We are built out of very small stuff, and we are embedded in a very large cosmos, and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality at either of those scales, and that's because our brains haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.
Sačinjeni smo od vrlo malih dijelova, a nalazimo se u veoma velikom svemiru, a činjenica je da nam ne ide dobro razumijevanje stvarnosti ni na jednoj od tih skala, i to zato što naš mozak nije evoluirao u razumijevanju svijeta u tim skalama.
Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception right in the middle. But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home, we're not seeing most of the action that's going on. So take the colors of our world. This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes. But we're not seeing all the waves out there. In fact, what we see is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there. So you have radio waves and microwaves and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now and you're completely unaware of it, because you don't come with the proper biological receptors for picking it up. There are thousands of cell phone conversations passing through you right now, and you're utterly blind to it.
Umjesto toga, zarobljeni smo u ovom vrlo uskom dijelu percepcije točno u sredini. Ali još čudnije, čak ni u tom dijelu stvarnosti koji nazivamo dom, ne vidimo većinu radnji koje se dešavaju. Uzmite boje za primjer. Ovo je svjetlosni val, elektromagnetsko zračenje koje odskače od objekata i pogađa specijalizirane receptore u pozadini našeg oka. Ali ne vidimo sve valove koji postoje. Zapravo, ono što vidimo je manje od 10 trilijuntinki od onoga što postoji. Postoje radio valovi i mikrovalovi, i x-zrake, i gama zrake koje trenutno prolaze kroz vaše tijelo i niste nimalo svjesni toga, jer nemate prikladne biološke receptore za opažanje tih signala. Vodi se tisuće razgovora mobilnim telefonom koji trenutno prolaze kroz vas, i krajnje ste slijepi za njih.
Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable. Snakes include some infrared in their reality, and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world, and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range, and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range. But you can't sense any of those by yourself, at least not yet, because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.
Ove stvari nisu inherentno nevidljive. Zmije vide dio infracrvenog spektra u svojoj stvarnosti, a pčele uključuju ultraljubičasto u svoj pogled na svijet, i naravno, mi ugrađujemo uređaje u naše automobile koji primaju signale u rasponu radijske frekvencije, i izumili smo uređaje u bolnicama koji detektiraju raspon x-zraka. Ali ne možete osjetiti ništa od toga sami, bar ne još, jer ne dolazite opremljeni s pravim senzorima.
Now, what this means is that our experience of reality is constrained by our biology, and that goes against the common sense notion that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips are just picking up the objective reality that's out there. Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.
Sad, što to znači je da je naš doživljaj stvarnosti ograničen našom biologijom, a to govori protiv opće prihvaćene ideje da naše oči i naše uši, i naši prsti osjete objektivnu stvarnost koja je vani. Umjesto toga, naš mozak vidi samo mali dio svijeta.
Now, across the animal kingdom, different animals pick up on different parts of reality. So in the blind and deaf world of the tick, the important signals are temperature and butyric acid; in the world of the black ghost knifefish, its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields; and for the echolocating bat, its reality is constructed out of air compression waves. That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on, and we have a word for this in science. It's called the umwelt, which is the German word for the surrounding world. Now, presumably, every animal assumes that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there, because why would you ever stop to imagine that there's something beyond what we can sense. Instead, what we all do is we accept reality as it's presented to us.
Sad, u životinjskom carstvu, različite životinje detektiraju različite dijelove stvarnosti. U slijepom i gluhom svijetu krpelja, važni signali su temperatura i maslačna kiselina; u svijetu ribe duha njezin osjetni svijet je obojan električnim poljem; a za šišmiša s eholokacijom, stvarnost je stvorena pomoću valova stlačenog zraka. To je dio njihovog ekosustava koji mogu osjetiti, i imamo znanstvenu riječ za to. To se zove umwelt, što je njemačka riječ za svijet oko nas. Sad, vjerojatno, svaka životinja pretpostavlja da je njezin umwelt cijela objektivna stvarnost koja postoji, jer zašto bi ste ikada stali i zamislili da postoji nešto izvan onoga što osjetimo. Umjesto toga, ono što svi radimo je prihvaćamo stvarnost kakva nam je prikazana.
Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this. Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog. Your whole world is about smelling. You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it, and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules, and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air. Everything is about smell for you. So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation. You look at your human owner and you think, "What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human? (Laughter) What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air? How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away, or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?" (Laughter)
Hajdemo podići svijest o ovome Zamislite da ste pas tragač. Vaš cijeli život je mirisanje. Imate dugu njušku koja ima 200 milijuna mirisnih receptora u sebi, i imate mokre nosnice koje privlače i hvataju mirisne molekule, i vaše nosnice čak imaju otvore tako da možete ispuniti nos zrakom. Sve oko vas se vrti oko mirisa. Jednog dana, zastanete u svom traganju s otkrićem. Pogledate svog ljudskog vlasnika i pomislite, "Kako je to imati tako jadan, osiromašen nos kao čovjek? (Smijeh) Kako je to udahnuti mizerno male količine zraka? Kako možete neznati da je tamo mačka udaljena 100 metara, ili da je vaš susjed bio na upravo ovom mjestu prije šest sati?" (Smijeh)
So because we're humans, we've never experienced that world of smell, so we don't miss it, because we are firmly settled into our umwelt. But the question is, do we have to be stuck there? So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology might expand our umwelt, and how that's going to change the experience of being human.
Zbog toga što smo ljudi, nikada nismo doživjeli taj svijet mirisa, pa nam ne nedostaje, jer smo čvrsto postavljeni u naš umwelt. Pitanje je, moramo li biti u njemu? Kao neuroznanstvenik, zainteresiran sam na koje načine tehnologija možda može proširiti naš umwelt, i kako će to promjeniti iskustvo bivanja čovjekom.
So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology, because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around with artificial hearing and artificial vision. So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal, and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear. Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid directly into the optic nerve. And as recently as 15 years ago, there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work. Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley, and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs. But the fact is that it works; the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.
Već znamo da možemo spojiti našu tehnologiju s biologijom, jer postoje stotine tisuća ljudi koji hodaju uokolo s umjetnim sluhom i umjetnim vidom. Način na koji to radi je, uzmete mikrofon i digitalizirate signal, i postavite jedan kraj elektrode direktno u unutarnje uho. Ili ako se radi o implantatima retine, uzmete kameru i digitalizirate signal, i zatim stavite ploču elektroda direktno u optički živac. A čak prije 15 godina postojalo je mnogo znanstvenika koji su mislili da ovakva tehnologija neće raditi. Zašto? Jer ova tehnologija priča jezikom Silicijske doline, a to nije ni sličan dijalekt poput naših prirodnih bioloških osjetnih organa. Ali činjenica je da radi; mozak je vrlo uspješno shvatio signale.
Now, how do we understand that? Well, here's the big secret: Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this. Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull. All it ever sees are electrochemical signals that come in along different data cables, and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more. Now, amazingly, the brain is really good at taking in these signals and extracting patterns and assigning meaning, so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story of this, your subjective world.
Kako da ovo shvatimo? Ovo je velika tajna: vaš mozak ne čuje ili vidi ništa od ovoga. Vaš mozak je zaključan u trezoru tišine i mraka unutar vaše lubanje. Sve što ikada vidi su elektrokemijski signali koji dolaze različitim žicama za podatke i jedino to obrađuje, ništa više. Sad, nevjerojatno, mozak je vrlo sposoban u primanju ovih signala i razlučivanju obrazaca, i pridavajući im značenja, što uzima ovaj unutarnji svemir i od toga sastavlja priču ovoga, vašeg subjektivnog svijeta.
But here's the key point: Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care, where it gets the data from. Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it. And this is a very efficient kind of machine. It's essentially a general purpose computing device, and it just takes in everything and figures out what it's going to do with it, and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.
Ovo je ključna stvar: Vaš mozak ne zna i ne zanima ga odakle prima podatke. Koja god informacija dolazi, on prepozna što treba raditi s njom. I to je vrlo efikasan uređaj. To je računalo za generalnu upotrebu, uzima sve unutra i prepoznaje što treba raditi s time, i to, mislim, oslobađa Majku prirodu da isprobava s različitim metodama ulaza.
So I call this the P.H. model of evolution, and I don't want to get too technical here, but P.H. stands for Potato Head, and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips, these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices: You stick them in, and you're good to go. The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in. And when you look across the animal kingdom, you find lots of peripheral devices. So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared, and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors, and the star-nosed mole has this appendage with 22 fingers on it with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world, and many birds have magnetite so they can orient to the magnetic field of the planet. So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually redesign the brain. Instead, with the principles of brain operation established, all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.
Ovo zovem P.H. model evolucije, i ne bi govorio previše o tehnikalijama, ali P.H znači Potato Head [Krumpirova Glava], koristim to ime kako bih naglasio sve ove senzore koje znamo i volimo, poput naših očiju i naših ušiju i naših prstiju, svi su oni periferni plug-and-play uređaji: priključite ih i možete se igrati. Mozak odlučuje što će napraviti s podacima koji ulaze. I kada pogledate životinjsko carstvo, vidite mnogo perifernih uređaja. Zmije imaju svoje toplinske jamice pomoću kojih detektiraju infracrveno, riba duh ima elektroreceptore, a zvjezdasta krtica ima ovaj nastavak s 22 prsta na njemu kojim osjeti okolinu i stvara 3D model svijeta, i mnoge ptice imaju magnetit pa se mogu orijentirati prema magnetskom polju planeta To znači da priroda ne mora konstantno redizajnirati mozak. Umjesto toga, s postavljenim osnovama funkcioniranja mozga, sve o čemu se priroda mora brinuti je dizajniranje novih periferija.
Okay. So what this means is this: The lesson that surfaces is that there's nothing really special or fundamental about the biology that we come to the table with. It's just what we have inherited from a complex road of evolution. But it's not what we have to stick with, and our best proof of principle of this comes from what's called sensory substitution. And that refers to feeding information into the brain via unusual sensory channels, and the brain just figures out what to do with it.
Dobro. To znači ovo: Ono što proizlazi iz svega je da ne postoji ništa stvarno specijalno ili fundamentalno oko biologije s kojom dolazimo na ovaj svijet. To je samo ono što smo naslijedili iz kompleksnog puta evolucije. Ali ne moramo se toga pridržavati, naš najbolji dokaz toga načela dolazi iz nečega što se zove osjetna supstitucija. A ona se odnosi na unošenje informacija u mozak kroz neobične osjetne puteve, a mozak prepoznaje što raditi s njima.
Now, that might sound speculative, but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969. So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita put blind people in a modified dental chair, and he set up a video feed, and he put something in front of the camera, and then you would feel that poked into your back with a grid of solenoids. So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera, you're feeling that in your back, and amazingly, blind people got pretty good at being able to determine what was in front of the camera just by feeling it in the small of their back. Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this. The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you and turn that into a sonic landscape, so as things move around, and get closer and farther, it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz." It sounds like a cacophony, but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good at understanding what's in front of them just based on what they're hearing. And it doesn't have to be through the ears: this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead, so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead. Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.
Sad, ovo možda zvuči spekulativno ali prvi članak koji prikazuje ovo je objavljen u časopisu Nature 1969. Znanstvenik, koji se zvao Paul Bach-y-Rita, stavio je slijepe ljude u prerađenu zubarsku stolicu i postavio je video kameru, i stavio je nešto ispred kamere, i tada bi ste to osjetili kako vas bode u leđa uz pomoć ploče uzvojnica. Ako postavite šalicu kave ispred kamere, osjetit ćete to na svojim leđima, i nevjerojatno, slijepi ljudi su vrlo dobro mogli odrediti što je ispred kamere jednostavno osjetivši to u dijelu njihovih leđa. Sad, postoje razni moderni modeli ovoga. Zvučne naočale snimaju video onoga što je ispred vas i pretvaraju to u zvučni pejzaž, kako se stvari pomjeraju, postaju bliže i dalje, to zvuči poput "Bzz, bzz, bzz." Zvuči kao kakofonija, ali nakon nekoliko tjedana, slijepi ljudi postaju vrlo dobri u razlikovanju što je ispred njih samo bazirano na tome što čuju. i to ne mora biti kroz uši: ovaj sustav koristi elektrotaktilnu ploču na čelu, štogod se nalazi ispred kamere, to osjetite na vašem čelu. Zašto čelo? jer ga ne koristite previše za nešto drugo.
The most modern incarnation is called the brainport, and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue, and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals, and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket, or they can navigate complex obstacle courses. They can come to see through their tongue. Now, that sounds completely insane, right? But remember, all vision ever is is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain. Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from. It just figures out what to do with them.
Najbolji moderni model se zove brainport, a to je mala elektroploča koja se nalazi na vašem jeziku, a video signal se pretvara u male elektrotaktilne signale i slijepi ljudi postanu dobri u korištenju ovoga da uspiju ubaciti loptu u koš ili mogu prolaziti kroz složen poligon s preprekama. Mogu vidjeti kroz svoj jezik. To zvuči potpuno ludo, zar ne? Zapamtite, vid je samo elektrokemijski signal koji putuje kroz vaš mozak. Vaš mozak ne zna odakle je signal došao. Samo prepoznaje što raditi s njim.
So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf, and this is a project I've undertaken with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich, who is spearheading this for his thesis. And here is what we wanted to do: we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said. And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing, we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets, and also we wanted to make this a wearable, something that you could wear under your clothing. So here's the concept. So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet, and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors, just like the motors in your cell phone. So as I'm speaking, the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest. Now, this is not just conceptual: this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now. So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) -- the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration. I'm feeling the sonic world around me.
Ono što radim u laboratoriju je zamjena osjetila za gluhe, i ovo je projekt koji sam započeo sa svojim studentom u labosu, Scott Novich koji ovo obrađuje u svom diplomskom. Ovo je ono što smo htjeli učiniti: htjeli smo da se zvuk iz svijeta prevede u neki oblik kako bi gluha osoba razumjela što je rečeno. Htjeli smo to napraviti, jer zbog sveprisutnost prijenosnih računala htjeli smo biti sigurni da ovo djeluje putem mobitela ili tableta, također htjeli smo omogućiti nošenje, nešto što možete nositi ispod odjeće. Ovo je koncept. Dok pričam, moj zvuk se snima uz pomoć tableta, a zatim se mapira na prsluku koji je pokriven s vibrirajućim motorima, poput motora u vašem mobitelu. Dok ja govorim, zvuk se prevodi u obrazac vibracija na vesti. Sad, ovo nije samo koncept: ovaj tablet odašilje Bluetooth, a ja trenutno koristim prsluk. Pa, dok ja govorim -- (Pljesak) -- zvuk se prevodi u dinamički obrazac vibracija. Osjetim svijet zvuka oko mene.
So, we've been testing this with deaf people now, and it turns out that after just a little bit of time, people can start feeling, they can start understanding the language of the vest.
Testirali smo ovo s gluhim ljudima, i ispalo je da nakon samo malo vremena, ljudi počinju osjećati, počinju razumijeti jezik prsluka.
So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree. He was born profoundly deaf, which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him. So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day, and here he is on the fifth day.
Ovo je Jonathan. On je star 37 godina. Diplomirao je. Rođen je posve gluh, što znači da postoji dio njegovog umwelta koji mu je nedostupan. Jonathan je vježbao s prslukom četiri dana, dva sata po danu, i evo ga petog dana.
Scott Novich: You.
Scott Novich: Vi.
David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest, and he writes it on the board.
David Eagleman: Scott kaže riječ, Jonathan ju osjeti na vesti, i zapiše na ploču.
SN: Where. Where.
SN: Gdje. Gdje.
DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations into an understanding of what's being said.
DE: Jonathan je sposoban prevesti ovaj komplicirani obrazac vibracija u razumijevanje što je rečeno.
SN: Touch. Touch.
SN: Dodir. Dodir.
DE: Now, he's not doing this -- (Applause) -- Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated, but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out what the data mean, and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months, he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille, the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all. Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer, because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant, and that requires an invasive surgery. And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant, which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.
DE: Sad, on ovo ne čini -- (Pljesak) -- Jonathan ne čini ovo svjesno, jer obrazac je prekompliciran, već njegov mozak počinje otključavati uzorke i prepoznaje što podatci znače, a naše očekivanje je da, nakon nošenja ovoga oko tri mjeseca, imat će direktno percepcijsko iskustvo sluha na isti način kako slijepa osoba prelazi prstima preko braillea, značenje dolazi direktno bez ikakvih svjesnih radnji. Sad, ova tehnologija bi potencijalno mogla promjeniti igre, jer jedino drugo rješenje za gluhoću je implant kohleje, a to zahtjeva invazivnu operaciju. A ovo se može izgraditi 40 puta jeftinije od implantata kohleje te je omogućena tehnologija globalno, čak i najsiromašnijim zemljama.
Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution, but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition. How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense, to expand the human umvelt? For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet directly into somebody's brain, and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?
Sad, veoma smo ohrabreni rezultatima osjetne supstitucije, a ono o čemu smo mnogo razmišljali je osjetna nadogradnja. Kako bi smo koristili tehnologiju poput ove i dodali posve novu vrstu osjetila, proširili ljudski umwelt? Na primjer, možemo li ubacivati trenutne podatke s Interneta direktno u nečiji mozak, i mogu li oni razviti direktno perceptivno iskustvo?
So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab. A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data for five seconds. Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice. He doesn't know what's going on. He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second. Now, here's the thing: The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean, but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press. He doesn't know that what we're feeding is real-time data from the stock market, and he's making buy and sell decisions. (Laughter) And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not. And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt so that he comes to have, after several weeks, a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet. So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes. (Laughter)
Ovo je eksperiment koji radimo u laboratoriju. Subjekt osjeti trenutne podatke s Interneta pet sekundi. Zatim, pojave se dva dugmeta, i mora odlučiti. Ne zna što se dešava. Mora odlučiti, i dobije odgovor nakon jedne sekunde. Sad, stvar je: subjekt ne zna što ti obrazci znače, ali vidimo postaje li bolji u otkrivanju koje dugme pritisnuti. Ne zna da mu prenosimo trenutne podatke s burze, i on odlučuje o kupovini i prodaji. (Smijeh) A odgovor mu govori je li postupio dobro ili ne. Ono što vidimo je, možemo li proširiti ljudski umwelt tako da on ima, nakon nekoliko tjedana, direktno perceptivno iskustvo o ekonomskim promjenama ovoga planeta. Kasnije ćemo vidjeti gdje smo dospjeli s tim. (Smijeh)
Here's another thing we're doing: During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter for the TED2015 hashtag, and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis, which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral? And while this has been going on, I have been feeling this, and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion of thousands of people in real time, and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this. (Laughter) (Applause) It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.
Još jedna stvar koju radimo: prilikom govora ovog jutra, automatski smo pretražili Twitter za TED2015 hashtag, i radili smo automatsku sentimentalnu analizu, što znači, koriste li ljudi pozitivne riječi, ili negativne ili neutralne? i dok se to radilo, ja sam osjetio ovo, priključen sam na agregat emocija tisuće ljudi u stvarnom vremenu, i ovo je novi oblik ljudskog doživljaja jer sad mogu znati kako se svi osjećaju i koliko vam se ovo sviđa. (Smijeh) (Pljesak) Veći je doživljaj no što čovjek može normalno doživjeti.
We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots. So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures from this quadcopter, so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading, and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it. It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.
Također širimo umwelt pilota. U ovom slučaju, kroz prsluk prolaze podatci devet različitih veličina iz ovog quadkoptera, i nagib, i skretanje, i okretanje, i orjentacija i slušanje I to poboljšava pilotovu sposobnost da leti. U osnovi to je kao da produljuje svoju kožu tamo gore daleko.
And that's just the beginning. What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it. We live in a world of information now, and there is a difference between accessing big data and experiencing it.
I to je samo početak. Ono što predviđamo je pilotska kabina sa svim mjerilima, i umjesto pokušavanja očitanja svega toga, možete to osjetiti. Živimo u svijetu informacija, i postoji razlika između pristupa hrpi podataka i doživljavanju istog.
So I think there's really no end to the possibilities on the horizon for human expansion. Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel the overall health of the International Space Station, or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health, like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome, or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
Mislim da ne postoji kraj mogućnostima što se tiče ljudskog unaprjeđenja Samo zamislite astronauta koji može osjetiti generalno zdravlje u međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici ili, na primjer, osjetiti nevidljivi oblik osobnog zdravlja poput šećera u krvi i stanja svog mikrobioma, ili imati vid od 360 stupnjeva, ili vidjeti infracrveno ili ultraljubičasto.
So the key is this: As we move into the future, we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices. We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts on her timescales, but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need to go out and define our own trajectory. So the question now is, how do you want to go out and experience your universe?
Ključ je sljedeći: kako se krećemo prema budućnosti, moći ćemo sami odabratI naše periferne uređaje. Ne moramo više čekati na senzorne poklone prirode po njenom vremenu, umjesto toga, poput svakog dobrog roditelja, dala nam je oruđe koje trebamo kako bi sami odredili svoj put. Pitanje je sad, kako želite ići iskusiti svoj svemir?
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.
Chris Anderson: Možeš li to osjetiti? DE: Da.
Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest. It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)
Zapravo, ovo je prvi put da osjetim pljesak na prsluku. Lijepo je, poput masaže. (Smijeh)
CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad. So that stock market experiment. This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore, right, if successful?
CA: Twitter je poludio. Twitter je poludio. Onaj eksperiment s burzom. Ovo je moguće prvi eksperiment koji sam sebi osigurava financije, ako bude uspješan?
DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.
DE: Pa, to je istina, ne bi morao više pisati NIH-u.
CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute, I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far that sensory substitution works, not necessarily that sensory addition works? I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process, and that that is needed as part of it?
CA: Gledaj, hajde da budem skeptičan na minutu, ovo je nevjerojatno, ali nije li većina dokaza dosad govorila da osjetna supstitucija radi, ne nužno da osjetno unapređenje radi? Mislim, zar nije moguće da slijepa osoba može vidjeti kroz svoj jezik jer vidni korteks je još tamo, spreman za procesuiranje, i da je to nužno kao dio toga.
DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in. The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible. So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary. So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony. It just runs certain kinds of computations on things. And when we look around at things like braille, for example, people are getting information through bumps on their fingers. So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit that we know the edge of.
DE: To je odlično pitanje. Zapravo ne znamo što je teorijska granica koliko podataka mozak može primiiti. Smatra se da je nevjerojatno fleksibilan. Znači kada osoba oslijepi, ono što smo zvali njihovim vidnom korom zamjene druge stvari, dodir, sluh, vokabular. To nam govori da kora radi jednu te istu stvar. Jednostavno provodi neke vrste računica na stvarima. i kada pogledamo uokolo, na braillea, na primjer, ljudi primaju informacije putem njihovih pristiju. Mislim da nema razloga da mislimo kako postoji teorijski limit čiji rub znamo.
CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged. There are so many possible applications for this. Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go? DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here. In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on, because what this is really good for is multidimensional data. The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges, but they're really bad at what our world has become, which is screens with lots and lots of data. We have to crawl that with our attentional systems. So this is a way of just feeling the state of something, just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around. So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory, of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.
CA: Ako ovo uspije, bit ćete preplavljeni. Postoji jako puno mogućih primjena ovoga. Jeste li spremni na ovo? Oko čega ste najviše uzbuđeni, smjerom kojim ovo može ići? DE: Mislim da postoji jako puno primjena ovdje. U pogledu dalje od osjetne supstitucije, ono što sam spomenuo o astronautima u svemirskim postajama, oni provode puno vremena promatrajući stvari, a umjesto toga mogu jednostavno dobiti što se događa, jer ovo je jako dobro za multidimenzijske podatke. Ključ je u ovome: naš vidni sustav je dobar u detektiranju mrlja i rubova, ali je jako loš u onome što je svijet postao, što su zasloni s puno, puno podataka. Moramo bauljati kroz to s našim sustavima za pažnju. Dakle, ovo je način na koji jednostavno osjetimo stanje stvari, kao što znate stanje vašeg tijela dok stojite. Smatram da teška mašinerija, sigurnost, osjećanje stanja tvornice, vaše opreme, to je mjesto na kojem će ovo odmah proći.
CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
CA: David Eagleman, ovo je bio jedan fantastičan govor. Puno ti hvala.
DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)
DE: Hvala tebi, Chris. (Pljesak)