So, of all my childhood memories, there is one that stands above the rest. And that is the time that my brave parents rented an RV, packed it with me and my brothers, and drove west from our house in Minneapolis, out to Yellowstone National Park. We saw all the sights, like the geysers, we stopped at the Badlands, but more than any of the places, I remember this as an adventure.
我所有的童年記憶中, 有一個記憶讓我難以忘懷。 那時,我勇敢的父母 租了一台野營旅遊車, 載著我和我的兄弟們, 從我們在明尼亞波利斯的家出發, 一路西行,前往黃石國家公園。 我們逛了每個景點,如間歇泉, 還順路去了惡地國家公園, 但和去過的其他地方相比, 這次西行對我來說才是奇特之旅,
This was my introduction to the Wild West. But it wasn't until I got older and I learned more about the National Park System that I realized just how lucky I was. One, to have that experience, but also that, hundreds of years ago, people had the foresight to set aside the very best places, the very best ecosystems in the country, for everyone. And for future generations. And to really appreciate just how prescient that idea was, you have to go back and you have to look at the history of the National Parks Service.
這是我初次接觸蠻荒的美國西部。 但一直到我長大些, 對國家公園體制了解更多之後, 才知道自己當時有多幸運。 第一,我有幸能有那段經歷, 還有,數百年前, 人們遠見卓識地保留了最美的地方, 將全國最棒的生態系統留給大家。 留給未來的世代。 若要能夠真正欣賞 那樣的想法多麼有先見之明, 你得要回去看一下 國家公園管理局的歷史。
So, a lot of people know, the first national park was Yellowstone, in 1872. A lot of people think of John Muir, the poet, naturalist, who was such a visionary in getting people inspired by the idea of conservation -- that we need to take the best places and protect them. He had an audience in very high places -- there's a great story of Teddy Roosevelt and John Muir going hiking, in Yosemite, during his presidency, four days, completely off the grid, just the two of them. Can you imagine a president actually just going completely off the grid for four days?
很多人都知道,第一座國家公園 是 1872 年成立的黃石公園。 許多人會想起詩人 及自然主義者約翰繆爾, 這位具有遠見卓識的人 用設置保護區的想法激發了人們—— 我們必須要接管 最棒的地方並保護它們。 他有一位身居要職的聽眾—— 說的是泰迪羅斯福在擔任總統期間, 和約翰繆爾到優勝美地健行的故事, 就他們兩人,完全與世隔絕, 在那裡整整一起待了四天。 你們能夠想像一個總統 整整四天斷絕與外界的一切聯絡嗎?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
No tweeting.
沒對外發佈任何「推文」。
(Laughter) (Applause)
(笑聲)(掌聲)
Like that idea.
我喜歡那個想法。
(Applause)
But he had a great impact on Theodore Roosevelt. And he created dozens of national parks, hundreds of thousands of square acres of national wildlife refuges. It was an important administration, but it wasn't a done deal. Even less than 10 years after he created all of those new places, the future of those places was very much in doubt. And it wasn't until this guy, Stephen Mather, a businessman from Chicago, wrote an angry letter to the Department of the Interior, saying, "You guys aren't doing a good enough job protecting and preserving these places." Then, something was done about it. The Department of the Interior wrote him back. "Mr. Mather, if you care so much about this, why don't you come to Washington and do it yourself?"
但是, 他對泰迪羅斯福產生了極大影響, 羅斯福創建了幾十座國家公園 和數十萬英畝的 國家野生動植物庇護所。 這是一項重要的管理舉措, 但並非已成舟的木。 在他創建了那些新地方 之後還不到十年, 那些地方的未來就令人堪憂了。 直到來自芝加哥的生意人斯蒂芬馬徹 給內政部寫了一封憤怒的信,說: 「你們這些人沒有做好 對這些地方的保護和保育。」 接著,就發生了後面的事情。 內政部回信給他: 「馬徹先生,如果你如此在意這件事, 何不來華盛頓親自去做呢?」
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And he did. He took a job at the Department of the Interior, but more importantly, he started a campaign. He actually had a meeting two blocks from here, in 1914, in California Hall, and he brought together the park superintendents and a few other people who cared about this idea of conservation. And they put together a plan, they hatched a campaign that eventually led to the National Park Service in 1916. And that's really important. Because it went from an idea that we should protect these places to an actual plan, a way for people to enlist and carry that idea forward for future generations, so little kids like me can go and have these amazing experiences.
他真的去了。 他接下了內政部的一個職位, 但,更重要的是,他發起了一項運動。 1914 年,就在離這裡兩個街區 以外的地方,他開了一場會議, 就在加州廳裡, 他召集了公園的主管們 和其他幾個支持保護區想法的人。 他們訂出了一個計畫, 並策劃了一項活動, 最終促成在 1916 年 建立了國家公園管理局。 那是非常重要的舉措, 因為它把保護那些地方的想法 變成了一個實際的計畫, 變成為了後代而積極參與 並將想法付諸現實的途徑, 才讓我這樣的小孩子 能親身體驗這些的非凡經歷。
That is the history of the National Parks on land. The ocean, what I want to talk to you about today, is a completely different story. And we are almost precisely 100 years behind. So, the first marine sanctuary was in 1972, after the oil spill in Santa Barbara, people got interested in taking that concept and applying it to underwater environments. We've had our own John Muir, who's Dr. Sylvia Earle, who's been a tireless advocate for creating these marine protected areas around the world. So, I know there's a lot of bad news about the ocean, there's plastic pollution, coral bleaching, over-fishing -- it's hard to take it all in sometimes. But this idea of setting aside places for nature is working. Science tells us that if you set these places aside, nature will come back and we can keep the oceans healthy. So we know this idea works. And Dr. Sylvia Earl has been influential, like John Muir, with administrations -- George W. Bush and Obama were both fantastic ocean presidents, creating marine protected areas all around the country. This is not a conservative idea or a liberal idea, it's not even an American idea, it's just a good idea.
那就是陸地上的國家公園歷史。 而我今天想和各位談的是海洋, 那又是完全另一回事了。 我們落後了幾乎整整一百年, 第一個海洋庇護所建於1972 年, 在聖塔芭芭拉發生漏油事件之後, 大家對那個概念燃起興趣, 並應用到水底下的環境。 我們也有自己的約翰繆爾, 就是席薇亞厄爾博士, 她一直努力不懈地倡導 在全世界創立海洋保護區。 我知道,關於海洋的壞消息很多, 有塑膠污染、珊瑚白化、過度捕撈—— 有時實在很難全盤接收。 但為大自然保留一些地方的 想法是行得通的, 科學告訴我們,如果 你把這些地方留下來, 大自然會回來,且我們 能夠讓海洋保持健康生態, 我們知道這個想法行得通。 就像約翰繆爾一樣, 席薇亞厄爾博士在推动施政上 一直很有影響力—— 喬治布希和歐巴馬都是 很棒的海洋總統, 他們在全國各地創建海洋保護區。 這並不是一個保守派的想法, 或是自由派的想法, 這甚至不是一個美國的想法, 這就只是一個好的想法。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)(掌聲)
(Applause)
但——
But --
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Here we are, a few years later. And now the administration is proposing to roll back a lot of the progress we've made in the past 20 years. So, so, don't mourn -- organize. We need to do what Stephen Mather did 100 years ago. We need to start a campaign to get people engaged with this idea. And I think we need a league of citizen scientists for the ocean. And I've seen glimpses of this future, and I know that it's possible.
幾年後,我們的處境是, 現在的政府提議 要把我們過去二十年 所取得的許多進展倒退回去。 所以,莫憂傷——要組織起來。 我們需要效法 一百年前的斯蒂芬馬徹, 我們需要發起一個活動, 讓大家參與和支持這個想法。 我認為我們需要為海洋 建立一個公民科學家聯盟。 我曾看到過這種未來的曙光, 我知道它是可能的。
My friend Erik and I started building underwater robots, these little swimming cameras with lights that you can see underwater. We started building these in his garage five years ago, and we've watched that grow into this community of thousands of people around the world, who believe that everybody should have access to these places. We all deserve the tools to go and explore. There's stories like Laura James, who used her robot to find out that sea stars in her area were dying. And she started this whole citizen science campaign, collected data and drove awareness for sea-star wasting syndrome, to try and figure out what was happening there. There are stories of fishermen in Mexico, who used the robot to create marine protected areas where Nassau grouper were spawning, to protect the future of this species. It's really amazing stuff. We found that if you give people the tools, they'll do the right thing.
我和我的朋友艾瑞克 開始建造水底機器人, 這些會游泳的小型攝影機 配有燈光,在水下也看得清。 五年前,我們開始在 他的車庫建造這些機器人, 我們看著它成長,成為 這全世界數千人組成的團體, 認為這些地方應該開放給所有人, 我們都應該配有 能去那些地方探索的工具。 有像勞菈詹姆斯的故事, 通過她的機器人發現, 她所在區域的海星正在消失。 為此,發起了公民科學活動, 收集資料,引起大家 對海星萎縮狀況的注意, 並試著查清那裡發生了什麼。 還有墨西哥漁夫的故事, 他們在拿索石斑魚產卵的地區, 用機器人來創建海洋保護區, 以保護此物種的未來, 這真的很了不起。 我們發現,如果給大家工具, 他們會去做應該做的事。
But we need to take it a step further. And, actually, I think we can dust off Stephen Mather's playbook. So what did he do? So, the first thing that he did was he focused on infrastructure. So 1914 wasn't just a time for the parks, it was also a time for the automobile, the Model T was rolling off the line, and Stephen Mather understood that this was going to be an important part of American culture. And so he partnered with highway associations around the country to build big, beautiful highways out to these parks. And it worked, he's basically invented car camping. And he knew that if people didn't go to these places, that they wouldn’t fall in love with them and they wouldn't care. So that was a really insightful idea that he had.
但我們還要再前進一步。 其實,我認為我們可以 重溫斯蒂芬馬徹的劇本。 他做了什麼? 他做的第一件事, 就是把焦點放在基礎設施上。 1914 年不只是公園的時代, 也是汽車的時代, 生產線生產出了福特 T 型車, 而斯蒂芬馬徹知道, 這將是美國文化重要的一部分。 所以,他和全國各地的 高速公路協會合作, 建立通往這些公園的 大型、美麗的高速公路。 這招很有用,從根本上來講, 可說是他發明了汽車露營。 他知道,如果大家不去這些地方, 他們就不會愛上這些地方, 也就不會在乎這些公園。 他的這個想法非常有洞見。
The second thing they did, was they focused on visionary philanthropy. So, Stephen Mather was a successful businessman from Chicago, and anytime there was a parks association that needed funding, anytime there was a highway association that needed funding, they'd step in, write the checks, make it happen. There's a great story of his friend William Kent, who recognized there was a small patch of redwoods left on the base of Mount Tam, and so he quickly bought the land and donated it to this National Parks effort. That's Muir Woods today -- it's one of the most popular national parks in the whole country. My parents are visiting here from Minnesota, and they don't really even care about this talk, all they're talking about is going to Muir Woods.
他們做的第二件事, 就是把焦點放在有遠見的慈善上。 斯蒂芬馬徹是來自 芝加哥的成功商人, 不論何時,只要有 公園協會需要資助, 只要有高速公路協會需要資助, 他們就會介入,簽支票, 資助他們做該做的事情。 他的朋友威廉肯特 有一個很棒的故事, 他認出在塔瑪爾巴斯山的 山麓有一小片紅杉林, 他很快就買下那塊地, 將它捐贈給這個國家公園計畫。 那就是現今的穆爾伍茲森林—— 全國最受歡迎的國家公園之一。 我父母從明尼蘇達過來這裡, 他們甚至不在乎這場演說, 他們只是不斷地嘮叨 要去穆爾伍茲森林看看。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
But the last thing is critical -- Stephen Mather focused on engagement. In one of the first meetings that they had around this new system, he said, "If you're a writer, I want you to write about this. If you're a business owner, I want you to tell your clubs and your organizations. If you work for the government, I want you to pass regulation." Everybody had a job. "Each of you, all of you, have a role to play in protecting these places for future generations." Each of you, all of you. I love that.
但,最後這件事很關鍵—— 斯蒂芬馬徹把焦點放在參與上。 在他們最初針對這個新體制 所開的其中一場會議上,他說: 「如果你是作家, 我想請你寫這個議題。 如果你是企業主,我想請你 跟你的俱樂部和組織說這件事。 如果你在政府部門工作, 我想請你通過這些規定。」 每個人都有工作要做, 「每個人,所有人, 都能發揮自己的作用, 為子孫後代而保護這些地方。」 每個人,所有人。 我很愛這句話。
That's the plan -- simple, three-point plan. I think we can do the same. So, this was the headline when Obama created the Papahanaumokuakea National Monument: "Lots to see, but good luck trying to get there." But like Mather, we should focus on the technology of our time, all of this new, amazing, digital infrastructure can be built to engage people with the oceans. So, the National Marine Sanctuary has created all these wonderful VR 360 videos, where you can actually go and see what these places look like.
這個計畫就是這樣—— 很簡單,只有三個重點, 我認為我們也可以這樣做。 歐巴馬創立了帕帕哈瑙莫夸基亞 國家海洋保護區時, 頭條是這樣寫的: 「那裡有很多值得看的,但怎麼去, 就只能說祝你好運了。」 但,就像馬徹一樣,我們該把焦點 放在我們這個時代的科技上, 可以建造出新的、 讓人嘆為觀止的數位基礎設施, 來讓大家和海洋連結。 所以,國家海洋保護區 做出了這些很棒的 360 度虛擬實境影片, 你可以真的去看一看 這些地方是什麼樣子的。
Our team is continuing to build new tools, this is our latest, this is the trident underwater drone, it's a diving submarine, it's sleek, you can fit it in a backpack, it can go down to 100 meters, deeper than most divers can go. It can see these environments that most people have never had access to. New tools are coming and we need even better tools. We can also use more visionary philanthropists.
我們的團隊持續在建造新的工具, 這是我們最新的成果, 三叉水底無人機, 它是一台潛水艇,流線型設計, 你可以把它放到背包裡, 它能下潛一百公尺,比大部分 潛水者能到的深度還更深。 它能看到大部分人 無法進入的這些環境。 新工具面世了,而我們 還需要更好的工具。 我們也需要更多有遠景的慈善家,
So, when Erik and I started this, we didn't have any money, we were building this in his garage. But we went to Kickstarter. And we found over 1,800 people, almost a million dollars we've raised on Kickstarter, finding other people who think, "Yeah, that's a good idea. I want to be a part of that." We need more ways for people to get engaged and become visionary philanthropists themselves. We've also had traditional philanthropists, who've stepped up to fund us in the SEE initiative -- the Science Education and Exploration, who are going to help us get donated units out to people on the frontlines, people who are doing the science, people who are telling the stories, inspiring communities. You can go on to OpenExplorer.com and see what people are doing, it's hugely inspirational. And it will also, hopefully, spur you to get involved.
我和艾瑞克剛開始投入時, 一點錢也沒有, 我們在他的車庫建造出這個。 但我們去 Kickstarter 募資平台, 找到了超過一千八百人, 透過 Kickstarter, 我們募到了近一百萬美金, 發現很多人也認為: 「是啊,這是個好點子。 我想要成為其中一份子。」 我們需要更多方式讓大家參與, 讓他們自己變成有遠景的慈善家。 也有站出來資助我們的傳統慈善家, 在 SEE 的計劃中—— SEE 是科學教育和探索的縮寫, 他們幫我們把捐贈的設備 交給在第一線工作的人, 那些做科學的人、在說故事的人, 來激勵這些團體。 你們可以到 OpenExplorer.com 網站上看看大家在做什麼, 非常鼓舞人心。 希望它也會鼓舞你參一腳。
Because there is plenty of room to get involved. We want to hear what ideas you have for telling these stories.
因為還有很多事情需要有人去做。 我們想要聽聽,你對於 訴說的故事有怎樣的想法。
Because that's just it -- this is all about engagement. There's all sorts of interesting, new ways for people to participate in the protection of these places. And the understanding. Like, Reef Check -- scuba divers are going down and swimming transects and counting fish and biodiversity data. They're getting the information we need to protect these places. If you're going down to the beach, participate in MPA Watch. Document what activities you see going on in these different areas. There is room for everybody to participate here. And that's just it, that's what we need. We need to build a future for our grandkids' grandkids.
確實就是這樣—— 重點就在於參與。 有各式各樣有趣的新方法 能讓大家參與保護這些地方。 還有就是了解。 就像「珊瑚礁檢查」活動—— 浮潛者會潛下去,在樣帶遊走, 計算魚類和生物多樣性的數據。 他們為我們搜集 保護這些地方所需要的資訊。 如果你去海灘,可以參與 「海洋保護區看管」活動, 記錄下你在這些不同 地區所看到的活動。 人人都有參與的機會, 就這樣,這就是我們需要的。 我們需要為我們孫子的孫子 建立一個未來。
Last month, I went out sailing, and we got out to the Farallon Islands, 25 miles off the Gate. And most people think of this as kind of a bird sanctuary, but we took our robot, and we sent it in. And the people on the boat were astonished at the life beneath the surface. I mean, these are really, really important ecosystems. Really, and this is a whole wild world we haven't yet explored. And we have an opportunity right now, just as they did 100 years ago, to protect these places, to put in a plan, to keep people engaged.
上個月我出海航行, 來到了在(舊金山)金門外 大約 25 英哩的法拉隆群島。 大部分人以為它有點像鳥類保護區, 但儅我們把機器人送下水後, 水面下的生命讓船上的人都驚呆了。 我的意思是,這些是 非常非常重要的生態系統。 真的,這整個地方是我們 尚未探索過的野生世界。 就像一百年前的那些人一樣, 現在我們有機會, 可以保護這些地方, 訂一個計畫,讓大家參與。
So last year, when the executive order came out, putting all of the progress we've made, all of these new marine protected areas, under review, there were over 100,000 people who commented online. Almost all of these letters were saying, "Don't do it; protecting these places is the right thing to do." My message to those 100,000 people, those 100,000 letters is: don't wait for Washington. We can do this ourselves.
所以,去年當執行命令發佈後, 我們所取得的所有進展 及這些新海洋保護區都要接受審查, 有超過十萬人在線上發表意見。 幾乎所有這些信件都在說: 「行政命令不能這麼做; 保護這些地方才是正確的行為。」 我給這十萬人、 這十萬封信的回應訊息是: 別等華盛頓, 我們完全可以自己來做。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)