So I want to take you on a trip to an alien world. And it's not a trip that requires light-years of travel, but it's to a place where it's defined by light.
Dakle, želim vas povesti na putovanje u strani svijet. I to nije putovanje koje zahtijeva putovanje od nekoliko svjetlosnih godina, već je to putovanje na mjesto koje je definirano svjetlošću.
So it's a little-appreciated fact that most of the animals in our ocean make light. I've spent most of my career studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence. I study it because I think understanding it is critical to understanding life in the ocean where most bioluminescence occurs. I also use it as a tool for visualizing and tracking pollution. But mostly I'm entranced by it. Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible, when I went down and turned out the lights and saw the fireworks displays, I've been a bioluminescence junky. But I would come back from those dives and try to share the experience with words, and they were totally inadequate to the task. I needed some way to share the experience directly. And the first time I figured out that way was in this little single-person submersible called Deep Rover.
Dakle, malo je cijenjena činjenica kako većina životinja u našem oceanu proizvodi svjetlo. Većinu svoje karijere provela sam proučavajući taj fenomen zvan bioluminiscencija. Proučavam ga jer mislim kako je njegovo razumijevanje kritično za razumijevanje života u oceanu gdje se većina bioluminiscencije zbiva. Ujedno ga koristim kao alat za vizualizaciju i praćenje zagađenja. Ali većim dijelom me privlači. Nakon mog prvog zarona u vozilu za duboko zaronjavanje, kada sam se spustila dolje i ugasila svjetla i vidjela vatromet, postala sam ovisnik o bioluminiscenciji. Ali, vraćala bih se iz tih zarona i pokušala podijeliti iskustvo riječima, i one su bile potpuno nedostatne za taj doživljaj. Morala sam pronaći način da podijelim to iskustvo direktno. A prvi put kada sam shvatila koji je to način, bio je kada sam bila u tom podvodnom vozilu za jednu osobu zvanom Deep Rover.
This next video clip, you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence. And the first thing you're going to see is a transect screen that is about a meter across.
Sljedeći video isječak, vidjet ćete kako smo stimulirali bioluminiscenciju. A prva stvar koju ćete vidjeti je presjek ekrana koji je velik metar u dužinu.
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub, a mess screen will come into contact with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea. With the sub's lights switched off, it is possible to see their bioluminescence -- the light produced when they collide with the mesh. This is the first time it has ever been recorded.
(Video) Pripovjedač: Ispred podmornice, mrežni ekran će doći u kontakt sa stvorenjima mekanih tijela koji žive u dubokom moru. S isključenim svjetlima podmornice, moguće je vidjeti njihovu bioluminiscenciju -- svjetlo koje proizvode kada se sudare s mrežom. Ovo je prvi put da je to ikada snimljeno.
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera that has about the sensitivity of the fully dark-adapted human eye. Which means that really is what you would see if you took a dive in a submersible. But just to try to prove that fact to you, I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt at a live demonstration.
Edith Widder: Dakle, snimila sam to s intenzivnom video kamerom koja ima osjetljivost kao i ljudsko oko koje je u potpunosti prilagođeno za mrak. Što znači da je to ono što možete vidjeti ako zaronite u podmornici. Ali samo da probamo dokazati tu činjenicu vama, donijela sam sa sobom bioluminiscentni plankton kako bih pokušala izvesti demontraciju uživo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
So, if we could have the lights down and have it as dark in here as possible, I have a flask that has bioluminescent plankton in it. And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now, either because they're dead -- (Laughter) or because I need to stir them up in some way for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
Dakle, ako bismo mogli ugasiti svjetla i imati najmračniju atmosferu koliko je to moguće, ja imam bocu u kojoj je sadržan bioluminiscentan plankton. I primjetit ćete kako sada ne proizvode nikakvo svjetlo, ili zato jer su mrtvi -- (Smijeh) ili jer ih moram promiješati na način na koji biste vi mogli vidjeti kako bioluminiscencija doista izgleda.
(Gasps)
(Dahtanje)
Oops. Sorry.
Oops. Oprostite.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that. Okay.
Većinu svog vremena provodim radeći u mraku, navikla sam na to. U redu.
So that light was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate, a single-celled alga. So why would a single-celled alga need to be able to produce light? Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators. The flash is like a scream for help. It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm, and just like the alarm on your car or your house, it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder, thereby either leading to his capture or scaring him away.
Dakle, ovu svjetlost je proizvela bioluminiscentna dinoflegellate-a, jednostanična alga. Dakle, zašto bi jednostanična alga trebala proizvesti svjetlo? Pa, koristi ga kako bi se obranila od svojih predatora. Bljesak je poput poziva upomoć. To je poznato kao bioluminiscentni alarm za provalnike. I poput alarma u vašem autu ili u vašoj kući, uloga mu je da baci neželjenu pozornost na uljeza, vodeći do njegovog ulova ili do zastrašivanja.
There's a lot of animals that use this trick, for example this black dragonfish. It's got a light organ under its eye. It's got a chin barbel. It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute. So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime, because the top speed of this fish is one knot, which was the top speed of the submersible. But it was worth it, because we caught it in a special capture device, brought it up into the lab on the ship, and then everything on this fish lights up. It's unbelievable. The light organs under the eyes are flashing. That chin barbel is flashing. It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing, fin lights. It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention. It's phenomenal. And you normally don't get to see this because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
Postoji mnogo životinja koje koriste taj trik, na primjer ova crna riba zmaj. Ima svjetleći organ ispod svog oka. Ima mrene na bradi. Ima puno drugih svjetlećih organa koje ne možete vidjeti, no vidjet ćete ih ovdje za koju minutu. Dakle, moramo smo je loviti u podmornici neko vrijeme, jer je maksimalna brzina ove ribe jedan čvor, što je ujedno i maksimalna brzina podmornice. Ali isplatilo se, jer smo je ulovili u posebnu napravu za ulov, doveli je u laboratorij na brodu, i zatim je sve na toj ribi počelo svjetliti. To je nevjerojatno. Svjetleći organi ispod oka blješte. Mrena na bradi blješti. Ima svjetleće organe na trbuhu koji blješte, svjetla na peraji. To je poziv upomoć; namjenjen je da privuče pozornost. To je fenomenalno. I normalno nemate priliku vidjeti to, jer kada ih dovedemo gore u mrežama, već smo iscrpili njihovu luminiscenciju.
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light. For example, this shrimp releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud. This blinds or distracts the predator. This little squid is called the fire shooter because of its ability to do this. Now it may look like a tasty morsel, or a pig's head with wings -- (Laughter) but if it's attacked, it puts out a barrage of light -- in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes. I just barely got the lights out in time for you to be able to see those gobs of light hitting the transect screen and then just glowing. It's phenomenal.
Postoje drugi načini kako se možete obraniti pomoću svjetla. Na primjer, ovaj škamp ispušta svoje bioluminiscentne kemikalije u vodu na isti način kao i lignja ili hobotnica ispušta oblak tinte. To zaslijepljuje ili omete predatora. Ova mala lignja je zvana bacač vatre zbog svoje sposobnosti da to radi. Sada, može to izgledati kao slastan zalogaj, ili kao svinjska glava s krilima -- (Smijeh) ali ako je napadnuta, postavlja svjetlosnu prepreku -- zapravo, prepreku fotonskih torpeda. Jedva sam uspjela ugasiti svjetla na vrijeme kako biste vidjeli ta zrnca svjetlosti kako udaraju presjek ekrana i zatim sjaje. To je fenomenalno.
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean -- most of them that make light. And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why. They use it for finding food, for attracting mates, for defending against predators. But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean, that's where things get really strange. And some of these animals are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar," but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them. They're things like this.
Dakle, ima puno životinja u otvorenom oceanu -- većina njih koja proizvodi svjetlost. I za većinu njih imamo prilično dobre ideje zašto to rade. Koriste je za pronalazak hrane, za privlačenje partnera, za obranu od predatora. Ali kada se spustite na dno oceana, tamo stvari postaju uistinu čudne. I neke od tih životinja su vjerojatno inspiracija za stvari koje ste vidjeli u "Avatar-u", ali ne morate putovati na Pandoru kako biste ih vidjeli. One su stvari poput ovih.
This is a golden coral, a bush. It grows very slowly. In fact, it's thought that some of these are as much as 3,000 years old, which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed. The other reason is this amazing bush glows. So if you brush up against it, any place you brushed against it, you get this twinkling blue-green light that's just breathtaking. And you see things like this. This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book -- just all manner of creatures all over this thing. And these are flytrap anemones. Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles. But if you keep poking it, it starts to produce light. And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy. It produces these strings of light, presumably as some form of defense.
Ovo je zlatni koralj, grm. Raste vrlo sporo. Zapravo, pretpostavlja se kako su neki stari i do 3.000 godina, što je još jedan razlog zašto koćarenje po dnu nije dozvoljeno. Drugi razlog je što taj nevjerojatan grm svijetli. Dakle, ako ga okrznete, bilo koje mjesto koje okrznete, će zasvjetliti plavo-zelenim svjetlom koje jednostavno oduzima dah. I vidite stvari poput ovih. Ovo je nalik nečemu iz knjige Dr. Seuss-a -- različite vrste stvorenja preko ove stvari. A ovo su muholovke anemone. Ako je gurnete, uvuče unutra svoje pipaljke. Ali ako je nastavite gurati, počinje proizvoditi svjetlost. I na kraju zapravo izgleda poput galaksije. Proizvodi te niti svjetla, vjerojatno kao neku vrstu obrane.
There are starfish that can make light. And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light that dance along their arms. This looks like a plant, but it's actually an animal. And it anchors itself in the sand by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock. So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents, as you see here. But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab and just squeeze it at the base of the stock, it produces this light that propagates from stem to the plume, changing color as it goes, from green to blue. Colorization and sound effects added for you viewing pleasure. (Laughter) But we have no idea why it does that.
Postoje zvijezde koje mogu prizvesti svjetlo. I postoje krhke zvijezde koje proizvode trake svjetlosti koje plešu oko njihovih ruku. Ovo izgleda kao biljka, ali je zapravo životinja. I usidri se u pijesku napuhujući balon na kraju svog debla. Stoga se može zapravo držati u vrlo jakim strujama, kao što vidite ovdje. Ali ako je pokupimo vrlo nježno, i donesemo je gore u laboratorij i istisnemo je pri kraju debla, proizvodi svjetlo koje se širi od debla do vrhova, mijenjajući boju kako se širi, od zelene ka plavoj. Kolorizacija i zvučni efekti su dodani za vaš užitak gledanja. (Smijeh) Ali nemamo pojma zašto to radi.
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen. It's got a brittle star hitching a ride. It's a green saber of light. And like the one you just saw, it can produce these as bands of light. So if I squeeze the base, the bands go from base to tip. If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base. So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle? (Gasps) I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
Evo još jedne. Ovo je isto morska olovka. Ima krhku zvijezdu koja autostopira. Ima zelenu sablju svjetlosti. I poput ove koje ste upravo vidjeli, može ih proizvesti kao trake svjetlosti. Dakle, ako stisnem osnovicu, trake idu od osnovice prema vrhovima. Ako stisnem vrh, idu od vrhova prema osnovici. Dakle, što mislite da se događa kada bi je stisnuli u sredini? (Dahtanje) Bila bih veoma zainteresirana za vaše teorije o tome što je ovo sada bilo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean, and we're just beginning to understand it, and one way we're going about that is we're imitating a lot of these displays. This is an optical lure that I've used. We call it the electronic jellyfish. It's just 16 blue LEDs that we can program to do different types of displays. And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals, so it's unobtrusive. So I just want to show you some of the responses we've elicited from animals in the deep sea.
Dakle, postoji jezik svjetlosti u dubokom oceanu, i počinjemo ga shvaćati. A jedan način na koji to radimo je da imitiramo mnogo tih prikaza. Ovo je optički mamac koji sam koristila. Zovemo je elektronička meduza. To je samo 16 plavih LED-ica koje možemo programirati da prikazuju različite prikaze. I promatramo je pomoću sustava za kamere koji sam razvila a koji se zove Oko-u-Moru koji koristi udaljeno crveno svjetlo koje je nevidljivo većini životinja, dakle, nije nametljivo. Dakle, želim vam samo pokazati neke od odgovora koje smo prikupili od životinja u dubokom moru.
So the camera's black and white. It's not high-resolution. And what you're seeing here is a bait box with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean -- there are isopods all over it. And right in the front is the electronic jellyfish. And when it starts flashing, it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast. But as soon as it starts to flash -- and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera -- I want you to look right here. There's something small there that responds. We're talking to something. It looks like a little of string pearls basically -- in fact, three strings of pearls. And this was very consistent. This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet. We basically have a chat room going on here, because once it gets started, everybody's talking. And I think this is actually a shrimp that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water. But the cool thing is, we're talking to it. We don't know what we're saying. Personally, I think it's something sexy.
Dakle, kamera je crno bijela. Nema visoku rezoluciju. A ono što vidite ovdje je kutija za mamac s hrpom -- poput oceanskih žohara -- izopodi su ih prekrili. A upravo naprijed je elektronička meduza. I kada počinje sjajiti, samo jedna LED-ica će sjajiti jako brzo. Ali čim počinje sjajiti -- i izgledati će veliko, jer cvjeta na kameri -- želim da gledate točno ovdje. Tamo je nešto maleno što odgovara. Pričamo s nečim. U osnovi je pomalo nalik na nit bisera, zapravo, tri niti bisera. I to je bilo vrlo konzistentno. To je bila na Bahamima na oko 2.000 stopa. U osnovi ovdje imamo sobu za razgovor, jer jednom kada počne, svi pričaju. I mislim kako je ovo zapravo škamp koji ispušta bioluminiscentne kemikalije u vodu. Ali sjajna stvar je, mi pričamo s time. Ne znamo što govorimo. Osobno, mislim kako je nešto seksi.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And then finally, I want to show you some responses that we recorded with the world's first deep-sea webcam, which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year. We've only just begun to analyze all of this data. This is going to be a glowing source first, which is like bioluminescent bacteria. And it is an optical cue that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean. So this scavenger comes in, which is a giant sixgill shark. And I can't claim for sure that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there. But if it had been following the odor plume, it would have come in from the other direction. And it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electronic jellyfish. That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
I zatim na kraju, želim vam pokazati neke odgovore koje smo snimili s prvom na svijetu kamerom za duboke vode koju smo instalirali u kanjonu Monterey prošle godine. Tek smo počeli analizirati sve te podatke. Ovo će isprva biti svjetleći izvor, što je poput bioluminiscentne bakterije. I to je optički znak kako je strvina na dnu oceana. Dakle, taj strvožder uđe, koji je zapravo ogroman morski pas. I ne mogu tvrditi sa sigurnošću kako ga je optički izvor doveo, jer je tamo mamac. Ali kada bi slijedio miris dima, došao bi iz drugog smjera. I doima se kako pokušava pojesti elektroničku meduzu. To je ogroman morski pas od 12 stopa.
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam, and it's going to be this pinwheel display. And this is a burglar alarm. And that was a Humboldt squid, a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long. This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon. But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly. It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish. But we did see a bunch of responses like this. This guy is a little more contemplative. "Hey, wait a minute. There's supposed to be something else there." He's thinking about it. But he's persistent. He keeps coming back. And then he goes away for a few seconds to think about it some more, and thinks, "Maybe if I come in from a different angle." (Laughter) Nope.
U redu, ovaj idući je iz web kamere, i biti će taj prikaz vrtenja. A ovo je provalnički alarm. A ovo je bila Humboldt-ova lignja, maloljetna Humboldt-ova lignja, koja je dugačka oko tri stope. To je na 3.000 stopa u kanjonu Monterey. Ali ako je provalnički alarm, ne biste očekivali kako će izravno napasti meduzu. Moralo bi napadati ono što napada meduzu. Ali vidjeli smo mnogo odgovora poput ovih. Ovaj malo više promišlja. "Hej, čekaj malo. Trebalo bi još nešto biti tamo." On razmišlja o tome. Ali on je uporan. Stalno se vraća. I zatim ode na nekoliko sekundi kako bi malo više razmislio o tome, i razmišlja, "Možda bih trebao doći iz drugog kuta." (Smijeh) Ne.
So we are starting to get a handle on this, but only just the beginnings. We need more eyes on the process. So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible, by all means, climb in and take the plunge. This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list, because we live on an ocean planet. More than 90 percent, 99 percent, of the living space on our planet is ocean. It's a magical place filled with breathtaking light shows and bizarre and wondrous creatures, alien life forms that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
Dakle, počinjemo se uhodavati u to, ali to su samo počeci. Trebamo više promatrati proces. Stoga, ako itko od vas ikada dobije šansu da zaroni u podmornici, popnite se i zaronite. To je nešto što bi trebalo biti na svačijoj listi želja, jer živimo na planetu oceana. Više od 90 posto, 99 posto, živućeg prostora na našem planetu je ocean. To je magično mjesto ispunjeno s svjetlosnim predstavama koje oduzimaju dah i bizarnim i čudnovatim stvorenjima, stranim životnim oblicima zbog kojih ne morate putovati na drugi planet kako bi ih vidjeli.
But if you do take the plunge, please remember to turn out the lights. But I warn you, it's addictive.
Ali ako zaronite, sjetite se ugasiti svjetla. Ali upozoravam vas, to je zarazno.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)