I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car, I basically had to roll down the window. It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly, and my father would not let us use the air conditioner. He said that it would overheat the engine. And you might remember, some of you, how the cars were back then, and it was a common problem of overheating. But it was also the signal that capped the use, or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
Bila sam jedno od one dece koje je, svaki put kada uđe u auto, moralo da spusti prozor. Obično je bilo previše vruće, previše zagušljivo ili smrdljivo, a moj otac nam nije dopuštao da koristimo klimu. Govorio je da će to pregrejati motor. Možete da se setite, makar neki od vas, kakvi su bili automobili tada i bio je to uobičajeni problem pregrevanja. To je bio signal koji je upućivao na upotrebu ili preteranu upotrebu električnih uređaja.
Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country. We blast the air conditioning the entire way, and we never experience overheating. So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
Sada su se stvari promenile. Imamo automobile koje vozimo širom zemlje. Koristimo klimu tokom čitavog puta i nikada se ne susrećemo sa pregrevanjem. Više nema signala koji bi nas upozorio da stanemo.
Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings. In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls. The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime, and the small windows were also very good because it limited the amount of temperature transfer between the interior and exterior. Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass, rolled steel and mass production, we were able to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views, and with that came the irreversible reliance on mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces. Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger, our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems were massive. They require a huge amount of energy. They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere, and for some of you may understand the heat island effect in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm than the adjacent rural areas, but we also have problems that, when we lose power, we can't open a window here, and so the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant until that air conditioning system can start up again. Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient. We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
Sjajno, zar ne? Imamo slične probleme u zgradama. U prošlosti, pre klima uređaja, imali smo debele zidove. Debeli zidovi su sjajna izolacija. Oni održavaju enterijer jako hladnim tokom leta i toplim tokom zime, a mali prozori su takođe bili jako dobri zato što su ograničavali razmenu toplote između enterijera i eksterijera. Onda, tokom 1930-ih, sa napretkom u staklenim panelima, valjanom čeliku i masovnoj proizvodnji, mogli smo da napravimo prozore od poda do plafona i neometane poglede, a zajedno sa tim je došlo i nepovratno oslanjanje na mehaničke klima uređaje da hlade naše solarno zagrevane prostore. Tokom vremena, građevine su postajale više i više, naše projektovanje sve bolje, tako da su mehanički sistemi postali masivni. Oni zahtevaju ogromne količine energije. Oni odaju mnogo toplote u atmosferu i neki od vas mogu razumeti efekat termalnog ostrva u gradovima, gde su urbane oblasti mnogo toplije nego okolne ruralne oblasti, ali takođe imamo i problem da, kada nestane struje, ne možemo tu otvoriti prozor i tako su zgrade nenastanjive i moraju biti prazne sve dok sistemi klima uređaja ne počnu da rade ponovo. Što je još gore, naša namera da učinimo zgrade energetski neutralnim je nemoguća pukim podizanjem energetske efikasnosti mehaničkih sistema. Moramo potražiti nešto drugo i tu upadamo u kolotečinu.
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us out of this hole that we've dug? If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know, I was a biology major before I went into architecture, the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing. That's the first line of defense for the body. It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things that work together very dynamically and very efficiently, and so what I propose is that our building skins should be more similar to human skin, and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive and differentiated, depending on where it is.
Šta da uradimo? Kako da se iz toga izvučemo i izađemo? Ako se osvrnemo na biologiju, a većina vas verovatno ne zna da sam diplomirala biologiju a zatim arhitekturu, ljudska koža je organ koji prirodno reguliše temperaturu tela i to je jedna fantastična stvar. To je prva linija odbrane naših tela. Ima pore, znojne žlezde, sve ove stvari koje rade zajedno, veoma dinamično i efikasno i zato je ono što predlažem da kože naših zgrada treba da budu više nalik ljudskoj koži i na taj način one mogu biti mnogo dinamičnije, osetljivije i različite, u zavisnosti od toga gde se ta zgrada nalazi.
And this gets me back to my research. What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that. I presently, or currently, work with smart materials, and a smart thermo-bimetal. First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires no controls and it requires no energy, and that's a very big deal for architecture. What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together. You can see that here by the different reflection on this side. And because it has two different coefficients of expansion, when heated, one side will expand faster than the other and result in a curling action. So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow air to ventilate through the system, and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity of having these strips together can try to make bigger movement happen when also heated, and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it. It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through, and in other areas, it's a ventilating system, so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually move through and out when necessary.
Ovo me vraća na moje istraživanje. Predložila sam da se prvo uradi pregled različitih paleta materijala za to. Trenutno, radim sa pametnim materijalima i pametnim bimetalima. Pre svega, pretpostavljam da ih nazivamo pametnim zato što ne zahtevaju nikakvu kontrolu niti zahtevaju energiju, a to je za arhitekturu velika stvar. To su spojeni slojevi dva različita metala. Možete to videti ovde kroz različitu refleksiju na obe strane. Zato što ima dva različita koeficijenta širenja, kada se zagreje, jedna strana će se širiti brže od druge i kao rezultat dobićemo uvijanje. U ranim prototipovima pravila sam ove površine da bih pokušala da vidim kako bi uvojak reagovao na temperaturu i možda dozvolio vazduhu da cirkuliše kroz sistem, a u ostalim sam pravila površine gde je mnogostrukost ovih slojeva trebalo da omogući nastanak većih pokreta prilikom zagrevanja i trenutno imam ovu instalaciju u galeriji "Materijali i aplikacije" u Silver Lejku, u blizini i tamo će biti do avgusta, ako želite da je vidite. Nazvana je "Cvetanje" i površina je u potpunosti napravljena od ovih termo-bimetala, sa namerom je da napravi baldahin koji radi dve stvari. Prvo, to je uređaj koji zaklanja sunce, kada sunce obasja površinu, ograničava količinu prolaska sunčeve svetlosti, a u ostalim delovima, to je ventilacioni sistem, tako da vreo, zarobljen vazduh ispod, zapravo može da prolazi kroz njega i napolje kada je to neophodno.
You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun, as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade, each of the tiles moves individually. Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today, this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different. And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate each one to be very, very specific to its location, to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
Na ovom ubrzanom snimku možete videti sunce kako se pomera preko površine, isto kao i senka, tako se svaka pločica pomera zasebno. Imajte na umu, da sa digitalnim tehnologijama koje danas imamo, ova stvar je napravljena od oko 14 000 delova i uopšte ne postoje dva potpuno ista dela. Svaki deo je različit. Sjajna stvar u vezi sa tim je da možete da kalibrišete svaki od njih da bude veoma specifičan prema svojoj lokaciji, prema uglu sunca i prema načinu na koji se uvija.
So this kind of proof of concept project has a lot of implications to actual future application in architecture, and in this case, here you see a house, that's for a developer in China, and it's actually a four-story glass box. It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access, but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer, it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually open and close as that sun moves around on that surface. In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy, so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas in the space during different times of day. And what it basically implies is that, in houses now, we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore because we can sheath the building with these things, as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
Dokaz ovog konceptualnog projekta ima mnoštvo implikacija u stvarnim budućim primenama u arhitekturi i u ovom slučaju, ovde možete videti kuću za jednog graditelja u Kini, u stvari, to je četvorospratna staklena kutija. To je još uvek staklena kutija jer želimo taj vizuelni pristup, ali sada je prekrivena ovim termo-bimetalnim slojem, to je zaštita koja se proteže oko nje i taj sloj zapravo može da se otvori i zatvori prema kretanju sunca preko te površine. Može još i da zaštiti delove radi privatnosti, tako da može da napravi razliku između nekih javnih mesta u prostoru tokom različitih delova dana. Ovo ima za posledicu da sada u kućama nema potrebe za draperijama i roletnama, zato što možemo da obložimo zgradu ovim stvarima, kao i da kontrolišemo stepen klimatizacije neophodan u njoj.
I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market, and so here you see a pretty typical double-glazed window panel, and in that panel, between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing, I'm trying to work on making a thermo-bimetal pattern system so that when the sun hits that outside layer and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then is it'll start to block out the sun in certain areas of the building, and totally, if necessary. And so you can imagine, even in this application, that in a high-rise building where the panel systems go from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface could be differentiated at different times of day depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
Takođe pokušavam da razvijem neke građevinske komponente za tržište, tako da ovde vidite prilično tipičan dvoslojni panel prozora, a u tom panelu, između ta dva dela, dva sloja stakla, pokušavam da napravim termo-bimetalni strukturni sistem tako da, kada sunce pogodi spoljni sloj i zagreje unutrašnju šupljinu, taj termo-bimetal će početi da se uvija i ono što će se tada desiti je da će početi da blokira sunce u određenim delovima zgrade ili potpuno, ukoliko je neophodno. Možete da zamislite, čak i u ovoj primeni, u visokim zgradama gde se sistemi panela protežu od sprata do sprata sa 30, 40 spratova, čitava površina može biti različita tokom različitih doba dana u zavisnosti od toga kako se sunce pomera i pogađa tu površinu.
And these are some later studies that I'm working on right now that are on the boards, where you can see, in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to, we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
Ovo su neke kasnije studije na kojima sada radim i koje su na tabli, možete da vidite u donjem desnom uglu, označeno crvenim, to su zapravo komadići termo-metala koje pokušavamo da nateramo da se kreću poput cilije ili trepavica.
This last project is also of components. The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper. And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system. They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles, and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down, and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can consider that in architecture too, how we can bring air through holes in the sides of a building. And so you see here some early studies of blocks, where those holes are actually coming through, and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied, and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows. On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks, and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different components that I'm working on, and again, it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine that air could potentially be coming through the walls instead of opening windows.
Ovaj poslednji projekat je takođe sačinjen od komponenti. Uticaj je - a ako ste primetili, jedna od mojih sfera uticaja je biologija -od skakavca. Skakavci imaju različit sistem za disanje. Oni dišu kroz oduške, rupe na njihovim stranama tela koje uvlače vazduh koji se kreće kroz njih da bi se rashladili i u ovom projektu, pokušavam da vidim kako to možemo da primenimo u arhitekturi, kako možemo da unesemo vazduh kroz rupe na stranama zgrade. Ovde možete da vidite neke rane studije blokova, gde te rupe zapravo prolaze, a ovo je pre primene termo-bimetala i nakon primene bimetala. Žao mi je, pomalo je teško videti, ali na površinama možete videti ove crvene strelice. Na levoj strani, to je kada je hladno i kada je termo-bimetal ravan, tako da će da sprečiti prolazak vazduha kroz blokove, a na desnoj strani, termo-bimetal se uvija i dozvoljava vazduhu da prođe, dakle to su dve različite komponente na kojima radim i to je potpuno različita stvar, zato što možete zamisliti da bi vazduh potencijalno mogao da prolazi kroz zidove umesto da otvaramo prozore.
So I want to leave you with one last impression about the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials. When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds day after day, when you're on vacation and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls, or when there's a power outage, and you have no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals will still be working tirelessly, efficiently and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Želim da vas napustim sa poslednjim utiskom o ovom projektu upotrebe pametnih materijala. Kada ste umorni od otvaranja i zatvaranja tih roletni dan za danom, kada ste na odmoru i nema nikoga ko će tokom vikenda uključivati i isključivati kontrole ili kada nestane struje i nemate struju na koju bi se oslonili, ovi termo-bimetali će još uvek raditi neumorno, efikasno i beskrajno. Hvala. (Aplauz) (Aplauz)