You know, I had a real rough time in school with ADD, and I have a PhD. I earned a PhD, but ... tough to pay attention -- biology, geology, physics, chemistry -- really tough for me. Only one thing grabbed my attention, and it's that planet called Earth. But in this picture here, you'll see that Earth is mostly water. That's the Pacific. Seventy percent of Earth is covered with water. You can say, "Hey, I know Earth. I live here." You don't know Earth. You don't know this planet, because most of it's covered with that -- average depth, two miles. And when you go outside and look up at the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those on top of one another. We've explored about five percent of what's in that water. "Explored," meaning, for the first time, go peek and see what's there. So what I want to do today is show you some things about this planet, about the oceans. I want to take you from shallow water down to the deep water, and hopefully, like me, you'll see some things that get you hooked on exploring planet Earth. You know things like corals; you've seen plenty of corals, those of you who've been to the beach, snorkeling, know corals are an amazing place to go -- full of life, some big animals, small animals, some nice, some dangerous, sharks, whales, all that stuff. They need to be protected from humanity. They're great places. But what you probably don't know is in the very deep part of the ocean, we have volcanic eruptions. Most volcanoes on Earth are at the bottom of the sea -- more than 80 percent. And we actually have fire, fire deep inside the ocean, going on right now. All over the world -- in the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean. In this place, the ocean floor, the rocks actually turn to liquid. So you actually have waves on the ocean floor. You'd say nothing could live there, but when we look in detail, even there, in the deepest, darkest places on Earth, we find life, which tells us that life really wants to happen. So, pretty amazing stuff. Every time we go to the bottom of the sea, we explore with our submarines, with our robots, we see something that's usually surprising, sometimes it's startling and sometimes revolutionary. You see that puddle of water sitting there. And all around the water there's a little cliff, there's a little white sandy beach. We'll get closer, you'll see the beach a little bit better, some of the waves in that water, down there. The thing that's special about this water is that it's at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico. So you're sitting inside a submarine, looking out the window at a little pond of water beneath the sea. We see ponds, we see lakes, we see rivers -- in fact, right here is a river at the bottom of the ocean going from the lower left to the upper right. Water is actually flowing through there. This totally blew our minds. How can you have this at the bottom? You're in the ocean looking at more water. And there's animals that only live in that water. So, the bottom of the ocean -- I love this map, because it shows in the middle of the ocean, there's a mountain range. It's the greatest mountain range on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge -- 50,000 miles long, and we've hardly had a peek at it. Hardly had a peek at it. We find valleys, many thousands of valleys, larger, wider, deeper than the Grand Canyon. We find, as I said, underwater lakes, rivers, waterfalls. The largest waterfall on the planet is actually under the ocean, up near Iceland. All that stuff is in that five percent that we've explored. So the deal about the ocean is that to explore it, you've got to have technology. Not only technology, but it's not just Dave Gallo or one person exploring, it's a team of people. You've got to have the talent, the team. You've got to have the technology. In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis, and the submarine, Alvin. Inside that submarine -- this is an Alvin launch -- there's three people. They're being wheeled out onto deck. There's 47 other people, the teamwork on that ship, making sure that these people are okay. Everybody in that submarine is thinking one thing right now: Should I have gone to the bathroom one more time? Because you're in there for 10 hours -- 10 hours in that little sphere. Three of you together and nobody is going to be around you. You go into the water and once you hit the water, it's amazing. There's a lovely color blue that penetrates right inside you. You don't hear the surface ship anymore, you hear that pinging of a sonar. If you've got an iPhone you've got sonar on there -- it's that same pinging that goes down to the bottom and comes back up. Divers check out the sub to make sure the outside is okay, and then they say "Go," and down you go to the bottom of the ocean and it's an amazing trip. So for two and a half hours, you sink down to the bottom. And two hours of it is totally pitch black. We thought that nothing could live inside that world at the bottom of the ocean. And when we look, we find some amazing things. All the way down -- we call it the mid-water -- from the top of the ocean down to the bottom, we find life. Whenever we stop and look, we find life. I'm going to show you some jellies. They're absolutely some of the coolest creatures on Earth. Look at that thing, just flailing his arms around. That's like a little lobster. That one is like all these animals with their mouths hooked together, the colonial animals. Some animals are tiny, some can be longer than this stage. Just amazing animals. And you can't collect them with a net -- we have to go with our cameras and take a look at them. So every time we go, new species of life. The ocean is full of life. And yet the deepest part of the ocean -- when we go to that mountain range, we find hot springs. Now we were sure -- because this is poisonous water, because it's so deep it would crush the Titanic the same way you crush an empty cup in your hand -- we were sure there would be no life there at all. Instead, we find more life and diversity and density than in the tropical rainforest. So, in one instance, in one peek out the window of the sub, we discover something that revolutionizes the way we think about life on Earth; and that is, you don't always have to have sunlight to get life going. There's big animals down there too, some that look familiar. That guy's called Dumbo. I love him. Dumbo's great. This guy -- oh man, I wish I had more footage of this. We're trying to get an expedition together to go look at this and maybe in a year we'll have that. Go online and look. Vampyroteuthis infernalis. The vampire squid. Incredibly cool. In the darkness of the deep sea, he's got glowing tentacles, so if I'm coming at you like him, I put my arms out in the darkness so all you see are little glowing things over here. Meanwhile, I'm coming at you. When he wants to escape, he's got these glowing pods on his butt that look like eyes. Glowing eyes on his butt. How cool is that? Just an amazing animal. (Laughter) "Vampire" squid, because when it gets protective, it pulls this black cape over its whole body, and curls up into a ball. Outrageous animal. This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" -- a hundred years ago this coming April, this ship was supposed to show up in New York. It's the Titanic. I co-led an expedition out there last year. We are learning so much about that ship. The Titanic is an interesting place for biology, because animals are moving in to live on the Titanic. Microbes are actually eating the hull of the Titanic. That's where Jack was king of the world there on the bow of the Titanic. So we're doing real good. And what's exciting to me is that we're making a virtual Titanic, so you can sit there at home with your joystick and your headset on, and you can actually explore the Titanic for yourself. That's what we want to do, make these virtual worlds, so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else exploring the world; it's you. You explore it for yourself. So here's the bottom line: The oceans are unexplored and I can't begin to tell you how important that is, because they're important to us. Seven billion people live on this planet and all of us are impacted by the sea, because the oceans control the air you breathe, the water you drink, the food you eat. All those are controlled in some way by the ocean, and this is a thing that we haven't even explored -- five percent. The thing I want to leave you with is, in that five percent, I showed you some cool stuff. There's a lot more cool stuff -- every dive we go on in the ocean, we find something new about the sea. So what's in that other 95 percent? Did we get the exciting stuff or is there more out there? And I'm here to tell you that the ocean is full of surprises. There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust: "The true voyage of exploration is not so much in seeking new landscapes," which we do, "but in having new eyes." And so I hope today, by showing you some of this, it's given you some new eyes about this planet, and for the first time, I want you to think about it differently. Thank you very much. Thank you. (Applause)
Bilo mi je jako teško u školi s poremećajem pozornosti, i imam doktorat. Zaradio sam doktorat, no bilo mi je teško obratiti pažnju na biologiju, geologiju, fiziku, kemiju -- stvarno teško za mene. Samo jedna stvar je uhvatila moju pozornost. I to je onaj planet koji se zove Zemlja, ali na ovoj slici ovdje vidjet ćete da je Zemlja većinom voda -- ovo je Tihi ocean. 70 posto Zemlje pokriveno je vodom i možete reći, "Hej poznajem Zemlju, živim ondje." Ne poznajete Zemlju. Ne poznajete ovaj planet jer je većina njega pokrivena s tim -- prosječne dubine 2 milje. I kad izađete van i pogledate u Empire State building, Chrysler zgradu, prosječna dubina oceana je 15 njih postavljenih jedan na drugi. Istražili smo otprilike 5 posto onoga što je u toj vodi. "Istražili" znači prvi put zavirili i vidjeli što je tamo. Ono što želim danas učiniti je pokazati vam neke stvari o ovom planetu, o oceanima. Želim vas povesti iz plićaka u neke dublje vode, i nadam se, da ćete kao i ja, vidjeti neke stvari koje će vas navući na to da istražujete planet Zemlju. Znate stvari kao što su koralji, vidjeli ste puno koralja, vi koji ste bili na plaži, ronili, znate da su koralji divna mjesta za posjetiti -- puni života, velikih životinja, malih životinja, nekih lijepih, nekih opasnih, morskih pasa, kitova, takvih stvari. Oni moraju biti zaštićeni od čovječanstva. To su divna mjesta, ali ono o čemu vjerojatno ne znate ništa je u dubokom oceanu, vrlo dubokom dijelu oceana, gdje imamo vulkanske erupcije. Većina vulkana na Zemlji je na dnu mora -- više od 80 posto -- i mi zapravo imamo vatru, vatru duboko u oceanu, koja trenutno gori. Posvuda u svijetu, u Tihom, Atlantskom, Indijskom Oceanu, na ovom mjestu, dnu mora, kamen se zapravo pretvara u tekućinu. Tako da zapravo imate ove valove na morskom dnu. Rekli biste da ništa ne može tamo živjeti, ali kad pogledamo detaljnije, čak i tamo, čak i na najdubljim, najtamnijim mjestima na Zemlji, nalazimo život, što nam govori da se život zaista želi dogoditi. Dakle, poprilično zadivljujuće stvari. Svaki put kad odemo na dno mora, istražujemo s našim podmornicama, s našim robotima, vidimo nešto što je često iznenađujuće, ponekad je zastrašujuće i ponekad revolucionarno. Vidite onu lokvu vode kako tamo stoji. I svugdje oko te vode nalazi se mala litica, mala pješčana plaža. Približit ćemo se malo. Vidjet ćete plažu malo bolje, neke od valova u toj vodi, tamo dolje. Ono što je posebno kod ove vode je da je ta voda na dnu Meksičkog zaljeva. Sjedite u svojoj podmornici i gledate kroz prozor u malo jezerce vode ispod mora. Znate, vidimo jezerca, jezera, rijeke -- zapravo ovdje je rijeka na dnu oceana koja ide od donjeg lijevog kuta do gornjeg desnog. Voda zapravo teče ondje. Ovo nas je zaista raspametilo: kako se ovo može događati na dnu? Nalazite se u oceanu i gledate još vode. I postoje životinje koje žive samo u toj vodi. Dakle, dno oceana -- obožavam ovu kartu zato što pokazuje da se u sred oceana nalazi planinski lanac. Taj planinski lanac je najveći planinski lanac na Zemlji. Zove se Srednje-Oceanski Greben -- 50 000 milja dug, i mi smo ga jedva pogledali. Jedva pogledali. Nalazimo doline, tisuće dolina većih, širih, dubljih od Grand Canyona. Nalazimo, kako sam rekao, podzemna jezera, rijeke, vodopade. Najveći vodopad na planeti zapravo je ispod oceana blizu Islanda. Sve te stvari u pet posto istraženog područja. Dakle, stvar s oceanom je da bi ga istražili, trebamo tehologiju. Ne samo tehnologiju, ne samo da Dave Gallo ili jedna osoba istražuju. To je tim ljudi. Morate imati talent. Morate imati tim. Morate imati tehnologiju i u ovom slučaju to je naš brod, Atlantida, i podmornica, Alvin. Sad, u podmornici -- ovo je lansiranje Alvina -- je troje ljudi. Njih se izvozi na palubu. Postoji još 47 ljudi. Tim koji radi na tom brodu kako bi bili sigurni da su ovi ljudi dobro. Svi na toj podmornici sada misle jednu stvar: jesam li trebao otići na zahod još jednom? Jer tamo ste deset sati -- deset sati u toj maloj sferi. Vas troje ste skupa i nitko neće biti pokraj vas. Idete u vodu i kada ju dotaknete to je odlično. Postoji divna nijansa plave koja se probija u vas. Ne čujete brod na površini više, čujete samo zvuk sonara. Ako imate iPhone, na njemu imate sonar -- to je isti zvuk koji ide prema dnu i onda dolazi gore. Ronioci provjeravaju podmornicu kako bi bili sigurni da je izvana sve u redu, i onda kažu "Krenite", i idete dolje na dno oceana i to je zaista zadivljujuć put. Dva i pol sata tonete na dno. I dva sata okruženi ste potpunim mrakom. I mislili smo kako ništa ne može živjeti unutar tog svijeta na dnu oceana. I kada pogledamo, nalazimo neke zadivljujuće stvari. Skroz dolje -- zovemo to "srednja-voda" od vrha oceana do dna -- pronalazimo život. Kad god stanemo i pogledamo pronađemo život. Pokazat ću vam neke meduze ovdje jer one su definitivno jedna od najboljih bića na Zemlji. Pogledajte tu stvar kako maše rukama. To je kao mali jastog. Ovaj je kao sve životinje sa povezanim ustima. To su kolonijalne životinje. Neke životinje su sićušne, neke mogu biti duže od ove pozornice. Zaista zadivljujuće životinje i možete ih skupiti mrežom. Moramo ići tamo s našim kamerama i gledati ih. Svaki put kada idemo, nove vrste života. Ocean je pun života. A ipak najdublji dio oceana -- kad odemo do tog planinskog lanca, nađemo izvore tople vode. Bili smo sigurni, jer to su otrovne vode, jer je tako duboko da bi moglo zdrobiti Titanic isto kao što biste vi zdrobili čašu u svojoj ruci. Bili smo sigurni da tamo neće biti nikakvog života. Umjesto toga našli smo više života i raznolikosti i gustoće nego u tropskoj prašumi. Dakle, u jednoj instanci, u jednom virenju kroz prozor podmornice, otkrili smo nešto što revolucionizira način na koji razmišljamo o životu na Zemlji, i to je da ne morate uvijek imati sunčevu svjetlost da pokrenete život. Postoje i velike životinje tamo dolje -- neke koje izgledaju poznato. Ovaj momak zove se Dumbo. Volim ga. Dumbo je divan. Ovaj momak, o čovječe volio bih da imam više snimki ovoga. Pokušavamo organizirati ekspediciju da pogledamo ovo i možda ćemo to moći za godinu dana. Idite online i pogledajte. Vampyroteuthisinfornalis. Vampirska lignja. Nevjerojatno cool. U tami dubokog oceana on ima svjetleće krakove, tako da ako vam prilazim kao on, pružam ruke u tamu i sve što vidite su ove male svjetleće stvari ovdje. U međuvremenu, ja idem prema vama. Kada želi pobjeći, ima ove svjetleće ljuske na stražnjici koje izgledaju kao oči. Ima svjetleće oči na stražnjici. Koliko je to cool? To je zadivljujuća, zadivljujuća životinja. (Smijeh) Vampirska lignja, kada se ponaša zaštitnički, navlači crni plašt preko cijelog tijela, smota se u loptu. Nečuvena životinja. Ovaj brod, "brod snova" -- prije sto godina u ovom travnju, ovaj brod trebao se pojaviti u New Yorku. To je Titanic i vodio sam ekspediciju ondje prošle godine. Učimo tako puno o tom brodu. Titanic je interesantno mjesto za biologiju jer životinje se useljavaju kako bi živjele na Titanicu. Mikrobi zapravo jedu trup Titanica. Ondje je Jack bio kralj svijeta na krmi Titanica. Dakle, napredujemo jako dobro i ono što me uzbuđuje je da ćemo jednog dana napraviti virtualni Titanic tako da možete sjediti kod kuće sa vašim joystickom i slušalicama i sami istraživati Titanic. To je ono što želimo učiniti -- napraviti virtualne svjetove tako da nije Dave Gallo ili netko drugi tko istražuje taj svijet, to ste vi. Sami istražujete. Dakle, ovo je poanta. Oceani su neistraženi i ne mogu vam početi pričati kako je to važno jer su oni važni za nas. Sedam milijardi ljudi živi na ovom planetu i svi mi smo pod utjecajem mora jer oceani kontroliraju zrak koji dišete, vodu koju pijete, hranu koju jedete. Sve je to na neki način kontrolirano od oceana i ovo je stvar koju nismo uopće istražili -- pet posto. Želim vas ostaviti s mišlju da u tih pet posto sam vam pokazao neke cool stvari. Postoji još više cool stvari svaki put kad zaronimo u ocean, nalazimo nešto novo o moru. Što je u tih 95 posto? Jesmo li pronašli uzbudljive stvari ili ima više toga tamo? I ovdje sam da bih vam rekao kako je ocean pun iznenađenja. Postoji citat Marcela Prousta koji volim: "Pravo putovanje istraživanja nije toliko u traženju novih pejzaža," što činimo, "nego imati nove oči." I zato se nadam da sam danas pokazujući vam ovo, dao vam nove poglede na planet, i prvi put želim da o njemu mislite drugačije. Hvala vam puno. Hvala vam. (Pljesak)