First, a video. Yes, it is a scrambled egg. But as you look at it, I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy. Because you may notice that what's actually happening is that the egg is unscrambling itself. And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated. And now they're going to be poured back into the egg. And we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the universe works. A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush. An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing that can create even more sophisticated things, such as chickens. And we know in our heart of hearts that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity. In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy. What that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to lack of order, lack of structure -- in fact, to mush. And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
Prvo, video. Da, ovo je umućeno jaje. Ali kako ga gledate, nadam se da ćete početi da osećate sasvim malu nelagodu. Jer možda ćete primetiti šta se zaista dešava, a to je da se jaje samo razumućuje. I sada ćete videti žumance i belance kako se razdvajaju. I kako se vraćaju natrag u jaje. Svi znamo, intuitivno, da ovo nije način na koji univerzum funkcioniše. Umućeno jaje je smeša, ukusna smeša, ali ipak smeša. Jaje je prelepa, prefinjena stvar koja može da stvara još prefinjenije stvari, kao što su kokoške. I duboko u sebi znamo da univerzum ne putuje od smeše u komplekosnost. Zapravo, ovaj instinkt odražava jedan od najosnovnijih zakona fizike, drugi zakon termodinamike, ili zakon entropije. Ono što nam taj zakon govori u osnovi je da je opšta tendencija univerzuma da se kreće od uređenosti i strukture do manjka uređenosti, manjka strukture -- do smeše, zapravo. I zbog toga ovaj video deluje malo čudno.
And yet, look around us. What we see around us is staggering complexity. Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone, there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded. That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth. And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals, who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet into a global system of stupendous complexity.
Pa ipak, pogledajte unaokolo. Ono što vidimo oko nas jeste zapanjujuća kompleksnost. Erik Bajnhoker procenjuje da samo na tržištu Nju Jorka postoji preko 10 milijardi različite robe kojom se trguje, što je hiljadu puta više od vrsta koje postoje na Zemlji. I njima trguje vrsta od oko sedam milijardi pojedinaca koji su povezani kroz trgovinu, putovanja i Internet u celovit sistem čudesne kompleksnosti.
So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center? Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions" -- not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity. And slightly more complex things appear. And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things. And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe. We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. And at each threshold, the going gets tougher. The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.
I eto sjajne zagonetke: U univerzumu u kome važi drugi zakon termodinamike, kako je moguće proizvesti takvu složenost kakvu sam opisao -- vrstu složenosti koju predstavljamo vi i ja i kongresni centar? Pa, odgovor je izgleda da univerzum može stvoriti kompleksnost, ali sa velikim poteškoćama. U suštini, dešava se ono što moj kolega, Fred Spir, zove "Goldilokovi uslovi" -- ni prevruće, ni prehladno; sasvim dovoljno za stvaranje kompleksnosti. I nešto kompleksnija stvar se dešava. A gde imate kompleksne stvari, možete dobiti još složenije stvari. I na ovaj način, kompleksnost se gradi stepenicu po stepenicu. Svaka faza je magična jer stvara utisak da se nešto suštinski novo pojavljuje niotkuda u univerzumu. Mi se u velikoj istoriji odnosimo na ove momente kao na "nivoe". I na svakom nivou stvari postaju teže. Kompleksne stvari postaju krhkije, ranjivije, Goldilokovi uslovi postaju zahtevniji, i postaje teže stvoriti kompleksnost.
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility. And that's the story that we tell in big history. But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible. You have to survey the whole history of the universe. So let's do it.
E sada, mi kao ekstremno složena bića očajnički želimo da razumemo priču o tome kako univerzum stvara kompleksnost, uprkos drugom zakonu, i zašto kompleksnost znači ranjivost i krhkost. I to je priča koju pričamo u velikoj istoriji. Ali kako bi to uradili, prvo mora da se uradi nešto što na prvi pogled može delovati potpuno nemoguće. Mora da se premeri čitava istorija univerzuma. Pa hajde da to učinimo.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
Počnimo tako što ćemo vratiti sat 13.7 milijardi godina unazad do početka vremena.
Around us, there's nothing. There's not even time or space. Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are. And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold. The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot. It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting. And it's expanding at incredible speed. And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity. And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter -- quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons. And all of that happens in the first second.
Oko nas nema ničega. Nema ni prostora ni vremena. Zamislite najmračniju, najprazniju stvar koju možete i sažmite je milijardu milijardi puta i eto tu se nalazimo. A onda iznenada, tras! Pojavljuje se univerzum, čitav univerzum. I prošli smo kroz prvi nivo. Univerzum je mali; manji od atoma. I neverovatno je vruć. Sadrži sve što je danas u univerzumu, tako da možete zamisliti, da se razbija, i da se širi neverovatnom brzinom. I najpre je sve vrlo mutno, ali veoma brzo počinju da se izdvajaju stvari u toj maglini. U prvoj sekundi, sama energija se razbija u različite sile, uključujući elektromagnetizam i gravitaciju. Energija čini još nešto prilično čudesno uobličava se u materiju -- kvarkove koji formiraju protone i leptone koji uključuju elektrone. I sve se to dešava u prvoj sekundi.
Now we move forward 380,000 years. That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet. And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium. Now I want to pause for a moment, 380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage. We know above all that it was extremely simple. It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure. They're really a sort of cosmic mush. But that's not completely true. Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background. What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas. These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity.
Sada idemo 380.000 godina unapred. To je duplo duže nego što ljudi postoje na planeti. I tada se pojavljuje jednostavan atom vodonika i helijuma. Sada bih zastao na momenat, 380,000 godina nakon nastanka univerzuma, jer znamo prilično mnogo o ovoj fazi razvitka univerzuma. Pre svega znamo da je bio jako jednostavan. Sastojao se od ogromnih oblaka sačinjenih od atoma vodonika i helijuma, a oni nisu imali strukturu. Bili su vrsta kosmičke smeše. Ali to nije baš potpuno tačno. Skorije studije urađene pomoću satelita kao što je WMAP satelit pokazale su da, zapravo, postoje samo male razlike u pozadini. Ono što vidite ovde, je da su plave zone oko hiljadu stepeni hladnije od crvenih zona. To su male razlike, ali dovoljne da univerzum nastavi do sledeće faze kompleksnosti.
And this is how it works. Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms. So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds. And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, and then, at the center, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars. From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them. And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
I evo kako to funkcioniše. Gravitacija je moćnija tamo gde ima više stvari. Tako da gde imate gušće zone, gravitacija počinje da sažima oblake vodonikovih i helijumovih atoma. Možemo zamisliti rani univerzum kako se raspada na milijarde oblaka. I svaki oblak je sabijen, gravitacija postaje moćnija kako se gustina povećava, temperatura počinje da raste u centru svakog oblaka, a potom u svakom oblaku, temperatura prelazi graničnu temperaturu novog nivoa od 10 miliona stepeni, protoni počinju da se spajaju, ogromna količina energije se oslobađa, i, tras! Imamo prvu zvezdu. Otprilike 200 miliona godina nakon Velikog praska, zvezde počinju da se pojavljuju širom čitavog univerzuma, na milijarde njih. I univerzum je sada znatno zanimljiviji i mnogo kompleksniji.
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion. So now the universe is chemically more complex. And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. And what starts happening is that, around young suns, young stars, all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons. And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago. Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials. So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
Zvezde će formirati Goldilakove uslove za prolazak kroz još dva nova nivoa Kada veoma velike zvezde umru, one stvaraju temperature toliko visoke da protoni počinju da se spajaju u sve vrste egzotičnih kombinacija, i formiraju sve elemente periodnog sistema. Ako, kao ja, nosite zlatan prsten, on je nastao u eksploziji supernove. Sada je univerzum hemijski mnogo kompleksniji. A u hemijski kompleksnijem univerzumu, moguće je mnogo više stvari. I ono što počinje da se dešava oko mladih sunaca, mladih zvezda, je to da se ovi elementi kombinuju, kovitlaju se, energija oko zvezda ih vrti, formiraju čestice, formiraju pahuljice, male čestice prašine, koje formiraju stene, asteroide, i konačno formiraju planete i mesece. Eto kako je nastao naš sunčev sistem, pre četiri i po milijarde godina. Stenovite planete kao što je naša Zemlja značajno su kompleksnije od zvezda jer sadrže veću raznolikost materijala. I tako smo zakoračili kroz četvrti nivo kompleksnosti.
Now, the going gets tougher. The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity. I'm talking, of course, about living organisms. Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals. So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force. That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets. Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry? What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not too much. In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again. But not too little. In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine. What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
Sada stvari postaju teže. Sledeća faza nas upoznaje sa stvarima koje su značajno krhkije, značajno ranjivije, ali su i mnogo kreativnije i sposobnije da stvaraju kompleksnost u budućnosti. Govorim, naravno, o živim organizmima. Žive organizme je stvorila hemija. Mi smo veliki hemijski paketi. A hemijom upravlja elektromagnetna sila. Ona radi na nižim nivoima od gravitacije, što objašnjava činjenicu zašto smo vi i ja manji od zvezda i planeta. E sad, koji su idealni uslovi za hemijske procese? Koji su Goldilokovi uslovi? Prvo, potrebna je energija, ali ne previše. U središtu zvezde, postoji previše energije, tako da, ako se bilo koji atomi spoje, jednostavno će sagoreti i ponovo se razdvojiti. Ali ne ni premalo. U intergalaktičkom prostoru, toliko je malo energije da se atomi ne mogu spajati. Ono što je potrebno je prava količina, a planete, ispostavilo se, su upravo idealne, jer su blizu, ali ne ni preblizu zvezda.
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquids, such as water. Why? Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up. In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move. In liquids, they can cruise and cuddle and link up to form molecules. Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions? Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect. It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water. And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements. So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
Takođe je potrebna i raznolikost hemijskih elemenata, i potrebna je tečnost kao što je voda. Zašto? Pa u gasovima, atomi prolaze jedni pored drugih toliko brzo da se ne mogu spojiti. U čvrstim stanjima, atomi ne mogu da se pomeraju, zaglavljeni su. U tečnostima, oni mogu da plutaju i da se povezuju u molekule. E sad, gde se pronalaze ovakvi Goldilokovi uslovi_ Planete su sjajne, i naša rana Zemlja je bila skoro savršena. Bila je na idealnoj udaljenosti od njene zvezde da bi razvila velike okeane otvorenih voda. I duboko ispod tih okeana u pukotinama kore, imali ste toplotu koja je prodirala iz središta Zemlje, i imali ste veliku raznolikost elemenata. Tako su se na tim dubokim okeanskim ventilima, počeli dešavati fantastični hemijski procesi, i atomi su se kombinovali u sve vrste egzotičnih kombinacija.
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry. How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable? Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick. You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself. And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information. You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information. So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms. And DNA also copies itself. So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean. So the information spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story. The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections. As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning. It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work. So DNA's learning and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity. And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
Ali, naravno, život je više od egzotičnih hemijskih procesa. Kako se stabilizuju ti ogromni molekuli koji deluju kao sposobni za život? Tu nam život predstavlja jedan potpuno novi trik. Ne stabilizuje se pojedinac; stabilizuje se šablon, deo koji nosi podatke, a šablon ima mogućnost ponavljanja. A DNK je, naravno, prelep molekul koji sadrži te podatke. Bićete upoznati sa dvostrukim lancem DNK. Svaka prečka sadrži informacije. Tako, DNK sadrži podatke o tome kako se stvaraju živi organizmi. I takođe kopira samu sebe. Stvara sopstvene kopije i širi šablone okeanom. Tako se informacije šire. Primetili ste da je informacija postala deo naše priče. Pa ipak, prava lepota DNK molekula leži u njegovoj nesavršenosti. Kako stvara svoje kopije, jednom na svakih milijardu prečki, dođe do greške. I to znači da DNK, zapravo, uči. Prikuplja nove načine stvaranja živih organizama jer neke od tih grešaka funkcionišu. Znači DNK uči i stvara veću raznolikost i veću kompleksnost. I vidimo da se ovo dešava proteklih četiri milijarde godina.
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells. But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity. Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear. You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs. And occasionally, there are disasters. Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out. Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs. And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
Većinu tog vremena život na Zemlji su činili relativno jednostavni organizmi -- jednoćelijski organizmi. Ali oni su bili jako raznovrsni, i jako složene unutrašnjosti. Potom, pre oko 600 do 800 miliona godina, pojavili su se višećelijski organizmi. Gljive, ribe, došle su biljke, potom vodozemci, zatim gmizavci, i naravno, dinosaurusi. I povremeno, dešavale su se katastrofe. Pre 65 miliona godina, asteroid je udario u Zemlju blizu poluostrva Jukatan, stvarajući uslove identične onima u nuklearnom ratu, i dinosaurusi su bili zbrisani. Užasne vesti za dinosauruse. Ali sjajne za naše pretke sisare koji su procvetali u staništima koja su ostala pusta. A ljudska bića su deo kreativnog evolutivnog procesa koji je započeo pre 65 miliona godina sa udarom asteroida.
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago. And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story. Let me explain why. We've seen that DNA learns in a sense, it accumulates information. But it is so slow. DNA accumulates information through random errors, some of which just happen to work. But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning: it had produced organisms with brains, and those organisms can learn in real time. They accumulate information, they learn. The sad thing is, when they die, the information dies with them. Now what makes humans different is human language. We are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory. And that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information, and it can accumulate from generation to generation. And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have a history. We seem to be the only species in four billion years to have this gift.
Ljudi su se pojavili pre oko 200,000 godina. I verujem da se računamo kao sledeći nivo u ovoj priči. Dozvolite da objasnim zašto. Videli smo da DNK uči sakupljajući podatke. Ali proces je jako spor. DNK skladišti podatke putem nasumičnih grešaka od kojih se samo za neke ispostavi da funkcionišu. Ali DNK je razvio brži način učenja; stvorio je organizme sa mozgovima, i ti organizmi mogu učiti u stvarnom vremenu. Oni prikupljaju informacije, oni uče. Tužna stvar je to što kad umru, informacije umiru sa njima. Ono što ljude čini drugačijima je ljudski jezik. Blagosloveni smo jezikom, sistemom komunikacije, toliko moćnim i toliko preciznim da možemo da delimo ono što smo naučili sa tolikom tačnošću da se to može sakupljati u kolektivno pamćenje. A to znači da može da nadživi pojedince koji su naučili taj podatak i može se sakupljati iz generacije u generaciju. I to je razlog zbog kog smo, kao vrsta, toliko kreativni i toliko moćni i zbog toga imamo istoriju. Izgleda da smo jedina vrsta tokom ove četiri milijarde godina koja ima ovaj dar.
I call this ability collective learning. It's what makes us different. We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history. We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa, but then you see humans migrating into new environments, into desert lands, into jungles, into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia -- tough, tough environment -- into the Americas, into Australasia. Each migration involved learning -- learning new ways of exploiting the environment, new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
Ja zovem ovu sposobnost kolektivnim učenjem. To je ono što nas čini drugačijim. Možemo videti to na poslu u najranijim periodima ljudske istorije. Evoluirali smo kao vrsta u savanama Afrike, ali smo onda kao vrsta migrirali u nova okuženja -- u pustinje, džungle, u ledene tundre Sibira -- teška, teška okruženja -- u Ameriku, Australaziju. Svaka migracija razvijala je učenje -- učenje novih načina korišćenja sredine, novih načina odnosa sa sredinom.
Then 10,000 years ago, exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age, humans learned to farm. Farming was an energy bonanza. And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied. Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected. And then from about 500 years ago, humans began to link up globally through shipping, through trains, through telegraph, through the Internet, until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost seven billion individuals. And that brain is learning at warp speed. And in the last 200 years, something else has happened. We've stumbled on another energy bonanza in fossil fuels. So fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
Potom, pre 10,000 godina, koristeći nagle globalne klimatske promene sa krajem poslednjeg ledenog doba, ljudi su naučili da se bave agrikulturom. Agrikultura je bila energetsko bogatstvo. Koristeći tu energiju, ljudska populacija se uvećavala. Ljudska društva su postajala veća, gušće naseljena, više povezana. I otprilike pre 500 godina, ljudi su počeli da se globalno povezuju preko brodova, vozova, preko telegrafa, interneta, do sada kada možemo videti kako se stvara jedinstven globalni mozak od skoro sedam milijardi pojedinaca. I taj mozak uči ogromnom brzinom. I u poslednjih 200 godina, još nešto se desilo: naišli smo na još jedno energetsko bogatstvo fosilna goriva. Fosilna goriva i kolektivno učenje zajedno objašnjavaju zapanjujuću kompleksnost koja nas okružuje.
So -- Here we are, back at the convention center. We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years. I hope you agree this is a powerful story. And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role. But it also contains warnings. Collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England, living through the Cuban Missile Crisis. For a few days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the verge of destruction. And the same weapons are still here, and they are still armed. If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us. We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human civilizations to flourish over the last 10,000 years. So what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us, but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
I tako, eto nas ovde natrag u kongresni centar. Bili smo na putovanju, putovanju u prošlost, unazad 13.7 milijardi godina. Nadam se da ćete se složiti da je ovo jedna moćna priča. I to je priča u kojoj ljudi igraju zapanjujuću i kreativnu ulogu. Ali ona sadrži i upozorenja. Kolektivno učenje je vrlo, vrlo moćna sila, I nije jasno da je mi, ljudi, u potpunosti kontrolišemo. Sećam se vrlo živo da sam kao dete odrastao u Engleskoj, za vreme Kubanske raketne krize. U roku od nekoliko dana, čitava biosfera delovala je kao da je na ivici uništenja. A isto oružje i dalje je tu, oni su i dalje naoružani. I ako uspemo da zaobiđemo tu zamku, druge i dalje čekaju na nas. Sagorevamo fosilna goriva u tolikoj količini da izgleda da podrivamo Goldilokove uslove koji omogućavaju ljudskoj civilizaciji da cveta preko 10,000 godina. Ono šta velika istorija može da uradi je da nam pokaže prirodu naše kompleksnosti i ranjivosti i opasnosti sa kojima se suočavamo, ali takođe nam može pokazati moć koju ima kolektivno učenje.
And now, finally -- this is what I want. I want my grandson, Daniel, and his friends and his generation, throughout the world, to know the story of big history, and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face us. And that's why a group of us are building a free, online syllabus in big history for high-school students throughout the world. We believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them, as Daniel and his generation face the huge challenges and also the huge opportunities ahead of them at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet.
I sada, najzad, ono što ja želim. Ja želim da moj unuk Danijel i njegovi prijatelji i njegova generacija, u čitavom svetu, znaju priču velike istorije, i da je znaju toliko dobro da razumeju i izazove sa kojima se suočavamo, ali i mogućnosti koje su pred nama. I zato grupa nas gradi besplatan nastavni program na mreži o velikoj istoriji za srednjoškolce u čitavom svetu. Verujemo da će velika istorija biti osnovno intelektualno sredstvo za njih, kako se Danijel i njegova generacija budu suočavali sa velikim izazovima, a takođe i sa velikim mogućnostima koje su pred njima u ovom novom trenutku u istoriji ove prelepe planete.
I thank you for your attention.
Zahvaljujem vam se na pažnji.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)