First, a video. Yes, it is a scrambled egg. But as you look at it, I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy. Because you may notice that what's actually happening is that the egg is unscrambling itself. And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated. And now they're going to be poured back into the egg. And we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the universe works. A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush. An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing that can create even more sophisticated things, such as chickens. And we know in our heart of hearts that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity. In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy. What that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to lack of order, lack of structure -- in fact, to mush. And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
Prvo, video. (Video) Da, to je razmućeno jaje. Ali kako ga gledate, nadam se kako se počinjete osjećati barem malo nelagodno. Stoga što možete uočiti kako je ono što se zbilja dešava jest jaje kako se samo odmućuje. I sad ćete vidjeti kako se žumance i bjelance razdvajaju. I sad će biti usipani nazad u jaje. A svi znamo u središtu srca kako ovo nije način na koji svemir radi. razmućeno je jaje kaša -- ukusna kaša -- ali je kaša. Jaje je prekrasna, profinjena stvar koja može stvoriti još profinjenije stvari, poput pilića. I znamo u središtu srca da se svemir ne kreće od kaše prema složenosti. Zapravo, taj se osjećaj odražava u jednom od najtemeljnijih zakona fizike, drugom zakonu termodinamike, ili zakonu entropije. Što on u osnovi govori je kako je opća težnja svemira kretati se od reda i strukture ka manjku reda, nedostatku strukture -- zapravo, u kašu. A to je zašto je taj video
And yet, look around us.
pomalo čudan.
What we see around us is staggering complexity. Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone, there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded. That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth. And they're being traded by a species of almost seven billion individuals, who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet into a global system of stupendous complexity.
Pa ipak, pogledajte oko nas. Što vidimo oko nas je zapanjujuća složenost. Erick Brockheimer procjenjuje kako se samo u gradu New Yorku trguje sa više od 10 milijardi SKU-a, ili različitih roba. To je stotinama puta toliko vrsta koliko ih je na Zemlji. A njima trguje vrsta od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki koje su povezane trgovinom, putovanjem, i internetom u globalni sustav čudesne složenosti.
So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center? Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions" -- not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity. And slightly more complex things appear. And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things. And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe. We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. And at each threshold, the going gets tougher. The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.
Pa evo velike zagonetke: u svemiru kojim vlada drugi zakon termodinamike, kako je moguće stvoriti vrstu složenosti koju sam opisao, vrstu složenosti zastupljenu u vama i meni i kongresnom centru? Pa, čini se kako je odgovor da svemir može stvoriti složenost ali uz velike poteškoće. U džepovima, pojavljuju se što moj kolega, Fred Spier, naziva "uvjeti za Zlatokosu" -- ne prehladno, ne prevruće, baš pravo za stvaranje složenosti. I malo se složenije stvari pojavljuju. A gdje imate malo složenije stvari, možete dobiti još malo složenije stvari. I na taj način, složenost nastaje stupanj po stupanj. Svaki je stupanj čaroban jer stvara utisak nečeg sasvim novog što se pojavljuje gotovo od nikud u svemiru. obraćamo se u velikoj povijesti na te trenutke kao na trenutke prelaska praga. A na svakom pragu, zbivanja postaju teža. Složene stvari postaju lomljivije, ranjivije; uvjeti za Zlatokosu postaju sve skučeniji, i postaje sve teže stvoriti složenost.
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility. And that's the story that we tell in big history. But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible. You have to survey the whole history of the universe. So let's do it.
Sad, mi smo krajnje složena stvorenja, očajnički trebamo znati tu priču o tome kako svemir stvara složenost usprkos drugom zakonu, te zašto složenost znači ranjivost i lomljivost. I to je priča koju pričamo u velikoj povijesti. Ali da to učiniš, moraš učiniti nešto što se može, na prvi pogled, doimati posve nemogućim. Morate pregledati čitavu povijest svemira. Pa hajmo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
Počnimo motanjem vremenske linije natrag 13,7 milijardi godina, do početka vremena.
Around us, there's nothing. There's not even time or space. Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are. And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold. The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot. It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting. And it's expanding at incredible speed. And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity. And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter -- quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons. And all of that happens in the first second.
Oko nas, nema ničega. Nema čak niti prostora ili vremena. Zamislite najtamniju, najprazniju stvar koju možete i potencirajte je gazilijun puta i to je gdje smo. A tad iznenada, bang! Pojavljuje se svemir, čitav svemir. I prešli smo naš prvi prag. Svemir je sićušan; manji je od atoma. Nevjerojatno je vruć. Sadrži sve što je u današnjem svemiru. pa možete zamisliti, buja I širi se nevjerojatnom brzinom. A isprva, samo je nejasan obris ali vrlo brzo se jasno izdvojene stvari počinju pojavljivati unutar tog obrisa. Unutar prve sekunde, sama se energija razbija u jasno izdvojene sile uključujući elektromagnetizam i gravitaciju. I energija čini još nešto posve čarobno: hladi se da stvori materiju -- kvarkove koji će stvoriti protone i leptone koji obuhvaćaju elektrone. A sve se to dešava u prvoj sekundi.
Now we move forward 380,000 years. That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet. And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium. Now I want to pause for a moment, 380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage. We know above all that it was extremely simple. It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure. They're really a sort of cosmic mush. But that's not completely true. Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background. What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas. These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity.
Sad se mičemo unaprijed 380.000 godina. To je dvostruko toliko koliko su ljudi bili na ovome planetu. I sada se pojavljuju jednostavni atomi vodika i helija. Želim sad stati na trenutak, 380.000 godina nakon nastanka svemira, jer zapravo znamo poprilično puno o svemiru u ovom stupnju. Znamo iznad svega kako je bio krajnje jednostavan. Sastojao se od ogromnih oblaka atoma vodika i helija, a oni nisu imali strukturu. Oni su zapravo vrsta kozmičke kaše. Ali to nije posve istinito. Nedavna istraživanja satelitima poput satelita WMAP su nam pokazala kako, zapravo, postoje sićušne razlike u toj pozadini. Što vidite ovdje, plava su podrućja otprilike tisućinu stupnja hladnija od crvenih područja. To su sićušne razlike, ali su bile dovoljne za svemir da pređe u slijedeći stupanj nastanka složenosti.
And this is how it works. Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms. So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds. And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, and then, at the center, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars. From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them. And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
A evo kako se to dogodilo. Gravitacija je moćnija tamo gdje je više stvari. Pa gdje imate malo gušća područja, gravitacija počne zbijati oblake atoma vodika i helija. Pa možemo zamisliti rani svemir kako se razbija u milijardu oblaka. I svaki je oblak zbijen, gravitacija postaje sve moćnija kako gustoća raste, temperatura počinje rasti u centru svakog oblaka, a tada, u u centru svakog oblaka, temperatura prelazi preko temperaturnog praga od 10 milijuna stupnjeva, protoni se počinju zbijati, dolazi do ogromnog ispuštanja energije, i, bam! Imamo naše prve zvijezde. Od oko 200 milijuna godina nakon Velikog praska, zvijezde se počinju pojavljivati širom svemira, njih milijarde. I svemir je sada značajno zanimljiviji i složeniji.
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion. So now the universe is chemically more complex. And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. And what starts happening is that, around young suns, young stars, all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons. And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago. Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials. So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
Zvijezde će stvoriti uvjete za Zlatokosu za prelazak dva nova praga. Kad vrlo velike zvijezde umru, stvaraju temperature tako visoke da se protoni zbijaju u svakakve egzotične kombinacije, da stvore sve elemente periodnog sustava. Ako, poput mene, nosite zlatni prsten, iskovan je u eksploziji supernove. Pa je sada svemir kemijski složeniji. A u kemijski složenijem svemiru, moguće je napraviti više stvari. I što se počinje događati je kako, oko mladih sunaca, mladih zvijezda, svi se ti elementi kombiniraju, kovitlaju uokolo, energija zvijezde ih miješa uokolo, stvaraju čestice, stvaraju pahuljice, stvaraju male trunke prašine, stvaraju stijene, stvaraju asteroide, i najzad, stvaraju planete i mjesece. I to je kako je naš sunčev sustav bio stvoren, prije četiri i pol milijarde godina. Stjenoviti planeti poput naše Zemlje su značajno složeniji od zvijezda jer sadrže puno veću raznolikost materijala. Tako smo prošli četvrti prag složenosti.
Now, the going gets tougher. The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity. I'm talking, of course, about living organisms. Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals. So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force. That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets. Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry? What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not too much. In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again. But not too little. In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine. What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
Sad, zbivanja postaju teža. Slijedeći stupanj uključuje entitete koji su značajno lomljiviji, značajno ranjiviji, ali su također puno stvaralačkiji, i puno sposobniji stvarati daljnju složenost. Pričam, naravno, o živim organizmima. Žive je organizme stvorila kemija. Mi smo ogromni paketi kemikalija. Pa, kemijom gospodari elektromagnetska sila. Ona djeluje na manjoj ljestvici nego gravitacije, što objašnjava zašto smo vi i ja manji od zvijezda i planeta. Sad, koji su idealni uvjeti za kemiju? Koji su uvjeti za Zlatokosu? Dobro, prvo trebate energiju, ali ne previše. U središtu zvijezde nalazi se toliko energije da će se bilo koji sastav atoma samo opet rastaviti. Ali ne premalo. U međugalaktičkom prostoru, toliko je malo energije da se atomi ne mogu sastaviti. Ono što želite je baš onu pravu količinu, a planeti, ispada, su baš pravi, jer su blizu zvijezdama, ali ne preblizu.
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquids, such as water. Why? Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up. In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move. In liquids, they can cruise and cuddle and link up to form molecules. Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions? Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect. It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water. And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements. So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
Također trebate veliku raznolikost kemijskih elemenata, i trebate tekućinu poput vode. Zašto? Pa, u plinovima, atomi se kreću jedni pored drugih toliko brzo da se ne stignu povezati. U krutinama, atomi su zbijeni zajedno, ne mogu se micati. U tekućinama, mogu krstariti i maziti se i povezivati kako bi oblikovali molekule. Sad, gdje nalazite takve uvjete za Zlatokosu? Pa, planeti su odlični, a naša je rana Zemlja bila gotovo savršena. Bila je to baš prava udaljenost od svoje zvijezde da sadrži ogromne oceane otvorene vode. A duboko ispod tih oceana, na pukotinama u Zemljinoj kori, imali ste izlijevanje topline iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje, i imali ste veliku raznolikost elemenata. Tako da se kod tih dubokih oceanskih odušaka počela događati fantastična kemija, a atomi su se kombinirali u svakakve egzotične kombinacije.
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry. How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable? Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick. You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself. And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information. You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information. So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms. And DNA also copies itself. So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean. So the information spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story. The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections. As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning. It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work. So DNA's learning and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity. And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
Ali naravno, život je više nego samo egzotična kemija. Kako stabilizirati te ogromne molekule za koje se čini kako podržavaju život? Pa, ovdje je mjesto gdje život uvodi posve novi trik. Ne stabilizirate jedinke; stabilizirate predložak, stvar koja nosi informaciju, i date predlošku da kopira sam sebe. A DNA, naravno, je prekrasna molekula koja sadrži tu informaciju. Bit će vam poznata dvostruka zavojnica DNA. Svaka prečka sadrži informaciju. Dakle, DNA sadrži informaciju o tome kako napraviti žive organizme. I DNA također kopira sebe samu. Tako, kopira ona sebe i rasijava predloške kroz ocean. I informacija se širi. Primijetite kako je informacija postala dio naše priče. Prava je ljepota DNA ipak u njenim nesavršenostima. Kako se kopira, jednom u svakih milijardu prečaka, dešava se greška. A što to znači je kako DNA, u stvari, uči. Prikuplja nove načine stvaranja živih organizama jer neke od tih grešaka rade. Dakle DNA uči i stvara veću raznolikost i veću složenost. A možemo vidjeti kako se to događa tijekom zadnjih četiri milijarde godina.
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells. But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity. Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear. You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs. And occasionally, there are disasters. Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out. Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs. And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
Kroz najveći dio tog vremena života na Zemlji, živi su organizmi bili relativno jednostavni -- pojedine stanice. Ali imali su veliku raznolikost, te, iznutra, veliku složenost. Onda od prije oko 600 do 800 milijuna godina, pojavljuju se višestanični organizmi. dobijete gljive, dobijete ribe, dobijete biljke, dobijete vodozemce, dobijete gmazove, i onda, naravno, dobijete dinosaure. I povremeno, dešavaju se katastrofe. Prije šezdeset pet milijuna godina, asteroid je pao na Zemlju blizu Yucatanskog poluotoka, stvarajući uvjete jednake onima nuklearnog rata, i dinosauri su bili izbrisani. Strašne vijesti za dinosaure, ali odlične vijesti za naše sisavačke pretke, koji su procvali u od dinosaura upražnjenim nišama. A mi ljudska bića smo dijelom tog stvaralačkog evolucijskog pulsa koji je počeo prije 65 milijuna godina padom asteroida.
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago. And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story. Let me explain why. We've seen that DNA learns in a sense, it accumulates information. But it is so slow. DNA accumulates information through random errors, some of which just happen to work. But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning: it had produced organisms with brains, and those organisms can learn in real time. They accumulate information, they learn. The sad thing is, when they die, the information dies with them. Now what makes humans different is human language. We are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory. And that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information, and it can accumulate from generation to generation. And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have a history. We seem to be the only species in four billion years to have this gift.
Ljudi su se pojavili prije oko 200.000 godina. A ja vjerujem da se brojimo kao prag u ovoj velikoj priči. Dajte da objasnim zašto. Vidjeli smo da DNA na neki način uči, prikuplja informacije. Ali to je tako sporo. DNA prikuplja informacije kroz slučajne greške, od kojih neke čisto ispada da rade. Ali DNA je zapravo stvorio brži način učenja: Stvorio je organizme s mozgovima, a ti organizmi mogu učiti u stvarnom vremenu. Prikupljaju informacije, uče. Žalosna je stvar, kad umru, informacije umiru s njima. Sad po čemu su ljudi različiti je ljudski jezik. Blagoslovljeni smo jezikom, sustavom komunikacije, tako moćnim i preciznim da možemo dijeliti ono što smo naučili tolikom točnošću da se to može prikupljati u kolektivnom pamćenju. A to znači kako može nadživjeti jedinke koje su naučile tu informaciju, i da se može prikupljati iz generacije u generaciju. A to je zašto smo, kao vrsta, toliko kreativni i toliko moćni, i to je zašto imamo povijest. Čini se kako smo jedina vrsta u četiri milijarde godina koja ima ovaj dar.
I call this ability collective learning. It's what makes us different. We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history. We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa, but then you see humans migrating into new environments, into desert lands, into jungles, into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia -- tough, tough environment -- into the Americas, into Australasia. Each migration involved learning -- learning new ways of exploiting the environment, new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
Zovem tu sposobnost kolektivno učenje. To je ono što nas čini različitim. Možemo ga vidjeti na djelu u najranijim fazama ljudske povijesti. Razvili smo se kao vrsta u savanskim prostranstvima Afrike, ali tada vidite ljude kako migriraju u nove okoliše, u pustinjska prostranstva, u džungle, u sibirsku tundru ledenog doba -- opak, opak okoliš -- u Amerike, u Australasiu. Svaka je migracija uključila učenje -- učenje novih načina korištenja okoliša, novih načina bavljenja njihovim okruženjem.
Then 10,000 years ago, exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age, humans learned to farm. Farming was an energy bonanza. And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied. Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected. And then from about 500 years ago, humans began to link up globally through shipping, through trains, through telegraph, through the Internet, until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost seven billion individuals. And that brain is learning at warp speed. And in the last 200 years, something else has happened. We've stumbled on another energy bonanza in fossil fuels. So fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
Tada prije 10.000 godina, koristeći naglu promjenu globalne klime sa krajem zadnjeg ledenog doba, ljudi su naučili obrađivati zemlju. Zemljoradnja je bila energetski izvor bogatstva. I koristeći tu energiju, ljudska se populacija umnožila. Ljudska društva su postala veća, gušća, međusobno povezanija. A onda prije oko 500 godina, ljudi su počeli povezivati globalno kroz brodove, kroz vlakove, kroz telegraf, kroz Internet, sve dok sad ne izgleda kako tvorimo jedinstven globalni mozak od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki. I taj mozak uči zapanjujućom brzinom. A u zadnjih 200 godina, još se nešto drugo dogodilo. Nabasali smo na drugi energetski izvor bogatstva u fosilnim gorivima. Tako fosilna goriva i kolektivno učenje zajedno objašnjavaju zapanjujuću složenost koju vidimo oko sebe.
So -- Here we are, back at the convention center. We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years. I hope you agree this is a powerful story. And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role. But it also contains warnings. Collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it. I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England, living through the Cuban Missile Crisis. For a few days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the verge of destruction. And the same weapons are still here, and they are still armed. If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us. We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human civilizations to flourish over the last 10,000 years. So what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us, but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
Pa, eto nas, nazad u kongresnom centru. Bili smo na putovanju, povratnom putovanju od 13,7 milijardi godina. Nadam se da se slažete kako je ovo moćna priča. I to je priča u kojoj ljudi igraju zadivljujuću i stvaralačku ulogu. Ali također sadrži i upozorenja. Kolektivno učenje je vrlo, vrlo moćna sila, a nije jasno kako smo mi ljudi ti koji njome ravnaju. Sjećam se vrlo živo kao dijete odrastajući u Engleskoj, proživljavanje Kubanske raketne krize. Kroz nekoliko dana, sva se biosfera činila kao na rubu uništenja. A ista su oružja i dalje ovdje, te su i dalje spremna. Ako izbjegnemo tu zamku, čekaju nas druge. Izgaramo fosilna goriva u tolikoj mjeri da se čini kako potkopavamo uvjete za Zlatokosu koji su omogućili ljudskim civilizacijama da cvatu tijekom zadnjih 10.000 godina. Pa ono što velika povijest može učiniti jest pokazati nam prirodu naše složenosti i lomljivosti i opasnosti s kojima smo suočeni, ali nam također može pokazati našu snagu kolektivnog učenja.
And now, finally -- this is what I want. I want my grandson, Daniel, and his friends and his generation, throughout the world, to know the story of big history, and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face us. And that's why a group of us are building a free, online syllabus in big history for high-school students throughout the world. We believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them, as Daniel and his generation face the huge challenges and also the huge opportunities ahead of them at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet.
A sad, konačno, ovo je što želim. Želim da moj unuk, Daniel, i njegovi prijatelji i njegova generacija, širom svijeta, da znaju priču velike povijesti, i da ju znaju tako dobro da razumiju jednako izazove kojima smo suočeni i prilike koje nam se pružaju. I to je zašto grupa nas stvara besplatno online kazalo velike povijesti za učenike srednjih škola širom svijeta. Vjerujemo kako će im velika povijest biti životno važan intelektualni alat, jer su Daniel i njegova generacija suočeni sa ogromnim izazovima i također ogromnim prilikama na putu preko ovog praga u povijesti ovog prekrasnog planeta.
I thank you for your attention.
Zahvaljujem na vašoj pažnji.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)