When I was a kid, I was, like many of you in this room, very much fascinated by Star Wars, and what fascinated me the most is this notion of the Force, this energy that connects all people and all objects and allows you to feel people that you can't even see. And I remember many nights, I would be sitting at home, just, like, concentrating and focusing, trying to feel the Force, and I didn't feel anything, don't worry.
小時候的我, 我跟現場的大部分人一樣, 很迷《星際大戰》, 尤其是「原力」的概念, 這股能量能將人與物體做連結, 即使是看不見的人,你也能感應到。 我記得有好幾個晚上坐在家裡, 嘗試著專注並認真感受那股「原力」; 別擔心,我甚麼也沒感受到。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And later in life, I became a scientist. I joined the MIT faculty and started working on wireless signals. These are things like Wi-Fi or cellular systems, and I did a lot of work in that domain. But then, again, this Force thing kept nagging me, and at some point, I was just like, "Wait a minute, these wireless signals -- they are like the Force."
後來,我成為了一名科學家。 加入麻省理工學院的教師行列, 開始研究無線電信號。 像是 Wi-Fi 或蜂巢式系統這類科技, 我在那領域做了許多。 但「原力」這件事,一直在腦中盤旋, 有些時候,我在想, 「等等,這些無線電信號, 就像是『原力』。」
So if you think about it, wireless signals, they travel through space, they go through obstacles and walls and occlusions, and some of them, they reflect off our bodies, because our bodies are full of water, and some of these minute reflections, they come back. And if, just if, I had a device that can just sense these minute reflections, then I would be able to feel people that I cannot see. So I started working with my students on building such a device, and I want to show you some of our early results.
各位可以想像一下, 無線電信號可以穿透空間、 障礙物、牆壁及遮擋物, 而部分無線電信號, 會被充滿水分的身體所反射, 這些微小的反射信號 會被傳送回來。 如果、要是有一個可以測量那些微小 反射無線電信號的儀器, 就能偵測到看不見的人。 所以,我就開始和學生一起 建造這樣的儀器, 我想向各位展示一些早期的成果。
So here, you see my student standing, and here is our device. And we are going to put the device in the other office, behind the wall, and we are going to monitor him as he moves. This red dot is tracking him using wireless signals. And as you can see, the red dot is tracking his movements very accurately, purely based on how his body interacts with the surrounding wireless signals. Pretty accurate, isn't it? He has no wearables, nothing.
各位看一下,我的學生站在這裡, 這邊擺了一台儀器。 我們把這個儀器擺放在 牆後的另一間辦公室, 用來監視他的移動情況。 這個紅點會跟踪他的無線電信號。 如你所見,這紅點可以 非常準確地跟踪學生的動向, 純粹因應他的身體與周圍 無線電信號的互動。 非常準確,是嗎? 身上沒有穿戴式裝置或類似物件。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Now you might be wondering, how is it possible that we can sense people and track them, without any wearables, through walls, and the easiest analogy to think about is radar. I'm sure many of you have seen this picture. You transmit a wireless signal to the sky, it reflects off some airplane, comes back to you, and you start detecting these airplanes.
你可能會覺得奇怪, 在沒有任何穿戴式裝置的情況下, 如何能穿透牆壁感應到有人的存在? 最容易想到的類比訊號就是雷達。 我確定很多人有看過這照片。 無線信號向天空發送, 有飛機的地方,訊號會反射回來, 如此就可以偵測到飛機。
But if it were just radar, then we would have this 50 years ago. So it's not just radar. There are two key differences. So the first difference, of course -- you can't, like radar, just blast wireless power at somebody. You're going to fry them like if they were in a microwave. Don't do that. So it means that you have to be able to deal with very weak signals, and that means that your device has to be very sensitive. The second difference is that, unlike the sky, where it's empty -- if you are lucky, there is one airplane that you can catch there. Like, look at the room and look how many objects and people there are. So in indoor environments, the signal not only reflects off the person, if reflects off the person, off the floor, the ceiling, off other people around, and you get very complex reflections where the same signal reflects off me and then off you, and then off the ceiling, then off the floor. And you have to make sense of that mess.
但如果只是雷達, 50 年前就已經有了。 所以這不僅僅是雷達。 其實有兩個關鍵的區別。 第一個區別當然是—— 你不能像雷達一般,向某人發射 強大功率的無線電波; 他們會像在微波爐中爆炸。 不能這樣做。 意思就是要用非常微弱的信號, 而且儀器必須很靈敏。 第二個區別是,天空的空間是空的, 但地面上就不同—— 如果你夠幸運,你可以在 天空中偵測到一架飛機。 可是,看看這個房間 有多少人和物品。 在室內環境中,不僅是 個人會反射信號, 地板、天花板、 和周圍的人等, 都會造成複雜的反射情況, 同樣的信號會從我身上、你身上、 天花板及地板接連反射。 你必須弄清楚這些混雜的訊號。
But we were lucky. We were coming at the right time. So two things helped us. The first thing is radiotechnologies have evolved a lot, and over the last decade, radio technology became much more powerful, so we were able to build very sensitive radios that can sense weak and minute RF signals.
但我們很幸運。 在適當的時間點切入這領域。 以下兩點對我們很有幫助。 首先是無線電技術的進化很快, 在過去十年, 無線電技術變得更加成熟, 讓我們能夠建構出收發 靈敏度高的無線電儀器, 讓我們可以偵測到 細小微弱的無線電訊號。
The second thing: machine learning. So you keep hearing about machine learning and there was a revolution of machine learning recently, in deep learning, and that allowed us to build machine-learning models that can understand wireless signals and interpret them so they would know what happened in the environment. So if you think of it, the radio is like the ear of our device and the machine learning is like the brain, and together, they have a very powerful device.
第二件事,就是機器學習。 各位最近一直聽到機器學習, 最近深度學習 發生了很大的變革, 使得我們能夠開發機器學習模型 來處理和解讀無線電信號, 探知環境中發生了什麼事情。 無線電收發器就像儀器的耳朵 機器學習就是大腦, 它們一起構成了一個高效能的儀器。
So what else can we sense about people using wireless signals? Sleep. Sleep, actually, is something very dear to my heart, because my sleep is a disaster.
那麼,無線電信號還能檢測出甚麼? 睡眠。 確實,睡眠對我來說很寶貴, 因為我的睡眠品質很爛 。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
So one thing is when you start working on some physiological signal and you discover that yours sucks.
當你開始研究某些生理信號時 你會發現自己的睡眠品質有多爛。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
So you can see why we can capture sleep, because the person walks and the device sees him as he walks to bed, when he stops tossing around in bed, when he steps out of bed, and that measure of sleep is what people call actigraphy. It's based on motion. But it turned out that we can actually get sleep at a much more important level. We can understand the change in the brain waves that occur during sleep.
你會理解為什麼我們可以 捕捉到睡眠的狀況, 因為儀器可偵測到人何時走向床邊、 何時翻身、 何時下床, 並透過活動記錄儀 評估該人的睡眠品質。 根據人的動作。 結果我們發現,我們可以 更進一步地偵測到睡眠品質的等級。 我們可以透過儀器, 了解腦波在睡眠期間的變化。
So, many of you probably know that as we go to sleep, our brainwaves change and we enter different stages: awake, light sleep, deep sleep and REM, or rapid eye movement. These stages are of course related to sleep disorders, but they are also related to various diseases. So for example, disturbances in REM are associated with depression. Disturbances in deep sleep are associated with Alzheimer's. So if you want to get sleep staging, today, you will send the person to the hospital, they put all of these electrodes on their head, and they ask them to sleep like that.
很多人可能知道,當我們在睡覺時, 腦電在不同睡眠階段 會有不同的變化,分別有: 清醒、輕度、深度睡眠 和快速動眼 ( REM )階段。 這些不同階段都與睡眠障礙有關, 亦與各種疾病相關。 例如,紊亂的快速動眼階段 與憂鬱症有關。 紊亂的深度睡眠與阿茨海默症有關。 如今,如果你想了解你的 睡眠階段狀態, 你要去醫院檢查, 他們會在你在頭上放很多電極片, 並要求你要這樣去睡覺。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
It's not really a happy experience.
這種體驗並不愉悅。
So what if I tell you that I can do the same thing but without any of these electrodes on the person's body? So here is our device, transmitting very low power wireless signal, analyzes the reflections using AI and spits out the sleep stages throughout the night. So we know, for example, when this person is dreaming. Not just that ... we can even get your breathing while you are sitting like that, and without touching you. So he is sitting and reading and this is his inhales, exhales. We asked him to hold his breath, and you see the signal staying at a steady level because he exhaled. He did not inhale. And I want to zoom in on the signal. And this is the same signal as before. These are the inhales, these are the exhales. And you see these blips on the signal? These are not noise. They are his heartbeats. And you can see them beat by beat.
如果我告訴你,我可以在 不須要任何電極片的情況下 做同樣的事呢? 這一台是我們的儀器, 傳輸非常低功率的無線電信號, 用人工智能分析反射回來的信號, 檢測整個晚上的睡眠狀態。 例如,我們可以知道, 這個人何時開始做夢。 不僅如此...... 我們還可以在不接觸的情況下, 偵測到你坐著時的呼吸狀況, 這個人正坐著看書, 這是他的吸氣和呼氣。 我們要求他,停止呼吸, 各位可以看到,信號保持穩定 因為他呼氣, 沒有吸氣。 我想放大信號。 這與之前的信號相同。 這些是吸氣, 這些是呼氣。 各位有看到信號上的這些尖音訊號嗎? 這些不是噪音。 是他的心跳。 有節拍的。
So I want to stop here for a moment and show you a live demo. Zach is going to help me with the demo, and we're going to use the device to monitor Zach's breathing. So this white box that you see here is the device, and Zach is turning it on ... and let's see whether he breathes well. So we're going to do exactly what we did in the video with the other guy, so the wireless signal is going through, it's touching Zach's body, and it's reflecting back to the device, and we want to monitor his breathing, his inhale-exhale motion. So we see the inhales, exhales -- so see, these ups and downs are Zach breathing. Inhaling, exhaling.
所以我想先暫停一下, 向各位展示活體示範 扎克會協助我作示範; 我們使用一個儀器監控扎克的呼吸。 這個白盒是儀器, 扎克會把開關打開...... 我們來看看他的呼吸如何。 我們會在影片中做同樣的事情, 無線信號正在穿過 接觸扎克的身體, 訊號反射回儀器, 我們想監視他的 吸氣和呼氣的動作。 因此我們看到, 這些跌宕起伏,都是扎克的呼吸。 吸氣,呼氣。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So, he can breathe.
那麼,他可以呼吸。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Zach, can you hold your breath, please?
扎克,你能停止呼吸一下嗎?
OK, so now he's holding his breath, so you see the signal stays at a steady level, and these are his heartbeats. Beat, beat, beat, beat, beat.
現在他停止呼吸了, 信號保持穩定水平, 這些都是他的心跳。 跳動、跳動、繼續跳動。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
OK, Zach, you can breathe again.
扎克,你可以再次呼吸了。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
We don't want accidents here.
我們不想在這裡發生意外。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
OK, thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So as you can see, we have this device that can monitor so many physiological signals for you, and what is really interesting about this device is that it does all this without any wearables, without asking the person to change his behavior or to wear anything or charge anything special. And that got doctors very excited, because doctors, they always want to know more information about their patients, particularly at home, and this is particularly true in chronic diseases, like pulmonary diseases, like COPD, or heart failure or Alzheimer's and even depression. All of these chronic diseases are very important. In fact -- perhaps you know -- two-thirds of the cost of health care in the US is due to chronic diseases. But what is really interesting about chronic diseases is that when the person, for example, has a problem that leads to the hospital and the emergency room, this problem doesn't happen overnight. Actually, things happen gradually. So if we can monitor chronic disease patients in their home, we can detect changes in their breathing, heartbeat, mobility, sleep -- and we can detect emergencies before they occur and have the doctor intervene earlier so that we can avoid hospitalization.
如各位所見,我們的儀器 可以監控很多生理信號, 這儀器有趣的是 在不需要任何穿戴式裝置下 可以做很多事情, 也不需要受偵測的人, 改變任何行為, 或配戴任何特殊的充電設備。 這讓醫生異常興奮, 因為醫生, 總是希望能更了解病人的情況, 特別是在家裡, 尤其是那慢性病, 像肺部疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病、 心臟衰竭、阿茨海默症, 甚至是憂鬱症。 這些慢性疾病都非常重要。 事實上,也許你知道 美國醫療保健費用有三分之二 是用於治療慢性疾病。 但是慢性病真正有趣的地方是, 當病人,比如, 有問題導致要進入醫院和急診室時, 那些問題不會在一夜之間發生。 事情是逐漸惡化的。 因此,我們可以在 慢性病患的家中監測他們的情況, 洞察他們的呼吸、心跳、 活動及睡眠的變化, 就能夠在緊急事故發生之前察覺, 讓醫生能及早介入, 如此就可以不用住院。
And indeed, today we are working with multiple doctors in different disease categories. So I'm really excited because we have deployed the device with many patients. We have deployed the device with patients that have COPD, which is a pulmonary disease, patients that have Alzheimer's, patients that have depression and anxiety and people that have Parkinson's. And we are working with the doctors on improving their life, understanding the disease better.
事實上,我們在不同的疾病類別上 與多名醫生合作。 因此我很興奮, 因為我們分發了儀器給許多病人; 發給 COPD 也就是 慢性阻塞性肺病的患者, 阿茨海默症患者, 及患有憂鬱和焦慮的病人, 還有帕金森症的病人。 我們協助醫生更好地掌握病情, 進行改善病人的生活質素,
So when I started, I told you that I'm really fascinated with Star Wars and the Force in Star Wars, and indeed, I'm still very much fascinated, even now, as a grown-up, with Star Wars, waiting for the next movie. But I'm very fascinated now and excited about this new Force of wireless signals, and the potential of changing health care with this new force.
因此,在我一開始,告訴過你 我對《星際大戰》中的 「原力」非常著迷, 沒錯,我還是相當著迷, 即使是現在,身為一個成年人, 還是很期盼下一部《星際大戰》電影。 但現在我非常著迷和興奮的是 關於這種新的無線電信號「原力」, 及透過其力量改變醫療保健的潛力。
One of the patients with whom we deployed is actually my aunt. She has heart failure, and I'm sure many of you guys in the audience have parents, grandparents, loved ones who have chronic diseases. So I want you to imagine with me a future where in every home that has a chronic disease patient, there is a device like this device sitting in the background and just monitoring passively sleep, breathing, the health of this chronic disease patient, and before an emergency occurs, it would detect the degradation in the physiological signal and alert the doctor so that we can avoid hospitalization. This can change health care as we know it today, improve how we understand chronic diseases and also save many lives.
其中有分發到儀器的病人, 我的阿姨就是其中之一。 她有心臟病, 而且我相信你們當中很多人 有父母、祖父母, 或是患有慢性疾病的親人。 請和我一起想像未來, 在每個有慢性病患者的家中, 有一個像這樣的儀器,作為後盾, 被動地監測 慢性病患者的睡覺、呼吸和健康狀況, 在緊急事故發生之前, 儀器會檢測出退化的生理信號, 並提醒醫生作預先處理, 這就可以避免住院治療的需要。 這可以改寫今天的醫療保健狀況, 加深我們對慢性疾病的了解, 並且還可以挽救許多生命。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Helen Walters: Dina, thank you so much. Thank you too, Zach. So glad you're breathing. So Dina, this is amazing. The positive applications are incredible. What is the framework, though, like the ethical framework around this? What are you doing to prevent this technology from being used for other, perhaps less positive types of applications?
海倫‧沃爾特斯:迪娜, 非常感謝你。 也謝謝你,扎克。 很高興你還有呼吸。 迪娜,這太棒了。 這積極的應用很了不起。 但使用的機制, 使用儀器的道德機制如何呢? 你要如何防止這項技術 應用在不太正面的層面上?
Dina Katabi: Yeah, this is a very important question, of course, like, what about misuse, or what about, I guess you could say, about the Dark Side of the Force?
狄娜·卡塔碧:這當然是 一個重要的問題, 被不當利用怎麼辦? 或者可以問,「原力」的黑暗面呢?
HW: Right, right.
沃爾特斯:對。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
DK: So we actually have technologies that prevent people from trying to use this device to monitor somebody without their consent. Because the device understands space, it will ask you to prove, by doing certain movements, that you have access to the space and you are the person who you are asking the device to monitor. So technology-wise, we have technology that we integrate to prevent misuse, but also, I think there is a role for policy, like everything else, and hopefully, with the two of them, we can control any misuse.
卡塔碧:實際上我們有技術 阻止人們嘗試使用此儀器, 在未經患者本人同意之下 監測他的情況。 因為儀器能掌握空間, 它要有你的准許, 才能進入某個空間, 而你就是儀器的監控人。 技術方面, 我們將防止濫用的技術 整合到系統中, 但我想政策扮演同樣重要的角色, 就像其它科技一樣, 我們希望,有了這兩方面的管制, 就能控制任何的不當使用。
HW: Amazing. Thank you so much.
沃爾特斯:很棒。非常感謝。
DK: Thank you.
卡塔碧:謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)