I want to talk about penguins today. But first, I want to start by saying that we need a new operating system, for the oceans and for the Earth. When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago, there were 3,000 people that lived in the Galapagos. Now there are over 30,000. There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz. Now, there are around a thousand trucks and buses and cars there. So the fundamental problems that we face are overconsumption and too many people. It's the same problems in the Galapagos, except, obviously, it's worse here, in some ways, than other places. Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled -- but we have 6.7 billion people in the world, and we all like to consume. And one of the major problems that we have is our operating system is not giving us the proper feedback. We're not paying the true environmental costs of our actions.
今天,我来谈谈企鹅。 但是首先,我想说 我们需要一个新的操作系统, 为了海洋和地球。 40年前当我来到加拉帕戈斯的时候, 大约有3000人 生活在加拉帕戈斯 现在有超过3万的人口。 当时的圣特鲁斯只有2辆吉普车。 而现在,大约有1千辆卡车, 巴士和汽车。 所以说,我们面临的最根本问题 是过度消费和人口过剩。 加拉帕戈斯存在同样的问题, 除了,很明显的, 在某种意义上,加拉帕戈斯的问题比其他地区的更严重。 因为地球上的人口仅翻了一番, 自20世纪60年代起,两倍稍微多一些。 但是全世界有67亿人, 而且我们都喜欢消费。 我们的主要问题之一 是我们的操作系统 不能够给我们正常的反馈。 我们并没有为我们的行为 付出真实的环境代价。
And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina, let me just say, that I had never camped before. I had never lived alone for any period of time, and I'd never slept with sea lions snoring next to me all night. But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island. Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year, and we call it uninhabited because there are no people there. But it's alive with life; it's hardly uninhabited. So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,
我22岁来到芬南代生活的时候, 可以说,我从来都没有 露营过。 我也从来没有 一个人住过。 我更从来没有 整夜睡在打鼾的海狮身边。 还有,我也从来没有生活在一个无人居住的岛屿上。 我在蓬埃斯皮诺萨生活了一年多。 我们说它无人居住是 因为那里没有人。 但是,其他的生命令它生机无限。 这不能算了无生机。 在过去的40年中,(岛上)发生了不少的事情。
and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos is the importance of wild places, wild things, certainly wildlife, and the amazing qualities that penguins have. Penguins are real athletes: They can swim 173 kilometers in a day. They can swim at the same speed day and night -- that's faster than any Olympic swimmer. I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour and sustain it. But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here, Emperor penguins can go down more than 500 meters and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes. Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on, they can dive to about 90 meters and they can stay down for about 4.6 minutes. Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes. And I doubt anybody in this room could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes. You have to train to be able to do that. So penguins are amazing athletes.
我来到加拉帕戈斯所学到的 是野地,野生的东西, 当然还有野生动物的重要性 以及企鹅身上令人赞叹的特质。 企鹅是真正的运动员。 它们1天能够游173公里。 而且能保持同样的速度昼夜不息。 这比任何一位奥林匹克游泳健将都快。 要知道它们以七千米/小时的速度游泳, 并一直保持这个速度。 但是特别令人赞叹的是,因为这里的深度, 帝企鹅能下潜 超过500米, 屏气时间长达23分钟。 麦哲伦企鹅,也就是我在研究的, 他们能下潜约90米, 呆在那里 大约4.6分钟。 人类,不带鳍,90米,3.5分钟 我怀疑这个房间里没有人 能够屏住气3.5分钟。 你必须通过训练才能做到。 所以说,企鹅是最棒的运动员。
The other thing is, I've never met anybody that really doesn't say that they like penguins. They're comical, they walk upright, and, of course, they're diligent. And, more importantly, they're well-dressed. So they have all the criteria that people normally like. But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels. They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways, and particularly the ocean.
另一个事情是,我从来没有见过 不喜欢企鹅的人。 它们很滑稽,它们直立行走, 并且,当然,它们很勤快。 更重要的是,它们穿着优雅。 所以它们达到了 人们喜欢的所有标准。 但是在科学层面上,它们令人惊叹是因为它们充当哨兵的角色。 它们用很多不同的方式告诉我们很多关于我们的世界的事情, 特别是,关于海洋。
This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos. And that's what I came to study. I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins, but you already know penguins are rare. These are the rarest penguins in the world. Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know. But the population has changed dramatically since I was first here. When I counted penguins for the first time and tried to do a census, we just counted all the individual beaks that we could around all these islands. We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are, but I know I can count 2,000. If you go and do it now, the national parks count about 500. So we have a quarter of the penguins that we did 40 years ago. And this is true of most of our living systems. We have less than we had before, and most of them are in fairly steep decline. And I want to just show you a little bit about why.
这是加拉帕戈斯企鹅的照片 在加拉帕戈斯的前端 这也是我来研究的内容。 我想要学习加拉帕戈斯企鹅的社会行为, 但是你已经知道 企鹅很罕见。 加拉帕戈斯企鹅是世界上最罕见的企鹅。 为什么我认为我能够完成呢?我也不知道。 但企鹅数量发生了巨大变化 从我第一次到这里的时候 当我第一次清点企鹅, 做企鹅数量调查的时候, 我们仅仅数了这些岛上 我们能数得所有的喙。 我们大约数了2000个,所以我也不知道到底有多少只企鹅, 但是我知道我能够数到2000。 如果你现在去数的话,国家公园里 大概只有500只。 所以我们现在只有40年前的 四分之一。 而且,我们的生存体系大多数都是这个情况。 我们现在拥有的比以前少, 而且相当一大部分是急剧下降。 我只是想稍微给你们展示一下这是为什么。
(Braying)
(叫声)
That's a penguin braying to tell you that it's important to pay attention to penguins. Most important of all, I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it. And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call. I fell in love with penguins, and it certainly has changed the rest of my life. What I found out I was studying is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes, the most extreme variation. You've heard about these El Ninos, but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world have to adapt to. This is a cold-water event called La Nina. Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold. And so you can see this current coming up -- in this case, the Humboldt Current -- that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands, and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current, that upwells around the Galapagos. That brings all the nutrients: When this is cold in the Galapagos, it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.
这是企鹅的呼喊, 告诉你 关注企鹅有多么的重要。 最重要的是, 我甚至不记得是什么时候我第一次听到这样的叫声 你可以想象,当你睡在芬南代的第一个晚上, 你听到这寂寞、哀怨的叫喊。 我爱上了企鹅, 这无疑改变我以后的人生。 我发现我学到的 就是加拉帕戈斯的变化是如何的不同, 最巨大的变化。 你听说过厄尔尼诺现象, 但是这就是全球企鹅 必须适应的极端变化。 还有一个全球变冷的 叫拉尼娜。 哪里是蓝色和绿色,哪里的水就是非常的冷。 你可以看见这股洋流的出现, 这个叫做洪保德寒流, 一直流到加拉帕戈斯岛, 然后这个深海洋流,克伦威尔洋流, 在加拉帕戈斯岛的周围涌上来, 带来了大量的养分。 当加拉帕戈斯岛变冷的时候, 小岛变得富饶,每个人都有丰富的食物。
When we have extreme El Nino events, you see all this red, and you see no green out here around the Galapagos. That means that there's no upwelling, and there's basically no food. So it's a real desert for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ... things die when there's no food. But we didn't even know that that affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins. And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins, and you're in the middle of an El Nino event and there are no penguins. They're not breeding; they're not even around. I studied marine iguanas at that point. But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.
当我们有极恶劣的厄尔尼诺现象时, 你们看到的都是红色, 一点儿绿色都没有 在加拉帕戈斯岛上。 这就意味着没有上涌的潜流, 基本上也就没有食物。 这就成为了沙漠。 不仅仅对于企鹅来说,对于海狮和海鬣蜥, 没有食物就只有死亡。 我们根本不知道 这会影响加拉帕戈斯岛,在我研究企鹅的时候 你可以想象在一个岛上,你希望能看见企鹅, 但是因为厄尔尼诺的关系, 一只企鹅都没有。 它们没有生育,它们甚至不再出现。 那个时候,我研究了海鬃蜥。 但我们都知道这是一个全球化的现象。
And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now, at a place called Punta Tombo -- the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world down here about 44 degrees south latitude -- you see that there's great variation here. Some years, the cold water goes all the way up to Brazil, and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't. So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently, but that is the kind of variation that penguins have to live with, and it's not easy. So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins, I didn't have any problems. There were plenty of them.
如果你看看阿根廷的海岸,我现在工作的地方 有个地方叫东波角 那是世界上麦哲伦企鹅最大的居住地, 大约在南纬44度, 你能看到有很大的变化。 有几年, 寒流一直流到巴西, 有几年,拉尼娜的那几年,寒流没有流到巴西。 所以说,海洋并没有总是在一起变化,他们也有不同 但是正是这种不同 企鹅要面对 这并不容易。 所以,当我研究麦哲伦企鹅的时候, 我没有遇到任何问题。 那里有大量的麦哲伦企鹅。
This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February showing all the penguins along the beach. I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them and turning them into high fashion golf gloves, protein and oil. Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them. But the population is declining and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent since 1987, when I started these surveys, in terms of number of active nests. Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is, and they breed in incredibly dense colonies. We know this because of long-term science, because we have long-term studies there. And science is important in informing decision makers, and also in changing how we do and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.
这是东波角二月份的照片 所有的企鹅都在海滩上。 我去那里是因为日本打算开始残杀他们, 将他们变成高级时装的高尔夫手套, 蛋白质和鱼油。 幸运的是,还没有人扑杀任何企鹅, 大概一年有10多万的游客来看它们。 因为企鹅数量一直在减少, 而且减少幅度相当大,大概有21%。 从1987年起,当我开始调查的时候, 这是根据企鹅巢穴得出的数据。 现在大家看到的是东波角的地理位置 他们在很密集的地方繁殖。 我们知道这些是因为长期的科学研究, 是因为我们长期在那里的调查。 科学对于决策是很重要的, 对于改变我们的行为 以及改变的方向也很重要。
And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society has funded me along with a lot of individuals over the last 27 years to be able to produce these kinds of maps. And also, we know that it's not only Galapagos penguins that are in trouble, but Magellanics and many other species of penguins. And so we have started a global penguin society to try to focus on the real plight of penguins. This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution. Penguins don't like oil and they don't like to swim through oil. The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina, there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map. But, in fact, when we went to Argentina, penguins were often found totally covered in oil. So they were just minding their own business. They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it. Because when tankers carry oil they have to have ballast at some point, so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there. When they come back, they actually dump this oily ballast water into the ocean. Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper, because they don't pay the real environmental costs. We usually don't, and we want to start getting the accounting system right so we can pay the real cost.
所以,我们有这个企鹅项目,野生动物保护协会 为我们提供资金,还有其他很多的个人 过去27年中, 使我们能够绘制这样的地图。 而且,我们只知道,不仅仅 加拉帕戈斯企鹅有困难, 麦哲伦企鹅也有,还有其他种类的企鹅 所以我们开始(建立)一个全球化的企鹅社会, 试着重点关注企鹅面临的真正困难。 石油污染是企鹅所面临的困境的一种。 企鹅不喜欢石油, 而且也不喜欢在石油中游泳。 好的事情是,如果你从阿根廷往下看, 在这个综合性地图上,没有一处石油污染。 但是,事实上,当我们去阿根廷的时候, 经常发现企鹅 全身裹着石油。 他们只是想管好他们自己, 却最终在有石油的压载水中游泳。 这是因为,当油轮运输石油的时候, 在某些时候他们必须要有压载, 当油轮清空时,需要将压载水压入船体。 归航时,实际上油轮又将混有石油的压载水 倒入海洋。 为什么要这样做呢?因为这样省钱, 因为他们不用为环境破坏买单。 我们通常情况下不这样,我们希望开始 建立完善的会计系统 以便我们能付出真正的代价。
At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way. You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina. We have laws, and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law." So we ended up spending nine years convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins. In some years, like this year, we found more than 80 percent of the adult penguins dead on the beach were covered in oil. These little blue dots are the fledglings -- we do this survey every March -- which means that they're only in the environment from January until March, so maybe three months at the most that they could get covered in oil. And you can see, in some years over 60 percent of the fledglings were oiled.
起初,阿根廷政府说,“不。绝对不可能。 你不可能发现在阿根廷发现裹着石油的企鹅。 我们有法律。 我们不允许非法倾倒废物。这是违法的。“ 所以我们最终用了9年的时间 让政府相信有大量的企鹅生活在石油之中。 有些年份,比如今年,我们发现 超过百分之八十的 成年企鹅死在海滩上, 全身裹着石油。 这些小蓝点代表着幼鸟。 我们每年三月份都会做这样调查, 这就意味着他们只有在 一月份到三月份在这个环境中 所以或许最多只有三个月, 它们就会裹上石油。 你看到有些年份,超过百分之六十的 幼鸟被石油污染。
Eventually, the government listened and, amazingly, they changed their laws. They moved the tanker lanes 40 kilometers farther off shore, and people are not doing as much illegal dumping. So what we're seeing now is very few penguins are oiled. Why are there even these penguins oiled? Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province, which is like a state in Argentina where Punta Tombo is -- so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline -- but we haven't solved the problem in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.
最终,政府听从了, 而且令人惊叹的是,他们修改了法律。 他们将油轮航线向着远离海岸线 的方向又移了40公里, 而且没有那么多人为非法倾倒的废物 所以,我们现在看到 只有很少数的企鹅在石油之中。 为什么还是有企鹅在石油中呢? 因为我们解决了Chubut省的问题, Chubut省相当于阿根廷的一个州, 东波角所在的州 那里大概有1000公里的海岸线- 但我们没有解决 整个阿根廷北部,乌拉圭和巴西的问题 所以现在,我想给你们展示这如何影响企鹅们。
I'm just going to talk about two things. This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study because I put satellite tags on the back of these Magellanic penguins. Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins. But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go. We thought we needed a marine protected area of about 30 kilometers, and then we put a satellite tag on the back of a penguin. And what the penguins show us -- and these are all the little dots from where the penguins' positions were for penguins in incubation in 2003 -- and what you see is some of these individuals are going 800 kilometers away from their nests. So that means as their mate is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs, the other one is out there foraging, and the longer they have to stay gone, the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back. And, of course, all of this then leads to a vicious cycle and you can't raise a lot of chicks.
我只谈两件事情。 首先是气候变化。现在这个真是一项很有趣的研究, 因为我把卫星标记放置在 麦哲伦企鹅的背部。 这是为了使捐款者给你几千美金 把一个卫星标记贴在企鹅背部。 但是,我们这样做了10多年来研究它们去到哪里。 我们认为我们需要一个海洋保护区, 大约30公里 而且我们还得把卫星标记放置在企鹅背部 这样,企鹅展示给我们的, 就是这些小点点 代表企鹅的所在, 是2003年孵化小企鹅的地点。 你看到的是一些个体 会到离它们巢穴800公里远的地方去。 这就意味着,在它们的伴侣 坐在巢穴中,孵化小企鹅的时候, 另一半在外出觅食。 它们需要离开的时间越长, 当它们回去的时候,它们所面临的情况就越严重。 当然,所有的这些导致一个恶性循环, 你就无法养活大量的小企鹅。
Here you see in 2003 -- these are all the dots of where the penguins are -- they were raising a little over a half of a chick. Here, you can see in 2006, they raised almost three quarters of a chick per nest, and you can see that they're closer to Punta Tombo; they're not going as far away. This past year, in 2009, you can see that they're now raising about a fourth of a chick, and some of these individuals are going more than 900 kilometers away from their nests. So it's kind of like you having a job in Chicago, and then you get transferred to St. Louis, and your mate is not happy about this because you've got to pay airfare, because you're gone longer. The same thing's true for penguins as well. And they're going about, on average now, 40 kilometers farther than they did a decade ago.
你们看2003年, 所有的点代表企鹅所在的位置, 它们只能养活 一半多一点的小企鹅。 这里,你们可以观察到2006年, 每个家庭养活了 大概四分之三的小企鹅。 你发现它们离东波角越来越近, 它们没有走远。 过去的这一年,2009年, 你们可以发现它们只养育了 四分之一的小企鹅。 有些个体 要离开它们的巢穴900多公里。 这就好像你在芝加哥有一份工作, 然后你搬到 圣路易斯, 你的伴侣为此不高兴, 因为你得付机票钱, 而且你离开的时间更长。 对于企鹅来说是一样的。 它们现在 跟10年前相比,平均要多走40公里。
We need to be able to get information out to the general public. And so we started a publication with the Society for Conservation that we think presents cutting-edge science in a new, novel way, because we have reporters that are good writers that actually can distill the information and make it accessible to the general public. So if you're interested in cutting-edge science and smarter conservation, you should join with our 11 partners -- some of them here in this room, like the Nature Conservancy -- and look at this magazine because we need to get information out about conservation to the general public.
我们需要获取更多的信息并且让每个人都知道。 所以我们跟环保协会共同 创办了一期刊物。 我们用一种革新的方式 来传达当今最前沿的科学知识。 因为我们有记者,他们都是很棒的作家, 他们也能够提炼信息, 并将其变成能够供大众接受的信息。 所以,如果你对尖端科技 和睿智的谈话有兴趣, 你应该加入到我们的11个合作伙伴的行列中来。 他们有些现在就在这个房间里,像大自然保护协会, 读读这本杂志, 因为我们需要将有关环保的信息 传播给普通大众。
Lastly I want to say that all of you, probably, have had some relationship at some time in your life with a dog, a cat, some sort of pet, and you recognized that those are individuals. And some of you consider them almost part of your family. If you had a relationship with a penguin, you'd see it in the same sort of way. They're amazing creatures that really change how you view the world because they're not that different from us: They're trying to make a living, they're trying to raise their offspring, they're trying to get on and survive in the world.
好,最后我想说, 在座的可能 都有过 跟一只狗、一只猫,或者任何宠物在一起的时候, 你们认同它们是独立的个体。 有些人甚至认为它们几乎是家庭的一部分。 如果你们和企鹅在一起, 你们对待它们也是一样的。 它们是令人惊叹的动物, 会改变你看世界的方式, 因为它们们跟我们没有区别并不大。 它们只是想维持生计。 只是想养育它们的子孙。 它们只是想在这个世界上生活。
This is Turbo the Penguin. Turbo's never been fed. He met us and got his name because he started standing under my diesel truck: a turbo truck, so we named him Turbo. Turbo has taken to knocking on the door with his beak, we let him in and he comes in here. And I just wanted to show you what happened one day when Turbo brought in a friend. So this is Turbo. He's coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting, which he would do to a female penguin. And you can see, he's not trying to bite. This guy has never been in before and he's trying to figure out, "What is going on? What is this guy doing? This is really pretty weird." And you'll see soon that my graduate student ... and you see, Turbo's pretty intent on his flipper patting. And now he's looking at the other guy, saying, "You are really weird." And now look at this: not friendly. So penguins really differ in their personalities just like our dogs and our cats.
这是一只名叫涡轮的企鹅。 涡轮从来没有被喂养过。 他遇到我们后,我们给他起的这个名字 因为他开始站在 我的柴油卡车下面,一辆涡轮增压车, 所以我们叫他涡轮。 涡轮学会了用他的喙敲门。 我们让他进来,他就进来了。 我只是想给大家看看 当涡轮带来个朋友时 发生了些什么。 这是涡轮 他来到我的一个研究生面前,拍打他的蹼 就好像他对着一位雌性企鹅一样 你看,他并没有打算咬你 这位兄弟从来没有来过 他正努力弄清楚“发生了什么? 他在干什么呢? 这真是奇怪呀。” 你一会儿就会看到 我的研究生 你也会看到,涡轮拍打蹼 的意图 现在他看着那个家伙 说到“你好奇怪呀” 看这里,可是不友好 所以企鹅的性格是不同的 就像我们的狗和猫一样。
We're also trying to collect our information and become more technologically literate. So we're trying to put that in computers in the field. And penguins are always involved in helping us or not helping us in one way or another. This is a radio frequency ID system. You put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin that has a barcode, so it tells you who it is. It walks over the pad, and you know who it is.
我们同时也试图收集更多信息, 并学会掌握更多的技术。 所以我们将这些信息输入 相关领域的电脑。 企鹅总是加入进来, 用这样或那样的方式,帮助我们,或者不帮助我们。 这是一个无线电频率身份识别系统。 我们在企鹅脚上放了一些米 它们脚上有条形码,用来告诉我们这是企鹅是谁。 企鹅走过垫子,你就知道这是谁。
Okay, so here are a few penguins coming in. See, this one's coming back to its nest. They're all coming in at this time, walking across there, just kind of leisurely coming in. Here's a female that's in a hurry. She's got food. She's really rushing back, because it's hot, to try to feed her chicks. And then there's another fellow that will leisurely come by. Look how fat he is. He's walking back to feed his chicks. Then I realize that they're playing king of the box. This is my box up here, and this is the system that works. You can see this penguin, he goes over, he looks at those wires, does not like that wire. He unplugs the wire; we have no data.
现在有几只企鹅过来了。 请看,这只正要回它的窝。 他们都在此刻一块儿来了, 一起走过去,都有那么点悠闲。 哦,这位女士可是急匆匆的 她真是急着往回赶,因为很热呀, 要赶紧回去喂孩子。 那位兄弟正慢悠悠地走过来。 看他多胖呀。他也是回去喂他的孩子。 这下我意识到他们 在玩箱子。 我的箱子在这里,这也就是这个正在工作的系统。 你可以看到这只企鹅,他走过去,他盯着这些电线看, 他不喜欢那条电线。 他就拔出那根电线,我们就没有数据了。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
So, they really are pretty amazing creatures. OK. Most important thing is: Only you can change yourself, and only you can change the world and make it better, for people as well as penguins.
所以说,他们真的是非常奇妙的动物。 好吧。 最重要的事是, 只有你可以改变你自己。 而且,只有你可以改变这个世界, 让这个世界变得更美好,为了人类自己, 也为了企鹅们。
So, thank you very much. (Applause)
最后,非常感谢大家。