First, a video. Yes, it is a scrambled egg. But as you look at it, I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy. Because you may notice that what's actually happening is that the egg is unscrambling itself. And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated. And now they're going to be poured back into the egg. And we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the universe works. A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush. An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing that can create even more sophisticated things, such as chickens. And we know in our heart of hearts that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity. In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy. What that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to lack of order, lack of structure -- in fact, to mush. And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
Najprej video. Da, to so umešana jajca. Ampak ko to gledate, upam, da boste začutili rahlo nelagodje. Kajti morda ste opazili, da video v resnici prikazuje, da se jajce samo od-mešava. In zdaj vidite, da so se rumenjaki in beljaki ločili. In zdaj se bodo zlili nazaj v lupino. In vsi globoko v našem srcu vemo, da vesolje ne deluje tako. Umešano jajce je zmešnjava – sicer okusna – ampak je zmešnjava. Jajce je lepa, prefinjena stvar, ki lahko ustvari še bolj zapletene stvari, denimo piščance. In globoko v našem srcu vemo, da vesolje ne potuje od zmešnjave k zapletenemu. V resnici se ta instinkt odraža v enem izmed najbolj temeljnih zakonov fizike, v drugem zakonu termodinamike, ali zakonu o entropiji. Kar pravi, je v bistvu, da je splošna težnja v vesolju prehajanje iz reda in strukture v pomanjkanje reda, v pomanjkanje strukture – v resnici, v zmešnjavo. In to daje videu malce čuden občutek.
And yet, look around us. What we see around us is staggering complexity. Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone, there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded. That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth. And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals, who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet into a global system of stupendous complexity.
Pa vendar, poglejmo okrog sebe. Kar vidimo okoli nas, je neverjetna zapletenost. Eric Beinhocker ocenjuje, da se samo v New Yorku trguje s približno 10 milijardami vrst različnega blaga. To je skoraj stokrat več, kot je vrst živih organizmov na Zemlji. Trgovanje poteka zaradi vrste skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov, ki so povezani s trgovino, potovanjem in internetom v globalen sistem gromozanske zapletenosti.
So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center? Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions" -- not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity. And slightly more complex things appear. And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things. And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe. We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. And at each threshold, the going gets tougher. The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.
No, tukaj je velika uganka: v vesolju, kjer vlada drugi zakon termodinamike, kako je mogoče porajati zapletenost take vrste, kot sem jo opisal, zapletenost, ki jo predstavljava ti in jaz in kongresni center? No, zdi se, da je odgovor, da vesolje lahko ustvari zapletenost, vendar z velikimi težavami. V žepih se pojavijo, kar moj kolega Fred Spier imenuje "Zlatolaskini pogoji" – ne prevroče, ne premrzlo, ravno prav za ustvarjanje zapletenosti. In pojavijo se nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari. In kjer so nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari, lahko dobiš nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari. In na ta način se zapletenost gradi stopnja za stopnjo. Vsaka stopnja je čarobna, ker naredi vtis nečesa popolnoma novega, ki se v vesolju pojavi skoraj od nikoder. V veliki zgodovini tem trenutkom pravimo trenutki prehoda praga. In pri vsakem pragu postane prehod težji. Zapletene stvari postanejo bolj krhke, bolj ranljive; Zlatolaskini pogoji postanejo bolj strogi, in težje je narediti zapletenost.
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility. And that's the story that we tell in big history. But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible. You have to survey the whole history of the universe. So let's do it.
Mi, kot skrajno zapletena bitja, obupno potrebujemo poznati zgodbo o tem, kako vesolje ustvarja zapletenost kljub drugemu zakonu, in zakaj zapletenost pomeni ranljivost in krhkost. In to zgodbo povemo v veliki zgodovini. A zato je treba narediti nekaj, kar lahko na prvi pogled izgleda popolnoma nemogoče. Treba je pregledati vso zgodovino vesolja. Pa dajmo.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
Previjmo časovnico nazaj za 13,7 milijard let, na začetek časa.
Around us, there's nothing. There's not even time or space. Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are. And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold. The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot. It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting. And it's expanding at incredible speed. And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity. And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter -- quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons. And all of that happens in the first second.
Okoli nas ni nič. Ni niti časa niti prostora. Predstavljajte si najtemnejšo, najbolj prazno reč, ki si jo morete, in jo dvignite na tretjo potenco gazilijon krat in natanko tam smo. In tedaj kar naenkrat pok! Pojavi se vesolje, vse vesolje. In prešli smo prvi prag. Vesolje je majceno; manjše kot atom. Neverjetno vroče je. Vsebuje vse, kar je v vesolju danes, lahko si predstavljate, da kipi. In veča se z neverjetno hitrostjo. In spočetka je vse nejasno, a zelo hitro se v tej megli začenjajo pojavljati različne stvari. V prvi sekundi se energija sama razbije na različne sile, tudi na elektromagnetno in gravitacijsko. In energija naredi nekaj drugega, kar je čisto čarobno: strdi se, da naredi snov – kvarke, ki bodo naredili protone in leptone, ki vključujejo elektrone. Vse to se zgodi v prvi sekundi.
Now we move forward 380,000 years. That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet. And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium. Now I want to pause for a moment, 380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage. We know above all that it was extremely simple. It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure. They're really a sort of cosmic mush. But that's not completely true. Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background. What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas. These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity.
Gremo naprej 380.000 let. To je dvakrat toliko, kot smo ljudje bili na tem planetu. In zdaj se pojavijo preprosti atomi vodika in helija. Rad bi se ustavil za hip, 380.000 let po začetku vesolja, ker o vesolju na tej stopnji vemo kar precej. Predvsem vemo, da je bilo skrajno preprosto. Sestavljali so ga orjaški oblaki vodikovih in helijevih atomov, in so brez zgradbe. V resnici so nekakšna kozmična zmešnjava. Vendar to ni popolnoma res. Nedavne študije s sateliti, kot je satelit WMAP so pokazale, da so v resnici v tem ozadju majcene razlike. To vidite tu, modra področja so kakšno tisočinko stopinje bolj hladna od rdečih področij. Te razlike so majcene, a so dovolj, da je vesolje napredovalo k naslednji stopnji gradnje zapletenosti.
And this is how it works. Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms. So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds. And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, and then, at the center, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars. From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them. And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
In tako to gre. Gravitacija je močnejša, kjer je več snovi. V nekoliko gostejših področjih začne gravitacija zgoščati oblake vodikovih in helijevih atomov. Lahko si predstavljamo, da se je rano vesolje razbilo na milijardo oblakov. Vsak oblak se zgošča, gravitacija postane močnejša in ko gostota narašča, narašča temperatura v središču vsakega oblaka in potem, v središču, temperatura preseže toplotni prag 10 milijonov stopinj, protoni se začnejo zlivati, sprošča se ogromno energije in – bum! Imamo prve zvezde. Nekako 200 milijonov let po Velikem poku se začnejo zvezde pojavljati po vsem vesolju, na milijarde. Vesolje je zdaj občutno bolj zanimivo in bolj zapleteno.
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion. So now the universe is chemically more complex. And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. And what starts happening is that, around young suns, young stars, all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons. And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago. Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials. So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
Zvezde bodo ustvarile Zlatolaskine pogoje za prehod dveh novih pragov. Ko velike zvezde umrejo, dvignejo temperature tako visoko, da se protoni začnejo zlivati v vse vrste nenavadnih kombinacij, in tvorijo vse elemente periodnega sistema. Če tako kot jaz nosite zlat prstan, je bil skovan v eksploziji supernove. Zdaj je vesolje kemično bolj zapleteno. In v kemično bolj zapletenem vesolju se da narediti več reči. Kar se začne dogajati je, da se okoli mladih sonc, mladih zvezd, začnejo ti elementi združevati, vrtijo se okoli, energija zvezde jih meša, tvorijo delce, tvorijo snežinke, tvorijo prašne drobce, tvorijo kamne, tvorijo asteroide in na koncu tvorijo planete in lune. Tako se je oblikovalo naše osončje pred štirimi milijardami in pol let. Kamniti planeti, kot je naša Zemlja, so bistveno bolj zapleteni kot zvezde, ker vsebujejo bistveno večjo raznolikost gradiva. Tako smo prešli četrti prag zapletenosti.
Now, the going gets tougher. The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity. I'm talking, of course, about living organisms. Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals. So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force. That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets. Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry? What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not too much. In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again. But not too little. In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine. What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
Napredovanje postane zdaj težavnejše. Naslednja stopnja uvede stvari, ki so bistveno bolj krhke, bistveno bolj ranljive, a so tudi veliko bolj ustvarjalne in veliko bolj sposobne porajati nadaljnjo zapletenost. Govorim seveda o živih organizmih. Žive organizme ustvarja kemija. Smo ogromni svežnji kemikalij. Kemijo obvladuje elektromagnetna sila. Deluje na manjšem obsegu kot gravitacija, kar razloži, zakaj sva ti in jaz manjša od zvezd in planetov. Kaj pa so popolni pogoji za kemijo? Kaj so Zlatolaskini pogoji? Najprej potrebuješ energijo, a ne preveč. V središču zvezde je toliko energije, da so atomi, ki se združijo, spet takoj raztrgani narazen. Pa tudi ne premalo. V prostoru med galaksijami je energije tako malo, da se atomi ne morejo združevati. Potrebna je ravno prava količina in izkaže se, da so planeti ravno pravšnji, ker so blizu zvezd, a ne preblizu.
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquids, such as water. Why? Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up. In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move. In liquids, they can cruise and cuddle and link up to form molecules. Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions? Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect. It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water. And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements. So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
Potrebna je velika raznolikost kemičnih elementov in potrebne so tekočine, denimo voda. Zakaj? No, v plinih se atomi tako hitro gibljejo drug mimo drugega, da se ne morejo zaplesti. V trdnih snoveh so atomi ujeti skupaj, ne morejo se premikati. V tekočinah lahko križarijo in se stiskajo in se zvežejo v molekule. Kje najdeš take Zlatolaskine pogoje? No, planeti so imenitni in naša zgodnja Zemlja je bila skoraj popolna. Ravno prav daleč od svoje zvezde, da je imela velikanske oceane tekoče vode. In globoko pod temi oceani, pri razpokah v Zemljini skorji, je toplota uhajala iz notranjosti Zemlje, in raznolikost elementov je bila velika. Ob teh oddušnikih globoko v oceanu se je začela dogajati fantastična kemija in atomi so se začeli združevati v nenavadne kombinacije vseh vrst.
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry. How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable? Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick. You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself. And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information. You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information. So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms. And DNA also copies itself. So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean. So the information spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story. The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections. As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning. It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work. So DNA's learning and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity. And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
Vendar pa je življenje več, kot le nenavadna kemija. Kako ustališ te velike molekule, ki, kot je videti, uspešno delujejo? Tu življenje vpelje čisto novo zvijačo. Ne ustališ posameznika; ustališ vzorec, tisto, kar nosi informacijo in dovoliš, da se vzorec kopira sam. Seveda je DNK čudovita molekula, ki vsebuje to informacijo. Saj poznaš dvojno vijačnico DNK. Vsaka prečka vsebuje informacijo. Torej DNK vsebuje informacijo o tem, kako narediti živ organizem. In DNK se kopira, dela svoje kopije in sipa vzorce preko oceana. Tako se informacija širi. Pazi, informacija je postala del naše zgodbe. Resnična lepota DNK pa je v njenih nepopolnostih. Ko se kopira, se na vsako milijardo prečk rada zgodi napaka. In to pravzaprav pomeni, da se DNK uči. Zbira nove načine, kako delati žive organizme, kajti nekatere od teh napak se obnesejo. Ko se DNK uči, gradi večjo raznolikost in večjo zapletenost. In to dogajanje lahko vidimo, v zadnjih štirih milijardah let.
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells. But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity. Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear. You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs. And occasionally, there are disasters. Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out. Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs. And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
Večino tega časa je bilo življenje na Zemlji, so bili živi organizmi razmeroma preprosti – posamezne celice. A bili so zelo raznoliki, in v sebi, zelo zapleteni. Potem, pred nekako 600 do 800 milijoni let, so se pojavili mnogocelični organizmi. Imamo gobe, imamo ribe, imamo rastline, imamo dvoživke, imamo plazilce, in potem, seveda, imamo dinozavre. In včasih se zgodijo katastrofe. Pred petinšestdesetimi milijoni let je na zemljo padel asteroid blizu polotoka Jukatan, kar je ustvarilo pogoje, enake tistim v jedrski vojni, in dinozavri so bili izbrisani. Strašna novica za dinozavre, a dobra za naše sesalske prednike, ki so uspevali v nišah, ki so ostale prazne po dinozavrih. In mi, ljudje, smo del tega ustvarjalnega impulza evolucije, ki se je začel pred 65 milijoni let s padcem asteroida.
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago. And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story. Let me explain why. We've seen that DNA learns in a sense, it accumulates information. But it is so slow. DNA accumulates information through random errors, some of which just happen to work. But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning: it had produced organisms with brains, and those organisms can learn in real time. They accumulate information, they learn. The sad thing is, when they die, the information dies with them. Now what makes humans different is human language. We are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory. And that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information, and it can accumulate from generation to generation. And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have a history. We seem to be the only species in four billion years to have this gift.
Ljudje smo se pojavili pred približno 200.000 leti. In verjamem, da veljamo kot prag v tej veliki zgodbi. Naj razložim, zakaj. Videli smo, da se DNK na nek način uči, ko zbira informacijo. A to je tako počasno. DNK zbira informacijo z naključnimi napakami, od katerih so samo nekatere dobre. A DNK je dejansko porodila hitrejši način za učenje: naredila je organizme z možgani, in ti organizmi se lahko učijo v realnem času. Nabirajo informacije, se učijo. Žalostno je, da ko umrejo, informacija umre z njimi. To, kar naredi ljudi drugačne, je človeški jezik. Blagoslovljeni smo z jezikom, sistemom za komuniciranje, ki je tako močan in tako natančen, da lahko tisto, kar smo se naučili, delimo s tako natančnostjo, da se lahko zbere v kolektivnem spominu. In to pomeni, da lahko preživi posameznike, ki so prišli do te informacije, in se zbira iz generacije v generacijo. In zato smo, kot vrsta, tako ustvarjalni in tako močni, in zato imamo zgodovino. Zdi se, da smo edina vrsta v štirih milijardah let, ki imamo ta dar.
I call this ability collective learning. It's what makes us different. We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history. We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa, but then you see humans migrating into new environments, into desert lands, into jungles, into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia -- tough, tough environment -- into the Americas, into Australasia. Each migration involved learning -- learning new ways of exploiting the environment, new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
Tej sposobnosti pravim kolektivno učenje. To nas naredi drugačne. To lahko opazimo pri delu v najbolj zgodnjih stopnjah človeške zgodovine. Kot vrsta smo se razvili v savanskih površinah Afrike, potem pa opažamo, da se ljudje selijo v nova okolja, v puščave, v džungle, v ledenodobno tundro v Sibiriji – ostro, neizprosno okolje – v obe Ameriki, v Avstralijo in Azijo. Vsaka selitev je zahtevala učenje – učenje, kako na nove načine izkoriščati okolje, nove načine, kako se spoprijemati z okoljem.
Then 10,000 years ago, exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age, humans learned to farm. Farming was an energy bonanza. And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied. Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected. And then from about 500 years ago, humans began to link up globally through shipping, through trains, through telegraph, through the Internet, until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost seven billion individuals. And that brain is learning at warp speed. And in the last 200 years, something else has happened. We've stumbled on another energy bonanza in fossil fuels. So fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
Potem, pred 10.000 leti, ko so izkoristili nenadno spremembo v globalnem podnebju ob koncu zadnje ledene dobe, so se ljudje naučili kmetovanja. Kmetovanje je bila energijska zlata jama. Ko so izkoristili to energijo, so se človeške populacije namnožile. Človeške družbe so postale večje, gostejše, bolj med seboj povezane. Potem so se pred približno 500 leti ljudje začeli povezovati globalno s plovbo, z vlaki, s telegrafom, z internetom, dokler zdaj ne vidimo, da so ustvarili enotne globalne možgane iz skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov. In ti možgani se učijo z nadsvetlobno hitrostjo. In v zadnjih 200 letih se je zgodilo še nekaj. Naleteli smo na še eno energijsko zlato jamo, fosilna goriva. Tako fosilna goriva in kolektivno učenje skupaj razložita neverjetno zapletenost, ki jo vidimo okoli sebe.
So -- Here we are, back at the convention center. We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years. I hope you agree this is a powerful story. And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role. But it also contains warnings. Collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England, living through the Cuban Missile Crisis. For a few days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the verge of destruction. And the same weapons are still here, and they are still armed. If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us. We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human civilizations to flourish over the last 10,000 years. So what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us, but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
Tako – pa smo tu, spet v kongresnem centru. Bili smo na potovanju, na potovanju tja in nazaj, dolgem 13,7 milijard let. Upam, da se strinjate, da je to mogočna zgodba. In je zgodba, v kateri ljudje igrajo osupljivo in ustvarjalno vlogo. A vsebuje tudi opozorila. Kolektivno učenje je zelo, zelo močna sila, in ni jasno, ali ljudje upravljamo z njo. Zelo živo se spominjam, ko sem kot otrok rasel v Angliji, in preživljal kubansko krizo z raketami. Nekaj dni je bilo videti, da je celotna biosfera na robu uničenja. In ista orožja so še tu, in še vedno so usposobljena. Če se izognemo tej pasti, čakajo druge na nas. Fosilna goriva kurimo tako hitro, da zgleda, da spodkupujemo Zlatolaskine pogoje, ki so človeškim civilizacijam omogočili, da so cvetele zadnjih 10.000 let. Kar lahko velika zgodovina naredi je, da nam pokaže naravo naše zapletenosti in krhkosti in nevarnosti, ki nas čakajo, a nam lahko pokaže tudi našo moč s kolektivnim učenjem.
And now, finally -- this is what I want. I want my grandson, Daniel, and his friends and his generation, throughout the world, to know the story of big history, and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face us. And that's why a group of us are building a free, online syllabus in big history for high-school students throughout the world. We believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them, as Daniel and his generation face the huge challenges and also the huge opportunities ahead of them at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet.
In zdaj, končno – to je tisto, kar hočem. Hočem, da moj vnuk Daniel in njegovi prijatelji in njegova generacija po vsem svetu poznajo zgodbo o veliki zgodovini, in jo poznajo tako dobro, da bodo razumeli tako izzive, ki nas čakajo, kot priložnosti, ki nas čakajo. In zato naša skupina gradi brezplačen učni načrt na spletu o veliki zgodovini za univerzitetne študente po vsem svetu. Verjamemo, da bo velika zgodovina važno umsko orodje zanje, kajti Daniel in njegova generacija se soočajo z neznanskimi izzivi in tudi neznanskimi priložnostmi, ki jih čakajo v tem prelomnem trenutku v zgodovini našega lepega planeta.
I thank you for your attention.
Zahvaljujem se vam za pozornost.
(Applause)
(Aplavz)