We are built out of very small stuff, and we are embedded in a very large cosmos, and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality at either of those scales, and that's because our brains haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.
Građeni smo od sićušnih stvari i smešteni smo u ogromnom kosmosu, a činjenica je da nismo naročito dobri u razumevanju stvarnosti ni na jednom od ova dva nivoa, a to je zato što naši mozgovi nisu evoluirali da razumeju svet u tim razmerama.
Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception right in the middle. But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home, we're not seeing most of the action that's going on. So take the colors of our world. This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes. But we're not seeing all the waves out there. In fact, what we see is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there. So you have radio waves and microwaves and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now and you're completely unaware of it, because you don't come with the proper biological receptors for picking it up. There are thousands of cell phone conversations passing through you right now, and you're utterly blind to it.
Umesto toga, zarobljenici smo sitnog parčeta percepcije koje je tačno na sredini. Međutim sve je čudnije jer čak i na tom parčetu stvarnosti, zvanom dom, ne vidimo većinu onoga što se dešava. Uzmite boje našeg sveta. Ovo su svetlosni talasi, elektromagnetska radijacija koja se odbija od objekte i pogađa specijalizovane receptore na poleđini naših očiju. No mi ne vidimo sve postojeće talase. Zapravo vidimo manje od 10 bilionitog svega što postoji. Pa vam radio talasi i mikrotalasi i iks zraci i gama zraci trenutno prolaze kroz telo, a vi uopšte niste svesni toga jer niste rođeni s odgovarajućim biološkim receptorima koji bi to zapazili. Na hiljade razgovora mobilnim telefonima trenutno prolazi kroz vas, a vi ste krajnje slepi za to.
Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable. Snakes include some infrared in their reality, and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world, and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range, and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range. But you can't sense any of those by yourself, at least not yet, because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.
Sad, ne radi se o tome da su ove stvari suštinski nevidljive. Stvarnost zmija uključuje nešto infracrvene svetlosti, a pčelinji pogled na svet uključuje ultraljubičastu i naravno da ugrađujemo mašine u kontrolne table automobila koje primaju signale opsega radijskih frekvencija i pravimo mašine u bolnicama koje sakupljaju opseg iks zraka. Međutim, ništa od ovog sami ne možete da osetite, bar ne za sad jer se ne rađate opremljeni odgovarajućim senzorima.
Now, what this means is that our experience of reality is constrained by our biology, and that goes against the common sense notion that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips are just picking up the objective reality that's out there. Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.
Sad, ovo znači da je naše iskustvo stvarnosti ograničeno našom biologijom, a to se protivi pretpostavci zdravog razuma da naše oči i naše uši i naši vrhovi prstiju prosto doživljavaju objektivnu postojeću stvarnost. Umesto toga, naši mozgovi prosto uzimaju uzorke malenog dela sveta.
Now, across the animal kingdom, different animals pick up on different parts of reality. So in the blind and deaf world of the tick, the important signals are temperature and butyric acid; in the world of the black ghost knifefish, its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields; and for the echolocating bat, its reality is constructed out of air compression waves. That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on, and we have a word for this in science. It's called the umwelt, which is the German word for the surrounding world. Now, presumably, every animal assumes that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there, because why would you ever stop to imagine that there's something beyond what we can sense. Instead, what we all do is we accept reality as it's presented to us.
Sad, širom životinjskog carstva, različite životinje doživljavaju različite delove stvarnosti. Pa su u slepom i gluvom životu krpelja važni signali: temperatura i buterna kiselina; u svetu ribe crnog duha, njen senzorni svet je bogato obojen električnim poljima; a za šišmiša sa eholokatorom, njegova stvarnost je izgrađena od talasa kompresovanog vazduha. To je parče njihovog ekosistema koji mogu da dožive, a mi naučnici imamo reč za to. Zove se "umwelt", to je nemački izraz za svet koji nas okružuje. Sad, pretpostavljamo da svaka životinja smatra da je njen umwelt celokupna objektivna stvarnost jer zašto biste ikad zastali da zamislite da postoji nešto mimo naših čula. Umesto toga, svi mi prihvatamo stvarnost onakvu kakva nam se čini.
Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this. Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog. Your whole world is about smelling. You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it, and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules, and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air. Everything is about smell for you. So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation. You look at your human owner and you think, "What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human? (Laughter) What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air? How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away, or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?" (Laughter)
Hajde da podignemo svest o ovome. Zamislite da ste lovački pas. Vaš čitav svet je od mirisa. Imate dugu njušku sa 200 miliona receptora i imate vlažne nozdrve koje privlače i hvataju molekule mirisa, a vaše nozdrve čak imaju proreze da biste mogli duboko da udahnete vazduh. Vama se sve vrti oko mirisa. Pa vas jednog dana otkrovenje zaustavi u hodu. Pogledate u ljudskog vlasnika i pomislite: "Kako je to imati bedan, osiromašen ljudski nos? (Smeh) Kako izgleda kad slabašno udahnete malo vazduha punim plućima? Kako možete da ne znate da je mačka na 90 metara od vas ili da je vaš komšija bio baš na ovom mestu pre šest sati?" (Smeh)
So because we're humans, we've never experienced that world of smell, so we don't miss it, because we are firmly settled into our umwelt. But the question is, do we have to be stuck there? So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology might expand our umwelt, and how that's going to change the experience of being human.
Pa, zato što smo ljudska bića, nikad nismo iskusili taj svet mirisa, te nam ne nedostaje jer smo čvrsto ukorenjeni u sopstvenom umwelt-u. No pitanje glasi: moramo li da budemo zaglavljeni tu? Pa sam kao neuronaučnik zainteresovan za to kako tehnologija može da proširi naš umwelt i kako će to da promeni naše iskustvo kako je biti čovek.
So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology, because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around with artificial hearing and artificial vision. So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal, and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear. Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid directly into the optic nerve. And as recently as 15 years ago, there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work. Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley, and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs. But the fact is that it works; the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.
Dakle, već nam je poznato da možemo da venčamo našu tehnologiju i biologiju jer imamo na stotine hiljada ljudi koji šetaju okolo s veštačkim sluhom i veštačkim vidom. Način na koji ovo radi je: uzmete mikrofon i digitalizujete signal i stavite trake elektroda direktno u unutrašnje uho. Ili kod implanta za mrežnjaču, uzmete kameru i digitalizujete signal, a potom priključite mrežu elektroda direktno u optički nerv. A pre samo 15 godina, mnogi naučnici su smatrali da ove tehnologije neće funkcionisati. Zašto? Zato što ove tehnologije govore jezikom Silikonske doline, a to nije baš dijalekat naših prirodnih bioloških čulnih organa. Međutim, činjenica je da funkcioniše; mozak savršeno razume kako da koristi ove signale.
Now, how do we understand that? Well, here's the big secret: Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this. Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull. All it ever sees are electrochemical signals that come in along different data cables, and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more. Now, amazingly, the brain is really good at taking in these signals and extracting patterns and assigning meaning, so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story of this, your subjective world.
Sad, kako da to shvatimo? Pa, evo te velike tajne: vaš mozak niti čuje, niti vidi bilo šta od ovoga. Vaš mozak je zaključan u tihoj i mračnoj odaji unutar vaše lobanje. Sve što on vidi su elektrohemijski signali koji stižu različitim kanalima za podatke i to je sve čime raspolaže, ništa više. Sad, začuđujuće, ali mozak je zaista dobar u primanju ovih signala i u prepoznavanju obrazaca i pripisivanju značenja, pa on uzima ovaj unutrašnji kosmos i sastavlja priču o ovom, vašem subjektivnom svetu.
But here's the key point: Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care, where it gets the data from. Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it. And this is a very efficient kind of machine. It's essentially a general purpose computing device, and it just takes in everything and figures out what it's going to do with it, and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.
No, ključna stvar je sledeće: vaš mozak ne zna i ne mari odakle stižu podaci. Koja god da informacija stigne do njega, on prosto razmatra šta da radi s njom. I ovo je izuzetno efikasna mašina. U suštini, njegova glavna svrha je da bude uređaj za proračunavanje, te on prosto prima sve i računa šta će da radi s tim, a to, verujem, oslobađa majku prirodu da se vrzma oko različitih vrsta ulaznih kanala.
So I call this the P.H. model of evolution, and I don't want to get too technical here, but P.H. stands for Potato Head, and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips, these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices: You stick them in, and you're good to go. The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in. And when you look across the animal kingdom, you find lots of peripheral devices. So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared, and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors, and the star-nosed mole has this appendage with 22 fingers on it with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world, and many birds have magnetite so they can orient to the magnetic field of the planet. So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually redesign the brain. Instead, with the principles of brain operation established, all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.
Dakle, ovo zovem G. K. modelom evolucije i ne želim da zalazim u tehničke detalje, ali G. K. znači Gospodin Krompirko, a koristim ovo ime kako bih naglasio da su svi ovi senzori koje poznajemo i volimo, poput naših očiju i ušiju i vrhova prstiju da su to samo periferni uređaji koji automatski rade: uključite ih, i nemate problema. Mozak razmatra šta da radi s podacima koji dođu do njega. Ako pogledate širom životinjskog carstva, pronaći ćete mnogo perifernih uređaja. Zmije imaju toplotne duplje kojima prepoznaju infracrvenu svetlost, a riba crni duh ima elektroreceptore, a zvezdaste krtice imaju taj dodatak s 22 prsta kojima opipavaju okolinu i konstruišu maketu sveta u 3D-u, a mnoge ptice imaju magnetit kojim se orjentišu prema magnetnom polju planete. A to znači da priroda ne mora stalno da iznova osmišljava mozak. Umesto toga, kad jednom uspostavi principe rada mozga, sve oko čega priroda treba da se brine je osmišljavanje novih periferija.
Okay. So what this means is this: The lesson that surfaces is that there's nothing really special or fundamental about the biology that we come to the table with. It's just what we have inherited from a complex road of evolution. But it's not what we have to stick with, and our best proof of principle of this comes from what's called sensory substitution. And that refers to feeding information into the brain via unusual sensory channels, and the brain just figures out what to do with it.
U redu. To znači sledeće: lekcija koja izlazi na površinu je da ništa nije uistinu posebno ili suštinsko kod biologije koja nam je dostupna. To je prosto nešto što smo nasledili tokom složenog evolutivnog puta. Međutim, ne moramo se držati toga, a najbolji dokaz ovog principa dolazi od nečega što se zove zamena čula. A to se odnosi na pohranjivanje informacija u mozak putem neobičnih čulnih kanala, a mozak prosto razmatra šta da radi s tim.
Now, that might sound speculative, but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969. So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita put blind people in a modified dental chair, and he set up a video feed, and he put something in front of the camera, and then you would feel that poked into your back with a grid of solenoids. So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera, you're feeling that in your back, and amazingly, blind people got pretty good at being able to determine what was in front of the camera just by feeling it in the small of their back. Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this. The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you and turn that into a sonic landscape, so as things move around, and get closer and farther, it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz." It sounds like a cacophony, but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good at understanding what's in front of them just based on what they're hearing. And it doesn't have to be through the ears: this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead, so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead. Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.
Sad, ovo može da zvuči kao nagađanje, ali prvi naučni rad koji je to pokazao je objavljen 1969. u časopisu "Nejčer". Dakle, naučnik po imenu Pol Bahirita je sedao slepe ljude u prepravljenu zubarsku stolicu i postavljao je video napajanje i stavio bi nešto ispred kamere i imali biste osećaj da vas to bocka u leđa solenoidnom rešetkom. Pa, ako biste protresli šoljicu kafe ispred kamere, osetili biste to u vašim leđima i slepi ljudi su postali iznenađujuće dobri u sposobnosti prepoznavanja onoga što se nalazilo ispred kamere, prosto osećajući to u donjem delu leđa. Sad, imali smo mnogo savremenih otelotvorenja ovoga. Sonične naočare stvaljaju video napajanje direktno ispred vas i pretvaraju ga u sonični pejzaž, pa kako se stvari pokreću, približavaju i udaljavaju, to zvuči kao: "Bzz, bzz, bzz." Zvuči poput kakofonije, ali nakon nekoliko nedelja, slepi ljudi postaju veoma dobri u razabiranju šta se nalazi ispred njih samo na osnovu onog što čuju. I ne mora da dolazi preko ušiju: ovaj sistem koristi elektrotaktilnu rešetku na čelu, pa šta god da se nalazi ispred video napajanja, osetite to na vašem čelu. Zašto na čelu? Jer ga inače ne koristite ni za šta drugo.
The most modern incarnation is called the brainport, and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue, and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals, and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket, or they can navigate complex obstacle courses. They can come to see through their tongue. Now, that sounds completely insane, right? But remember, all vision ever is is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain. Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from. It just figures out what to do with them.
Najsavremenije otelotvorenje ovog se zove brejnport, a to je malena elektromreža koja se smešta na vaš jezik i video napajanje se pretvara u te malene elektrotaktilne signale, a slepi ljudi su toliko dobri u korišćenju ovog da mogu da ubace loptu u koš ili mogu da se snalaze u složenim deonicama s preprekama. Mogu da progledaju preko jezika. Sad, to zvuči potpuno nenormalno, zar ne? No, upamtite, vid se svodi na elektrohemijske signale koji se kreću po vašem mozgu. Vaš mozak ne zna odakle potiču signali. On prosto razmatra šta da radi s njima.
So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf, and this is a project I've undertaken with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich, who is spearheading this for his thesis. And here is what we wanted to do: we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said. And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing, we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets, and also we wanted to make this a wearable, something that you could wear under your clothing. So here's the concept. So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet, and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors, just like the motors in your cell phone. So as I'm speaking, the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest. Now, this is not just conceptual: this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now. So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) -- the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration. I'm feeling the sonic world around me.
Pa je moje interesovanje u laboratoriji senzorna zamena za gluve i to je projekat koji sam preuzeo sa studentom Skotom Novičem kome je ovo diplomska rad. A evo šta smo želeli da postignemo: želeli smo da postignemo da se zvuk iz sveta preobrati na neki način kako bi gluva osoba mogla da razume šta se govori. A želeli smo da ovo uradimo posredstvom moći i sveprisutnosti prenosivih računara, želeli smo da se postaramo da će ovo da radi na mobilnim telefonima i tabletima i takođe smo želeli da ovo bude nosivo, nešto što možete da nosite ispod odeće. Dakle, evo tog koncepta. Kako govorim, zvuk mojih reči beleži tablet, a potom se preslikavaju na prsluk koji je prekriven vibrirajućim motorima, identičnim onim u vašem mobilnom telefonu. Pa, dok govorim, zvuk se prevodi u vibrirajući obrazac na prsluku. Sad, ovo nije puki koncept: ovaj tablet odašilja blutut signal i ja upravo nosim taj prsluk. Pa, dok govorim - (Aplauz) - zvuk se prevodi u dinamične obrasce vibracija. Osećam sonični svet oko sebe.
So, we've been testing this with deaf people now, and it turns out that after just a little bit of time, people can start feeling, they can start understanding the language of the vest.
Dakle, testirali smo ovo na gluvim ljudima i ispostavilo se da nakon veoma kratkog vremena, ljudi počnu da osećaju, u stanju su da počnu da razumevaju jezik prsluka.
So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree. He was born profoundly deaf, which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him. So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day, and here he is on the fifth day.
Ovo je Džonatan. Ima 37 godina. Ima diplomu mastera. Rođen je potpuno gluv, što znači da postoji deo njegovog umwelt-a koji mu je nedostupan. Pa smo obučavali Džonatana s prslukom četiri dana, po dva sata dnevno i ovo je on petog dana.
Scott Novich: You.
Skot Novič: Ti.
David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest, and he writes it on the board.
Dejvid Iglman: Dakle, Skot kaže reč, a Džonatan je oseti preko prsluka i napiše je na tablu.
SN: Where. Where.
SN: Gde. Gde.
DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations into an understanding of what's being said.
DI: Džonatan je u stanju da prevede ovaj komplikovani obrazac vibracija i da razume šta mu se govori.
SN: Touch. Touch.
SN: Dodir. Dodir.
DE: Now, he's not doing this -- (Applause) -- Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated, but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out what the data mean, and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months, he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille, the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all. Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer, because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant, and that requires an invasive surgery. And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant, which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.
DI: Sad, on to ne radi - (Aplauz) - Džonatan ovo ne radi svesno jer su obrasci suviše komplikovani, ali njegov mozak počinje da dešifruje obrazac koji mu omogućuje da shvati šta ti podaci znače i mi očekujemo da će nakon oko tri meseca nošenja ovog prsluka da ima direktno percepcijsko iskustvo sluha, na isti način kao kad slepa osoba pređe prstom preko Brajevog pisma, značenje dolazi direktno sa stranice bez ikakvog svesnog posredovanja. Sad, ova tehnologija ima potencijal da bude prekretnica jer je kohlearni implant jedino drugo rešenje za gluvoću, a on zahteva invazivnu operaciju. A ovo može da se napravi 40 puta jeftinije od kohlearnog implanta, što globalno krči put ovoj tehnologiji, čak i u najsiromašnijim zemljama.
Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution, but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition. How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense, to expand the human umvelt? For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet directly into somebody's brain, and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?
Sad, izuzetno su nas ohrabrili naši rezultati kod senzorne zamene, ali mnogo smo razmišljali o senzornim dodacima. Kako da koristimo sličnu tehnologiju da dodamo potpuno novi tip čula, da proširimo ljudski umwelt? Na primer, možemo li u realnom vremenu da pohranjujemo podatke s interneta direktno u nečiji mozak i može li ta osoba da razvije direktno čulno iskustvo?
So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab. A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data for five seconds. Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice. He doesn't know what's going on. He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second. Now, here's the thing: The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean, but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press. He doesn't know that what we're feeding is real-time data from the stock market, and he's making buy and sell decisions. (Laughter) And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not. And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt so that he comes to have, after several weeks, a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet. So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes. (Laughter)
Evo jednog eksperimenta koji izvodimo u laboratoriji. Subjekat oseća u realnom vremenu tok napajanja s mreže podataka pet sekundi. Potom se pojave dva dugmeta, a on mora da odabere jedno. Ne zna šta se dešava. Odlučuje i dobija odgovor nakon jedne sekunde. Sad, evo o čemu se radi: subjekat nema predstavu o tome šta obrasci znače, ali mi primećujemo kad postane bolji u razumevanju toga koje dugme da pritisne. On ne zna da mi pohranjujemo podatke sa berze u realnom vremenu, a da on odlučuje o kupovini i prodaji. (Smeh) A povratna veza mu saopštava da li je dobro uradio ili ne. Proveravamo da li možemo da proširimo ljudski umwelt, tako da on nakon nekoliko nedelja počne da stiče direktno čulno iskustvo ekonomskih kretanja u svetu. Pa ćemo vam javiti kasnije da znate kako nam ide. (Smeh)
Here's another thing we're doing: During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter for the TED2015 hashtag, and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis, which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral? And while this has been going on, I have been feeling this, and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion of thousands of people in real time, and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this. (Laughter) (Applause) It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.
Evo šta još radimo: Tokom jutrošnjih govora, automatski smo pročešljavali Tviter za haštag TED2015, i obavljali smo automatizovanu analizu osećanja, u smislu da li ljudi koriste pozitivne, negativne ili neutralne reči? A dok je to bilo u toku, ja sam to osećao, pa sam priključen na sveukupnu emociju na hiljade ljudi u realnom vremenu, a to je novi vid ljudskog iskustva jer sad mogu da znam kako se svi osećate i koliko volite ovo. (Smeh) (Aplauz) Ovo iskustvo prevazilazi normalna ljudska iskustva.
We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots. So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures from this quadcopter, so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading, and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it. It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.
Takođe proširujemo umwelt pilota. U ovom slučaju, prsluk prenosi devet različitih merenja ovog kvadkoptera, nagib, skretanje i obrtanje, orjentaciju i pravac i to unapređuje pilotovu sposobnost upravljanja. U suštini, to je kao produžetak njegove kože visoko gore u daljini.
And that's just the beginning. What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it. We live in a world of information now, and there is a difference between accessing big data and experiencing it.
A to je tek početak. Naša zamisao je da uzmemo savremeni kokpit, ispunjen spravama i umesto da pokušavate da ga tumačite, osećate ga. Trenutno živimo u svetu informacija i postoji razlika u pristupanju podacima i njihovom doživljavanju.
So I think there's really no end to the possibilities on the horizon for human expansion. Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel the overall health of the International Space Station, or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health, like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome, or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
Smatram da zaista ne postoje granice mogućnostima na horizontu ljudske ekspanzije. Samo zamislite astronauta koji je u stanju da oseti sveukupno stanje međunarodne svemirske stanice ili, s tim u vezi, mogućnost da osetite nevidljiva stanja sopstvenog zdravlja. Poput šećera u krvi i stanja vašeg mikrobioma ili da imate vid od 360 stepeni ili da vidite infracrvenu ili ultraljubičastu.
So the key is this: As we move into the future, we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices. We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts on her timescales, but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need to go out and define our own trajectory. So the question now is, how do you want to go out and experience your universe?
Ključno je sledeće: kako budemo odmicali u budućnost, sve ćemo više da budemo u stanju da izaberemo sopstvene periferne uređaje. Više ne moramo da čekamo na čulne darove majke prirode u njenim vremenskim razmacima, već nam je umesto toga, kao svaki dobar roditelj, dala potrebna oruđa da se osamostalimo i odredimo sopstvene putanje. Sada se postavlja pitanje: kako želite da izađete u svet i da doživite sopstveni univerzum?
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.
Kris Anderson: Osećaš li to? DI: Da.
Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest. It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)
Zapravo, prvi put prslukom osećam aplauz. Lepo je. Liči na masažu. (Smeh)
CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad. So that stock market experiment. This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore, right, if successful?
KA: Tviter je poludeo. Van pameti je. Dakle, taj eksperiment s berzom. Ovo bi mogao da bude prvi eksperiment koji je sebi osigurao finansiranje zauvek, je li tako, ukoliko je uspešan?
DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.
DI: Pa, to je tačno, neću nikad više morati da pišem zdravstvu.
CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute, I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far that sensory substitution works, not necessarily that sensory addition works? I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process, and that that is needed as part of it?
KA: Pazi, budimo skeptični na kratko, mislim, ovo je sjajno, ali zar nije većina dosadašnjih dokaza o tome da zamenska čula funkcionišu, ali ne nužno i da čulni dodaci funkcionišu? Mislim, je li moguće da slepa osoba može da vidi preko jezika zato što je vizuelni korteks i dalje tu, spreman da obrađuje podatke i da je to neophodan deo za to?
DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in. The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible. So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary. So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony. It just runs certain kinds of computations on things. And when we look around at things like braille, for example, people are getting information through bumps on their fingers. So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit that we know the edge of.
DI: To je sjajno pitanje. Zapravo nemamo pojma koja su teoretska ograničenja tipa podataka koje naš mozak može da primi. Opšte je poznato, pak, da je neverovatno fleksibilan. Pa, kada osoba oslepi, ono što smo nekad zvali vizuelnim korteksom preuzmu druge stvari: dodir, sluh, jezik. To nam govori da je korteks mađioničar koji zna jedan trik. On prosto izvodi određene proračune o stvarima. Ako se osvrnemo na stvari, poput Brajevog pisma, na primer, ljudi primaju informacije preko jagodica na prstima. Zato mislim da nema razloga za sumnju da postoje teorijska ograničenja čije su nam granice poznate.
CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged. There are so many possible applications for this. Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go? DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here. In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on, because what this is really good for is multidimensional data. The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges, but they're really bad at what our world has become, which is screens with lots and lots of data. We have to crawl that with our attentional systems. So this is a way of just feeling the state of something, just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around. So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory, of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.
KA: Ako se ovo pokaže, bićeš preplavljen. Toliko je mogućih primena ovoga. Jesi li spreman za to? Koji ti je pravac, kojim ovo može da krene, najuzbudljiviji? DI: Mislim da su primene ovoga mnogostruke. U smislu mimo zamene za čula, stvari koje sam počeo da nabrajam; o astronautima na svemirskim stanicama, provode mnogo vremena pazeći na sve, a umesto toga bi mogli prosto da osete šta se dešava jer ovo je zaista odlično za višedimenzionalne podatke. Ključno je sledeće: naši vizuelni sitemi su dobri u zapažanju grudvica i ivica, ali su zaista loši u snalaženju u savremenom svetu, koji sadrži ekrane s mnogo, mnogo podataka. Moramo da milimo kroz to našim sistemima za pažnju. Pa je ovo način da prosto osetite stanje nečeg, baš kao što vam je poznato stanje vašeg tela dok stojite. Smatram da će teške mehanizacije, sigurnost, osećanje stanja fabrike, vaše opreme, to je jedno od mesta gde će odmah da se primeni.
CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
KA: Dejvide Iglmane, ovo je bio impresivan govor. Mnogo ti hvala.
DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)
DI: Hvala tebi, Krise. (Aplauz)