around Tasmania. We found that all of these cancers shared the same DNA. Think about that for a minute. That means that all of these cancers actually are the same cancer that arose once from one individual devil, that have broken free of that first devil's body and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population.
ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺒﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ الانتشار ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ؟ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻲ عضّ بعضها البعض بشراسة غالبا وعادةً في الوجه نحن نظن ان خلايا السرطان التي تأتي من الورم تنتقل الي اللعاب ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺾّ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ واحد اخر ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻶﺧﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ النهائي أنه ليس ملتزما بالعيش داخل الجسم الذي نشأ منه بل ينتشر خلال تعداد العفاريت ايضا يملك طفرات تمكنه من تجنب الجهاز المناعي و هو السرطان الوحيد المعروف الذي يهدد فصيلة كاملة بالانقراض
But how can a cancer spread in a population? Well the final piece of the puzzle came when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild. They tend to bite each other, often quite ferociously and usually on the face. We think that cancer cells actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva. When the devil bites another devil, it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil, so the tumor continues to grow. So this Tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps the ultimate cancer. It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it. It spreads through the population, has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system, and it's the only cancer that we know of that's threatening an entire species with extinction.
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮى ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻤﺒﻮ ﻛﻠﺐ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻣﺒﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﻣﺎً ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻘﺰﺯﺍ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺸﻤﺌﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ ﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻙ ﺍﻶﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ينتقل بالاتصال الجنسي يصيب الكلاب ﻭ كما أن ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ معدي عن طريق انتشار الخلايا السرطان عند هذا الكلب ايضا كذلك
But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils, why hasn't it happened in other animals or even humans? Well the answer is, it has. This is Kimbo. He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya. Last year, his owner noticed some blood trickling from his genital region. She took him to the vet and the vet discovered something quite disgusting. And if you're squeamish, please look away now. He discovered this, a huge bleeding tumor at the base of Kimbo's penis. The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor, a sexually transmitted cancer that affects dogs. And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious through the spread of living cancer cells, so is this dog cancer.
ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ الي حد ما ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘي ﺃﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮ ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻼﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ بالهيمالايا ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻧﺤﻥ ﻧﺅمن ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﺌﻨﺍ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ الالاف ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﺍﻳﺎ ﺫﺋﺐ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﻡ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻧﻪ بقاياه التي مازلات على قيد الحياو ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻖ
But this dog cancer is quite remarkable, because it spread all around the world. And in fact, these same cells that are affecting Kimbo here are also found affecting dogs in New York City, in mountain villages in the Himalayas and in Outback Australia. We also believe this cancer might be very old. In fact, genetic profiling tells that it may be tens of thousands of years old, which means that this cancer may have first arisen from the cells of a wolf that lived alongside the Neanderthals. This cancer is remarkable. It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of. It's a living relic of the distant past.
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺷﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ 1957 ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﻘﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ولاية ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻳﻮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﻢ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣُﻘﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃُﺻﻴﺐ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ
So we've seen that this can happen in animals. Could cancers be contagious between people? Well this is a question which fascinated Chester Southam, a cancer doctor in the 1950s. Ad he decided to put this to the test by actually deliberately inoculating people with cancer from somebody else. And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957 injecting cancer into a volunteer, who in this case was an inmate in Ohio State Penitentiary. Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected did not go on to develop cancer from the injected cells. But a small number of them did, and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill -- whose immune systems were probably compromised.
ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ الاﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻸﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﺃﻥ .... (ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻇﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺊ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻸﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
What this tells us, ethical issues aside, is that ... (Laughter) it's probably extremely rare for cancers to be transferred between people. However, under some circumstances, it can happen. And I think that this is something that oncologists and epidemiologists should be aware of in the future.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻥ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ للإنقسام وللتكيف ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻸﻣﻞ في حربنا ضد السرطان ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺅﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺪﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻬﺮ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﻨﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ
So just finally, cancer is an inevitable outcome of the ability of our cells to divide and to adapt to their environments. But that does not mean that we should give up hope in the fight against cancer. In fact, I believe, given more knowledge of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth, we can defeat cancer. My personal aim is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer. Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil from being the first animal to go extinct from cancer.
ﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻢ
Thank you.
ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻖ
(Applause)