You know, I had a real rough time in school with ADD, and I have a PhD. I earned a PhD, but ... tough to pay attention -- biology, geology, physics, chemistry -- really tough for me. Only one thing grabbed my attention, and it's that planet called Earth. But in this picture here, you'll see that Earth is mostly water. That's the Pacific. Seventy percent of Earth is covered with water. You can say, "Hey, I know Earth. I live here." You don't know Earth. You don't know this planet, because most of it's covered with that -- average depth, two miles. And when you go outside and look up at the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those on top of one another. We've explored about five percent of what's in that water. "Explored," meaning, for the first time, go peek and see what's there. So what I want to do today is show you some things about this planet, about the oceans. I want to take you from shallow water down to the deep water, and hopefully, like me, you'll see some things that get you hooked on exploring planet Earth. You know things like corals; you've seen plenty of corals, those of you who've been to the beach, snorkeling, know corals are an amazing place to go -- full of life, some big animals, small animals, some nice, some dangerous, sharks, whales, all that stuff. They need to be protected from humanity. They're great places. But what you probably don't know is in the very deep part of the ocean, we have volcanic eruptions. Most volcanoes on Earth are at the bottom of the sea -- more than 80 percent. And we actually have fire, fire deep inside the ocean, going on right now. All over the world -- in the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean. In this place, the ocean floor, the rocks actually turn to liquid. So you actually have waves on the ocean floor. You'd say nothing could live there, but when we look in detail, even there, in the deepest, darkest places on Earth, we find life, which tells us that life really wants to happen. So, pretty amazing stuff. Every time we go to the bottom of the sea, we explore with our submarines, with our robots, we see something that's usually surprising, sometimes it's startling and sometimes revolutionary. You see that puddle of water sitting there. And all around the water there's a little cliff, there's a little white sandy beach. We'll get closer, you'll see the beach a little bit better, some of the waves in that water, down there. The thing that's special about this water is that it's at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico. So you're sitting inside a submarine, looking out the window at a little pond of water beneath the sea. We see ponds, we see lakes, we see rivers -- in fact, right here is a river at the bottom of the ocean going from the lower left to the upper right. Water is actually flowing through there. This totally blew our minds. How can you have this at the bottom? You're in the ocean looking at more water. And there's animals that only live in that water. So, the bottom of the ocean -- I love this map, because it shows in the middle of the ocean, there's a mountain range. It's the greatest mountain range on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge -- 50,000 miles long, and we've hardly had a peek at it. Hardly had a peek at it. We find valleys, many thousands of valleys, larger, wider, deeper than the Grand Canyon. We find, as I said, underwater lakes, rivers, waterfalls. The largest waterfall on the planet is actually under the ocean, up near Iceland. All that stuff is in that five percent that we've explored. So the deal about the ocean is that to explore it, you've got to have technology. Not only technology, but it's not just Dave Gallo or one person exploring, it's a team of people. You've got to have the talent, the team. You've got to have the technology. In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis, and the submarine, Alvin. Inside that submarine -- this is an Alvin launch -- there's three people. They're being wheeled out onto deck. There's 47 other people, the teamwork on that ship, making sure that these people are okay. Everybody in that submarine is thinking one thing right now: Should I have gone to the bathroom one more time? Because you're in there for 10 hours -- 10 hours in that little sphere. Three of you together and nobody is going to be around you. You go into the water and once you hit the water, it's amazing. There's a lovely color blue that penetrates right inside you. You don't hear the surface ship anymore, you hear that pinging of a sonar. If you've got an iPhone you've got sonar on there -- it's that same pinging that goes down to the bottom and comes back up. Divers check out the sub to make sure the outside is okay, and then they say "Go," and down you go to the bottom of the ocean and it's an amazing trip. So for two and a half hours, you sink down to the bottom. And two hours of it is totally pitch black. We thought that nothing could live inside that world at the bottom of the ocean. And when we look, we find some amazing things. All the way down -- we call it the mid-water -- from the top of the ocean down to the bottom, we find life. Whenever we stop and look, we find life. I'm going to show you some jellies. They're absolutely some of the coolest creatures on Earth. Look at that thing, just flailing his arms around. That's like a little lobster. That one is like all these animals with their mouths hooked together, the colonial animals. Some animals are tiny, some can be longer than this stage. Just amazing animals. And you can't collect them with a net -- we have to go with our cameras and take a look at them. So every time we go, new species of life. The ocean is full of life. And yet the deepest part of the ocean -- when we go to that mountain range, we find hot springs. Now we were sure -- because this is poisonous water, because it's so deep it would crush the Titanic the same way you crush an empty cup in your hand -- we were sure there would be no life there at all. Instead, we find more life and diversity and density than in the tropical rainforest. So, in one instance, in one peek out the window of the sub, we discover something that revolutionizes the way we think about life on Earth; and that is, you don't always have to have sunlight to get life going. There's big animals down there too, some that look familiar. That guy's called Dumbo. I love him. Dumbo's great. This guy -- oh man, I wish I had more footage of this. We're trying to get an expedition together to go look at this and maybe in a year we'll have that. Go online and look. Vampyroteuthis infernalis. The vampire squid. Incredibly cool. In the darkness of the deep sea, he's got glowing tentacles, so if I'm coming at you like him, I put my arms out in the darkness so all you see are little glowing things over here. Meanwhile, I'm coming at you. When he wants to escape, he's got these glowing pods on his butt that look like eyes. Glowing eyes on his butt. How cool is that? Just an amazing animal. (Laughter) "Vampire" squid, because when it gets protective, it pulls this black cape over its whole body, and curls up into a ball. Outrageous animal. This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" -- a hundred years ago this coming April, this ship was supposed to show up in New York. It's the Titanic. I co-led an expedition out there last year. We are learning so much about that ship. The Titanic is an interesting place for biology, because animals are moving in to live on the Titanic. Microbes are actually eating the hull of the Titanic. That's where Jack was king of the world there on the bow of the Titanic. So we're doing real good. And what's exciting to me is that we're making a virtual Titanic, so you can sit there at home with your joystick and your headset on, and you can actually explore the Titanic for yourself. That's what we want to do, make these virtual worlds, so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else exploring the world; it's you. You explore it for yourself. So here's the bottom line: The oceans are unexplored and I can't begin to tell you how important that is, because they're important to us. Seven billion people live on this planet and all of us are impacted by the sea, because the oceans control the air you breathe, the water you drink, the food you eat. All those are controlled in some way by the ocean, and this is a thing that we haven't even explored -- five percent. The thing I want to leave you with is, in that five percent, I showed you some cool stuff. There's a lot more cool stuff -- every dive we go on in the ocean, we find something new about the sea. So what's in that other 95 percent? Did we get the exciting stuff or is there more out there? And I'm here to tell you that the ocean is full of surprises. There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust: "The true voyage of exploration is not so much in seeking new landscapes," which we do, "but in having new eyes." And so I hope today, by showing you some of this, it's given you some new eyes about this planet, and for the first time, I want you to think about it differently. Thank you very much. Thank you. (Applause)
Znate, imao sam problem sa poremećajem pažnje u školi, a imam doktorat. Zaradio sam doktorat, ali mi je bilo naporno da pratim biologiju, geologiju, fiziku, hemiju - stvarno naporno. Samo jedna stvar je privukla moju pažnju. A to je planeta zvana Zemlja, ali na ovoj slici vidite da je Zemlja uglavnom voda - to je Tihi okean. 70 procenata Zemlje je prekriveno vodom i mogli biste reći: "Ja poznajem planetu Zemlju. Ovde živim." Ne poznajete Zemlju. Ne poznajete ovu planetu, jer je njen najveći deo prekriven vodom - prosečna dubina je oko 3 km. Kad izađete napolje i pogledate Empajer stejt bilding, Krajsler bilding, prosečna dubina okeana je kao 15 takvih naslaganih jedna na drugu. Istražili smo oko 5 posto onoga što se nalazi u toj vodi. "Istražili" znači - zavirili jedanput i videli šta ima tamo. Ono što želim danas je da vam pokažem neke stvari o ovoj planeti, o okeanima. Želim da vas odvedem iz plićaka do dubokih voda i nadam se da ćete, kao i ja, videti neke stvari koje će vas navući na istraživanje planete Zemlje. Znate korale, viđali ste ih puno. Oni među vama koji su bili na plaži i ronili, znaju da su korali neverovatna mesta puna života - nekih većih životinja, nekih manjih, nekih lepih, nekih opasnih - ajkula, kitova... Njih treba sačuvati od čovečanstva. To su sjajna mesta, ali verovatno ne znate da u dubinama okeana, najdubljim delovima okeana imamo vulkanske erupcije. Većina vulkana na Zemlji je na dnu mora - više od 80 posto - i u stvari, imamo vatru duboko u okeanu u ovom trenutku. Širom sveta - u Pacifiku, u Atlantiku, u Indijskom okeanu, na ovom mestu, na dnu okeana stene se pretvaraju u tečnost. Tako da u stvari imate talase na dnu okeana. Rekli biste da ništa ne može da živi ovde, ali ako dobro pogledamo, čak i ovde u najdubljim, najmračnijim mestima na Zemlji, nalazimo život što nam govori da život želi da nastane. Prilično neverovatna stvar. Svaki put kad odemo na morsko dno da istražujemo s našim podmornicama, robotima, vidimo nešto što je obično iznenađujuće. Ponekad je zapanjujuće, a ponekad revolucionarno. Ovde vidite baricu vode i okružuje je mali greben, tu je mala bela peščana plaža. Približićemo se malo. Videćete plažu malo bolje, talase u vodi dole. Ono što je posebno u vezi sa ovom vodom je to da se ona nalazi na dnu Meksičkog zaliva. Tako sedite u podmornici gledajući kroz prozor baricu pod vodom. Vidimo bare, jezera, reke. Evo ovde reke na dnu okeana koja ide iz donjeg levog ugla ka gornjem desnom. Voda zaista protiče njom. Ovo nas je potpuno zapanjilo: kako ovo može postojati na dnu? U okeanu ste i gledate u neku drugu vodu. I postoje životinje koje žive samo u toj vodi. Tako da, dno okeana - volim ovu mapu jer se vidi planinski lanac usred okeana. Taj planinski lanac je najveći na Zemlji. Zove se Srednjeokeanski greben - 80.000 km dugačak, a otkrili smo tek njegov mali deo. Samo delić. Tamo nalazimo doline, na hiljade dolina većih, širih, dubljih od Velikog kanjona Kolorada. Nalazimo, kao što sam rekao: jezera, reke, vodopade. Najveći vodopad na planeti je u stvari u okeanu u blizini Islanda. Sve to u tih 5 procenata koje smo istražili. Da biste istražili okean morate imati tehnologiju. Ne samo tehnologiju. Nije samo Dejv Galo ili jedna osoba, koja istražuje. To je tim ljudi. Morate imati talenat. Morate imati tim, tehnologiju. Tehnologija je u ovom slučaju naš brod Atlantis i podmornica Alvin. A u toj podmornici - ovo je Alvinovo porinuće - je troje ljudi. Odgurali su ih na palubu. I ima 47 drugih ljudi. Timski rad na brodu obezbeđuje da sa svima bude sve u redu. Svi u toj podmornici sada misle jedno: da li je trebalo da odem u toalet još jedanput? Jer tamo ste 10 sati - 10 sati u toj maloj kugli. Vas troje zajedno i niko neće biti pored vas. Ulazite u vodu i kada uronite neverovatno je. Lepa plava boja koja prodire direktno u vas. Ne čujete više brod na površini, čujete pištanje sonara. Ako imate Ajfon, tamo imate sonar - isto je pištanje koje ide nadole kao i ono koje se vraća. Ronioci proveravaju podmornicu da vide je l' napolju sve u redu I onda kažu: "Krenite", i krenete ka dnu okeana i to je neverovatno putovanje. Dva i po sata tonete do dna. I od toga - dva sata ste u mrklom mraku. Mislili smo da ništa ne može da živi u tom svetu na dnu okeana. A kada pogledamo, vidimo neke neverovatne stvari. Skroz dole nalazimo život - pojas između vrha i dna nazivamo "srednjim dubinama". Gde god stanemo i pogledamo, nalazimo život. Pokazaću vam ovde neke od meduza jer one su apsolutno jedna od najfinijih stvorenja na Zemlji. Pogledajte ovu koja mlatara rukama. Ova je kao mali jastog. Ova je kao one životinje sa spojenim ustima. One su kolonijalne životinje. Neke su male, a neke mogu biti duže od ove bine. Neverovatne životinje i ne možete ih uhvatiti mrežom. Moramo da odemo tamo sa kamerama i pogledamo ih. Svaki put kad odemo, nalazimo nove vrste života. Okean je pun života. Pa ipak, najdublji deo okeana - kad odemo do tog planinskog lanca, pronalazimo tople izvore. Bili smo ubeđeni, jer je ovo otrovna voda, jer je toliko duboko da bi zgnječila Titanik kao kad rukom zgnječite praznu čašu. Bili smo ubeđeni da ovde nema života. Ali smo pronašli više života, raznolikosti i gustine nego u tropskim prašumama. U jednom tenutku, u jednom pogledu kroz prozor podmornice otkrili smo nešto što je iz osnova izmenilo način na koji razmišljamo o životu na Zemlji, a to je da vam ne treba uvek sunčeva svetlost da biste imali život. Ima i velikih životinja ovde - nekih koje izgledaju poznato. Ovaj se zov Dambo. Obožavam ga. Dambo je sjajan. Ovo - oh, voleo bih da imam više snimaka ovoga. Pokušavamo da organizujemo ekspediciju za posmatranje ovoga i možda ćemo to uraditi za godinu dana. Idite na internet i pogledajte. Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Vampirska lignja. Neverovatno kul. U tami morskih dubina ona ima svetleće pipke, tako da ako sam ja ona i napadam vas, raširim ruke u mraku i vi vidite samo svetlucanje na krajevima, a ja vas napadam. Kad hoće da pobegne ima ove svetleće mahune na zadnjici, koje izgedaju kao oči. Svetleće oči na zadnjici. Baš kul stvar. Prosto neverovatna životinja. (Smeh) Kad se vampirska lignja štiti navlači crni plašt preko celog tela i sklupča se u loptu. Neobična životinja. Ovaj brod, pre sto godina "brod snova" - ovog aprila je trebalo da se pojavi u Njujorku. To je Titanik i učestvovao sam u ekspediciji tamo prošle godine. Učimo mnogo o tom brodu. Titanik je zanimljivo mesto za biologiju jer životinje se useljavaju na Titanik da žive. Mikrobi u stvari jedu njegov trup. Ovde, na pramcu, Džek je bio kralj sveta. Ide nam vrlo dobro i ono što mi je uzbudljivo je to što ćemo jednog dana napraviti virtuelni Titanik, tako da možete sedeti kod kuće sa džojstikom i slušalicama i sami ga istraživati. To je ono što želimo da uradimo - da napravimo ove virtuelne svetove tako da ne bude Dejv Galo ili neko drugi onaj koji istražuje svet, već vi sami. I evo suštine. Okeani su neistraženi i ne mogu da vam objasnim koliko je to važno jer su nam oni važni. Sedam milijardi ljudi živi na ovoj planeti i na sve nas utiče more, jer okeani kontrolišu vazduh koji dišete, vodu koju pijete, hranu koju jedete. Sve ovo na neki način kontroliše okean, a njega nismo čak ni istražili - osim pet procenata. Želim da vas ostavim sa - u tih 5 posto, pokazao sam vam neke kul stvari. Ima još mnogo toga i svaki put kad zaronimo u okean, otkrijemo nešto novo o moru. Šta je onda u ostalih 95 procenata? Da li smo već otkrili uzbudljive stvari ili ih ima još? Ovde sam da vam kažem da je okean pun iznenađenja. Ima jedan citat Marsela Prusta koji volim: "Pravo putovanje istraživanja nije toliko u traženju novih predela", što radimo, "već u novom pogledu." Nadam se da sam vam danas pokazivanjem ovoga dao nešto od novog pogleda na ovu planetu i po prvi put želim da razmislite o tome na drugačiji način. Hvala vam mnogo. Hvala. (Aplauz)