We are built out of very small stuff, and we are embedded in a very large cosmos, and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality at either of those scales, and that's because our brains haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.
Me koosneme imetillukestest osakestest ja oleme osaks lõputust kosmosest ning paraku ei suuda me täielikult mõista tegelikkust kummaski mõõtkavas. Seda seetõttu, et meie aju ei ole piisavalt arenenud, et suudaksime aduda universumi kogu tema rikkuses.
Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception right in the middle. But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home, we're not seeing most of the action that's going on. So take the colors of our world. This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes. But we're not seeing all the waves out there. In fact, what we see is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there. So you have radio waves and microwaves and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now and you're completely unaware of it, because you don't come with the proper biological receptors for picking it up. There are thousands of cell phone conversations passing through you right now, and you're utterly blind to it.
Suudame tajuda ainult väga kitsast lõiku maailmast mis paikneb selle laia spektri keskel. Kummaline aga, et isegi selles reaalsuses, mida teame, ei suuda me hoomata suuremat osa meie ümber toimuvast. Võtame näiteks värvid meie maailmas. Tegu on valguslainetega, elektromagnetilise kiirgusega, mis põrkub objektidelt ja jõuab silmapõhjas asuvate retseptoriteni. Kuid me ei näe kõiki olemasolevaid valguslaineid. Tegelikult suudame näha vaid üks 10 triljondikku osa sellest, mis meid tegelikult ümbritseb. Niisiis läbivad teie keha praegu mikrolained ja raadiolained, samuti röntgeni- ja gammakiired, kuid neid pole üldse tunda ega näha, sest inimesel puuduvad bioloogilised retseptorid, mida oleks vaja kõige selle tajumiseks. Tuhanded mobiilikõned läbivad praegu teie keha, kuid teil pole sellest õrna aimugi. Ja asi pole selles, et see kõik nagu olekski nähtamatu.
Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable. Snakes include some infrared in their reality, and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world, and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range, and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range. But you can't sense any of those by yourself, at least not yet, because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.
Näiteks maod tajuvad teatavat infrapunakiirgust, ja mesilased näevad ultraviolettkiirgust ning ka inimene on auto armatuurlaua sisse ehitanud süsteemi, mis on raadiolainete levialas võimeline signaale eristama, samuti on haiglates masinad, mis töötavad röntgenkiirtega. Kuid kõike eelmainitut ei ole me võimelised ise tajuma, vähemalt täna veel mitte, sest meil ei ole selleks vajalikke sensoreid.
Now, what this means is that our experience of reality is constrained by our biology, and that goes against the common sense notion that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips are just picking up the objective reality that's out there. Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.
Järelikult on meie taju piiratus tingitud meie organismi bioloogilisest ülesehitusest ja see kõik on vastuolus arusaamaga, et meie silmad, kõrvad ja sõrmeotsad tajuvad reaalsust täiesti objektiivselt. Tegelikult on meie meeltele tajutav vaid üks killuke ümbritsevast maailmast.
Now, across the animal kingdom, different animals pick up on different parts of reality. So in the blind and deaf world of the tick, the important signals are temperature and butyric acid; in the world of the black ghost knifefish, its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields; and for the echolocating bat, its reality is constructed out of air compression waves. That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on, and we have a word for this in science. It's called the umwelt, which is the German word for the surrounding world. Now, presumably, every animal assumes that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there, because why would you ever stop to imagine that there's something beyond what we can sense. Instead, what we all do is we accept reality as it's presented to us.
Üle kogu loomariigi tajuvad erinevad liigid reaalsuse erinevaid aspekte. Pimeda ning kurdi puugi maailmas on olulisteks signaalideks temperatuur ja butaanhape, samas on musta nugakala tajuilm tänu elektriväljadele väga kirev ja mitmevärviline ning kajalokatsiooni abil liikuva nahkhiire jaoks moodustub reaalsus õhuvõngetest. See on nende pisike tükike ökosüsteemist, mida nad tajuvad, teadlased kasutavad selle kirjeldamiseks konkreetset mõistet. Seda nimetatakse “umwelt”, omailm, see tuleneb saksakeelsest sõnast, mis tähistab ümbritsevat maailma. Arvatavasti eeldab iga olend, et tema omailm ongi objekiivne reaalsus, sest miks peakski keegi mõtlema sellele, et eksisteerib veel midagi peale tajutava maailma. Selle asemel defineerime reaalsuse nii, nagu me seda näeme.
Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this. Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog. Your whole world is about smelling. You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it, and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules, and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air. Everything is about smell for you. So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation. You look at your human owner and you think, "What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human? (Laughter) What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air? How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away, or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?" (Laughter)
Katsume nüüd seda korraks kõrvalt vaadata. Kujutle, et oled verekoer. Kogu su maailm koosneb lõhnadest. Sul on pikk koon, milles on 200 miljonit lõhnaretseptorit ning sul on niisked ninasõõrmed, mis tõmbavad ligi ning püüavad lõhnaosakesi ja ninasõõrmetel on isegi pilukesed, et saaks suuremate sõõmudega hingata. Sinu jaoks keerleb kõik ümber lõhnade. Aga ühel päeval rabab sind üks mõte. Vaatad oma inimesest omanikku ja mõtled, mis tunne küll oleks elada nii armetu ninaga nagu inimesed? (Naer) Kuidas üldse elada, kui sisse saab tõmmata vaid kahvatu sõõmukese õhku? Kuidas saab elada adumata, et 90 meetri kaugusel on kass või et su naaber seisis kuus tundi tagasi siin samas kohas? (Naer)
So because we're humans, we've never experienced that world of smell, so we don't miss it, because we are firmly settled into our umwelt. But the question is, do we have to be stuck there? So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology might expand our umwelt, and how that's going to change the experience of being human.
Kuna oleme inimesed, ei ole me kunagi kogenud lõhnade maailma ja ei oska ka sellest puudust tunda, sest oleme kõvasti kinni enda omailmas. Küsimus aga on, kas peame pelgalt sellega leppima? Neuroteadlasena huvitab mind see, kuidas saaksime tehnoloogia abil inimese omailma laiendada ja kuidas see inimeseks olemiseks kogemust muudaks.
So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology, because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around with artificial hearing and artificial vision. So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal, and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear. Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid directly into the optic nerve. And as recently as 15 years ago, there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work. Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley, and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs. But the fact is that it works; the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.
Juba osatakse ühildada tehnoloogiat inimorganismiga, kuna sajad tuhanded inimesed kasutavad igapäevaselt tehislikke kuulmis- ja nägemisseadmeid. Kuuldeaparaadi mikrofon püüab signaali, digitaliseerib selle ja saadab otse sisekõrvas asuvasse elektroodiribasse. Läätseimplantaat kasutab kaamerat, digitaliseerib saadud signaali ja ühendab elektroodide võrgustiku otse nägemisnärvi külge. Veel 15 aasta eest arvasid teadlased, et selline tehnoloogia ei ole võimalik. Miks? Sest selline tehnoloogia räägib Silicon Valley keeles, mis on mõneti erinev tajuorganite loodusliku ülesehituse keelest. Kuid fakt on see, et need seadmed töötavad ja inimaju tuleb nende signaalide töötlemisega suurepäraselt toime.
Now, how do we understand that? Well, here's the big secret: Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this. Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull. All it ever sees are electrochemical signals that come in along different data cables, and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more. Now, amazingly, the brain is really good at taking in these signals and extracting patterns and assigning meaning, so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story of this, your subjective world.
Kuidas seda mõista? Asja võti on järgmine: su aju ei kuule ega näe midagi. Su aju on vaikses ning pimedas kambris sinu kolju sees. Kõik, mida aju suudab registreerida, on elektrokeemilised signaalid, mis tulevad mööda erinevaid teabekanaleid ja see on ka ainus sisend, mille põhjal aju toimib. Imelisel kombel on aju tohutult osav signaalide vastuvõtmises, mustrite eristamises ja tähenduse andmises ja suudab selle põhjal panna kokku pildi ümbritsevast subjektiivsest maailmast. Kuid mis põhiline,
But here's the key point: Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care, where it gets the data from. Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it. And this is a very efficient kind of machine. It's essentially a general purpose computing device, and it just takes in everything and figures out what it's going to do with it, and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.
su aju ei tea ega hooli sellest, kust saadav teave pärineb. Uue info laekudes leiab aju sellele koheselt kasutust. Aju on äärmiselt võimekas tööriist. Sisuliselt on tegu arvutiga, mis võtab vastu infot ja leiab sellele vajaliku väljundi ning see omakorda annab emakesele loodusele võimaluse luua mitmeid erinevaid infosisestamise kanaleid. Ma kutsuksin seda KP evolutsioonimudeliks.
So I call this the P.H. model of evolution, and I don't want to get too technical here, but P.H. stands for Potato Head, and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips, these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices: You stick them in, and you're good to go. The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in. And when you look across the animal kingdom, you find lots of peripheral devices. So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared, and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors, and the star-nosed mole has this appendage with 22 fingers on it with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world, and many birds have magnetite so they can orient to the magnetic field of the planet. So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually redesign the brain. Instead, with the principles of brain operation established, all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.
Ma ei taha minna liiga tehniliseks, kuid KP tähendab Kartulipead ja kasutan seda nimetust, et rõhutada et kõik meile tuttavad sensorid, nagu näiteks silmad, kõrvad ja sõrmed on kõigest ühendatavad seadmed. Kui nad on pistikusse torgatud, siis on kõik vajalik olemas. Aju saab aru, mida vastu võetud informatsiooniga peale hakata. Ka loomariigis ringi vaadates märkab palju selliseid lisaseadmeid. Madudel on pea küljel lohud, kus paiknevad infrapunaretseptorid, mustal nugakalal on elektroretseptorid ja tähtmutil on nina otsas huvitav 22 näsaga lisaorgan millega ta ümbritsevat maailma kompab ja sellest kolmemõõtmelise pildi loob. Paljude lindude organismis on magnetiiti, et orienteeruda maa magnetväljade abil. Seega ei pea loodus evolutsiooni käigus aju pidevalt ümberehitama. Aju toimemehhanism jääb ikka samaks, evolutsiooni mureks on jäänud vaid uute lisaseadmete väljatöötamine.
Okay. So what this means is this: The lesson that surfaces is that there's nothing really special or fundamental about the biology that we come to the table with. It's just what we have inherited from a complex road of evolution. But it's not what we have to stick with, and our best proof of principle of this comes from what's called sensory substitution. And that refers to feeding information into the brain via unusual sensory channels, and the brain just figures out what to do with it.
Siit selgub aga see, et tegelikult ei ole meie aju bioloogilises ülesehituses, nagu see meile looduse poolt antud on, midagi väga erilist. See on kõigest arsenal, mille saime kaasa pika ja keeruka evolutsiooni käigus. Kuid see ei ole arsenal, mida me täiendada ei võiks ja parim tõestus sellele on nähtus, mida kutsutakse tajuasenduseks. Tajuasendus seisneb ajule info edastamises mitte-traditsiooniliste kanalite kaudu ja aju leiab ise viisi selle teabe töötlemiseks. See võib tunduda väljamõeldisena,
Now, that might sound speculative, but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969. So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita put blind people in a modified dental chair, and he set up a video feed, and he put something in front of the camera, and then you would feel that poked into your back with a grid of solenoids. So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera, you're feeling that in your back, and amazingly, blind people got pretty good at being able to determine what was in front of the camera just by feeling it in the small of their back. Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this. The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you and turn that into a sonic landscape, so as things move around, and get closer and farther, it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz." It sounds like a cacophony, but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good at understanding what's in front of them just based on what they're hearing. And it doesn't have to be through the ears: this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead, so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead. Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.
aga esimene teadustöö selle tõestuseks avaldati 1969. aastal ajakirjas Nature. Teadlane Paul Bach-y-Rita lasi oma katses pimedatel istuda spetsiaalselt kohandatud hambaarstitoolile ning seadis üles video-ekraani nii, et kui kaamera ette pandi mingi objekt, siis katsealune tundis selle eseme kujutise vajutust oma seljal tooli seljatoes oleva seadme abil. Nii et kui kaamera ees oli kohvitass, tundis uurimisalune kohvitassi kuju oma seljal. Imelisel kombel kohanesid uurimisalused kiiresti ning suutsid juba varsti tuvastada kaamera ees olevaid objekte ainult tänu sellele, et nad tundsid neid oma alaseljal. Sarnast metoodikat on palju kasutatud ka uuemal ajal. Heliprillid kasutavad visuaalset teavet ning muudavad selle heliks nii, et kui objektid liiguvad lähemale või kaugemale, annavad prillid sellest surinaga märku. Alguses kõlab see kakofooniliselt, aga mõne nädala pärast hakkasid pimedad üsna hästi hoomama enda ümber toimuvat vaid prillidest kostuva surina põhjal. Ja mitte ainult kuulmismeel. See süsteem toimib läbi laubale paigutatud elektrotaktiilse võrgu. Igasugune visuaalne info muundatakse puudutuseks laubal. Miks just laubal? Sest laubal pole muid funktsioone.
The most modern incarnation is called the brainport, and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue, and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals, and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket, or they can navigate complex obstacle courses. They can come to see through their tongue. Now, that sounds completely insane, right? But remember, all vision ever is is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain. Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from. It just figures out what to do with them.
Kõige uuem taoline leiutis on BrainPort, need on imeväiksed andurid, mis asetatakse keele peale ja mis muundavad visuaalse info keelel tuntavateks impulssideks. Pimedad on õppinud seda nii hästi kasutama, et nad saavad palli korvi visata või keerulisi takistusradu läbida. See seade võimaldab näha keele abil. See kõlab ilmselt täiesti hullumeelselt, aga ärge unustage, et nägemine pole midagi muud, kui ajusse saadetud elektrokeemilised signaalid. Teie aju ei tea, kust need signaalid pärinevad, ta lihtsalt teab, kuidas neid kasutada.
So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf, and this is a project I've undertaken with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich, who is spearheading this for his thesis. And here is what we wanted to do: we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said. And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing, we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets, and also we wanted to make this a wearable, something that you could wear under your clothing. So here's the concept. So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet, and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors, just like the motors in your cell phone. So as I'm speaking, the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest. Now, this is not just conceptual: this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now. So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) -- the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration. I'm feeling the sonic world around me.
Hetkel uurin ma tajuasendust kurtidele. Selle projektiga tegelen oma laboris koos doktorant Scott Novichiga, kes kogub materjali oma doktoritöö jaoks. Mis meil siis plaanis on? Me tahame leida moodust, kuidas helisid oleks võimalik tõlkida nii et kurdid saaksid aru, mida öeldakse. Võttes arvesse kaasaskantavate nutiseadmete levikut, soovime teha seadet, mis töötaks nii telefonis kui ka tahvelarvutis ja mille saaks selga panna ning riiete all kanda. Meie idee on järgmine: kui ma räägin, püüab tahvelarvuti heli kinni ja kaardistab signaali vestil, mis on kaetud vibreerivate anduritega, täpselt sellistega nagu teie telefonides. Rääkimise ajal muundatakse kõneheli vibratsioonide mustriks vestil. See ei ole vaid teooria. Tahvelarvuti mu käes kasutab bluetoothi ja selline vest on mul praegu seljas. Nii et siin kõneledes -- (Aplaus) tõlgitakse heli dünaamiliseks vibratsioonimustriks. Mu tunnen helisid enda ümber.
So, we've been testing this with deaf people now, and it turns out that after just a little bit of time, people can start feeling, they can start understanding the language of the vest.
Me oleme vesti ka kurtidega katsetanud ja ilmneb, et üsna lühikese ajaga hakkavad kurdid vesti keelest aru saama.
So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree. He was born profoundly deaf, which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him. So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day, and here he is on the fifth day.
See siin on Jonathan. Ta on 37-aastane. Tal on magistrikraad. Ta oli sündides täielikult kurt, mis tähendab, et osa tema omailmast ei ole talle kättesaadav. Me lasime Jonathanil nelja päeva jooksul iga päev kaks tundi vesti kanda
Scott Novich: You.
ning siin on ta viiendal päeval.
David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest, and he writes it on the board.
Scott Novich: You DE: Niisiis Scott ütleb mingi sõna ja Jonathan tunneb seda vestil
SN: Where. Where.
ja kirjutab selle tahvlile.
DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations into an understanding of what's being said.
SN: Kus. Kus. DE: Jonathan on võimeline tõlkima selle keerulise vibratsioonide mustri
SN: Touch. Touch.
endale arusaadavasse keelde.
DE: Now, he's not doing this --
SN: Puudutus. Puudutus.
(Applause) -- Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated, but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out what the data mean, and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months, he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille, the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all. Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer, because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant, and that requires an invasive surgery. And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant, which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.
Ta ei tee seda -- (Aplaus) Jonathan ei tee seda teadlikult, sest mustrid on liiga keerulised, kuid ta aju hakkab tasapisi aru saama mustri loogikast ja sellest, mida see info tähendab. Me loodame, et kui vesti kolm kuud kanda, siis areneb Jonathanil välja otsene helist tulenev tajukogemus, nagu punktkirja lugevatel pimedatel, kelleni tähendus jõuab otse paberilt ilma igasuguste vahelülideta. Sellel tehnoloogial on potentsiaali tuua kaasa murranguline muutus, sest seni on kurtide ainuke võimalus olnud sisekõrvaimplantaadi paigaldamine, mis nõuab keerulist operatsiooni. Selle vesti valmistamine on 40 korda odavam kui implantaat, seega oleks selline tehnoloogia laiemalt kättesaadav ka vaesemates riikides.
Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution, but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition. How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense, to expand the human umvelt? For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet directly into somebody's brain, and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?
Tajuasenduse uuringu tulemused on olnud väga lootustandvad, kuid me oleme ka pikalt mõelnud tajulisanduse teemal. Kuidas me saaks kasutada sarnast tehnoloogiat täiesti uue meele loomiseks ja inimese omailma laiendamiseks? Näiteks kas internetist oleks võimalik infot otse inimese ajju suunata ja kas selle abil saaks luua otsese tajukogemuse? Nüüd näete ühte katsetust, mida me laboris teeme.
So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab. A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data for five seconds. Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice. He doesn't know what's going on. He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second. Now, here's the thing: The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean, but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press. He doesn't know that what we're feeding is real-time data from the stock market, and he's making buy and sell decisions. (Laughter) And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not. And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt so that he comes to have, after several weeks, a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet. So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes. (Laughter)
Katsealusesele antakse reaalajas teavet täpselt viie sekundi jooksul. Seejärel ilmuvad kaks nuppu ning ta peab valiku langetama. Ta ei saa täpselt aru, mis toimub. Ta teeb valiku ning saab sekundi pärast tagasisidet. Ja pange tähele, katsealusel pole aimugi, mida need mustrid tähendavad, tahame teada, kas ta õpib aru saama, millist nuppu tuleb vajutada. Ta ei tea, et anname talle reaalajas aktsiaturu infot. Tema nupuvajutus on kas ostmise või müümise otsus. (Naer) Tagaside ütleb talle, kas ta tegi õige või vale otsuse. See katse peaks näitama, kas inimese omailma saab laiendada nii, et pärast mitmenädalast seadme kasutamist tekib tal otsene tajukogemus globaalsetest majandushoovustest. Kindlasti anname teile teada, kui hästi see katse õnnestus. (Naer)
Here's another thing we're doing: During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter for the TED2015 hashtag, and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis, which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral? And while this has been going on, I have been feeling this, and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion of thousands of people in real time, and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this. (Laughter) (Applause) It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.
Tegeleme veel ühe väikese eksperimendiga. Tänase TEDi ajal oleme Twitteris filtreerinud TED2015 teemaviitega postitusi ja nende põhjal meelestatust analüüsinud, sõltuvalt sellest, kas rohkem kasutatakse positiivseid, negatiivseid või neutraalseid sõnu. Ja samal ajal olen ma seda kõike vesti abil tundnud. Niisiis olen ma reaalajas ühendatud tuhandete inimeste emotsioonidega ning see on täiesti uudne inimkogemus, sest nüüd ma tean, kuidas teil läheb ja kui väga teile kõigile see meeldib. (Naer) (Aplaus) See on rikkalikum kogemus, kui inimesele tavaliselt osaks saab.
We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots. So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures from this quadcopter, so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading, and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it. It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.
Me püüame ka pilootide omailma laiendada. See vest annab juhile üheksa olulist infokildu taamal lendavast helikopterist Kõrgus-, pöörde- ja kaldtüür ning suund ja kurss on juhile tuntavad ja see parandab piloodi võimekust õhusõiduki juhtimisel. Põhimõtteliselt on tegu piloodi tajupikendusega õhuruumis.
And that's just the beginning. What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it. We live in a world of information now, and there is a difference between accessing big data and experiencing it.
Ja see on alles algus. Meie kujutluses ei ole tuleviku kokpit täis mõõdikuid. Info lugemise asemel piloot tunneb seda. Me elame infoajastul ja on suur vahe, kas inimene peab infot jälgima või ta saab seda vahetult tunnetada.
So I think there's really no end to the possibilities on the horizon for human expansion. Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel the overall health of the International Space Station, or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health, like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome, or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
Usun, et inimese taju arengul ei ole mingeid piire. Kujutage ette kosmonauti, kes on võimeline tunnetama rahvusvahelise kosmosejaama üldist seisundit Või kujutage, et suudate tunnetada oma tervise nähtamatuid näitajaid, nagu näiteks veresuhkru taset ja mikrobioomi seisundit. Mis tunne oleks näha 360 kraadi ulatuses ja näha UV- ja infrapunakiirgust. Põhimõte on selles, et mida kaugemale me areneme,
So the key is this: As we move into the future, we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices. We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts on her timescales, but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need to go out and define our own trajectory. So the question now is, how do you want to go out and experience your universe?
seda rohkem saame valida oma tajuseadmeid. Enam pole vaja loota vaid looduse poolt antud meeltele tema mõõtkavas. Nagu iga hea lapsevanem, on loodus meile andnud vajalikud tööriistad, et me saaksime edasi minna ja ise oma tee valida. Nüüd on jäänud vaid üks küsimus. Millise tee me oma maailma avardamiseks valime?
Thank you.
Tänan teid!
(Applause)
(Aplaus)
Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.
Chris Anderson: Kas sa tunned seda?
Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest. It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)
DE: Jah Tegelikult nüüd ma tundsingi aplausi esimest korda vestil.
CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad.
Päris mõnus on, nagu massaaž.
So that stock market experiment. This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore, right, if successful?
CA: Twitter on hullumas, inimesed on täiesti pöörased. Niisiis, see aktsiaturu eksperiment. See on ehk esimene eksperiment, mille rahastusega probleeme ei teki, on mul õigus?
DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.
DE: Tõsi, ma ei peaks enam kirjutama taotlusi Riiklikule Terviseinstituudile
CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute, I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far that sensory substitution works, not necessarily that sensory addition works? I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process, and that that is needed as part of it?
CA: Oleme hetkeks skeptilised. Kõik see on täiesti vapustav, kuid kas katsed ei näita mitte, et tajuasendus töötab küll, kuid tajulisandus ei pruugi töötada? Kas ei ole võimalik, et pime suudab keelega näha seepärast, et nende nägemiskeskus ajukoores on tegelikult olemas ja töökorras ning see on tajumiseks hädavajalik?
DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in. The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible. So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary. So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony. It just runs certain kinds of computations on things. And when we look around at things like braille, for example, people are getting information through bumps on their fingers. So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit that we know the edge of.
DE: Suurepärane küsimus. Tegelikult me ei tea, mis piirid ajus info vastuvõtmisel on. Üldiselt aga on aju väga paindlik. Kui inimene jääb pimedaks, siis see osa ajukoorest, kus oli nägemiskeskus võetakse üle kompamise, kuulmise, kõnelemise ja muu poolt. See näitab, et ajukoore osadel ei ole spetsiifilist funktsiooni. Ta juhib lihtsalt teatud info töötlemist. Ja kui me uurime näiteks punktkirja lugemist, siis me näeme, et inimene võib infot saada ka sõrmeotste kaudu. Seega ma ei usu, et eksisteeriks mingisugune teoreetiline piir mida saaksime täpselt määratleda.
CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged. There are so many possible applications for this. Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go? DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here. In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on, because what this is really good for is multidimensional data. The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges, but they're really bad at what our world has become, which is screens with lots and lots of data. We have to crawl that with our attentional systems. So this is a way of just feeling the state of something, just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around. So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory, of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.
CA: Kui see kõik tõsi on, siis jätkub teil tööd väga pikaks ajaks. Taolisele tehnoloogiale leidub tohutult palju väljundeid. Kas olete selleks valmis? Milline suund on teile kõige huvitavam? DE: Muidugi, siin on mitmeid võimalikke rakendusi. Rääkides tajuasendusest, siis mainisin enne põgusalt kosmonaute kosmosejaamades, kes kulutavad palju aega seadmeid jälgides, kuigi nad võiksid lihtsalt tunnetada jaamas toimuvat. See seade on suurepärane mitmemõõtmelise teabe tarbeks. Meie nägemismeel on mõeldud vaid tähtsaima hoomamiseks, kuid on vähetõhus tänapäeva maailmas, kus on tohutul hulgal ekraane ja infot. Me peame need seadmed oma tajuga ühendama. See oleks võimalus seisukorra tunnetamiseks samamoodi, nagu tunnetatakse oma keha. Rasketehnika, tööohutus, tootmise ja tehnika seisundi seire on valdkonnad,
CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
kus see seade kiiresti rakenduse leiaks.
CA: David Eagleman, see oli tõesti erakordne kõne, suur aitäh!
DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)
Aitäh sulle, Chris.