When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice, which was to interview three politicians every day. And from that much contact with politicians, I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another. They have what I called "logorrhea dementia," which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane. (Laughter) But what they do have is incredible social skills. When you meet them, they lock into you, they look you in the eye, they invade your personal space, they massage the back of your head.
Kada sam počeo raditi svoj sadašnji posao, dobio sam dobar savjet a to je da svakog dana intervjuišem troje političara. I iz svog tog kontakta sa političarima, mogu vam reći da su svi oni na neki način emocionalni čudaci. Oni pate od nečega što ja nazivam logorrhea dementia, što znači da pričaju toliko mnogo da na kraju sami sebe izlude. (Smijeh) No, ono što oni posjeduju su nevjerovatne socijalne vještine. Kada se sretnete, oni vas obgrle, gledaju vas u oči, zaposjednu vaš lični prostor, masiraju vam potiljak.
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago who kept his hand on my inner thigh throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it. I once -- this was years ago -- I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate. And they were friends, and they hugged each other and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart. And they were moving and grinding and moving their arms up and down each other. And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this." But they have those social skills.
Prije nekoliko mjeseci sam bio na večeri sa jednim Republikanskim senatorom koji je tokom cijele večere držao ruku na unutrašnjoj strani moje butine -- stiskajući je. Jednom sam -- to je bilo prije mnogo godina -- vidjeo Teda Kennedyja i Dana Quayle kako se susreću u Senatu. Njih dvojica su bili prijatelji, zagrlili su se i smijali su se, dok su im lica bila tek ovoliko udaljena. I micali su se i stiskali i mazili jedan drugog. Ja sam bio u fazonu, "Uzmite sobu. Ne želim ovo gledati." Ali oni naprosto posjeduju te socijalne vještine.
Another case: Last election cycle, I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire, and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons: Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Lip and Dip. (Laughter) And he's going into a diner. And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?" And then he describes the home he owned in their village. And so he goes around the room, and then as he's leaving the diner, he first-names almost everybody he's just met. I was like, "Okay, that's social skill."
Drugi slučaj: Tokom poslednjeg izbornog kruga sam pratio Mitta Romneya kroz New Hampshire. On je vodio kampanju sa petoricom svojih savršenih sinova: Bipom, Chipom, Ripom, Zipom, Lipom i Dipom. (Smijeh) I on odlazi u restoran. Ulazi u restoran, predstavlja se jednoj porodici i kaže, "Iz kojeg ste sela u New Hampshireu?" Te potom opiše kuću koju je imao u njihovom selu. I tako prošeta prostorijom, a na izlasku iz restorana, obraća se prvim imenom gotovo svima koje je tek tada upoznao. Pomislio sam "Pa dobro, to je socijalna vještina."
But the paradox is, when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode, that social awareness vanishes and they start talking like accountants. So in the course of my career, I have covered a series of failures. We sent economists in the Soviet Union with privatization plans when it broke up, and what they really lacked was social trust. We invaded Iraq with a military oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities. We had a financial regulatory regime based on the assumptions that traders were rational creatures who wouldn't do anything stupid. For 30 years, I've been covering school reform and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes -- charters, private schools, vouchers -- but we've had disappointing results year after year. And the fact is, people learn from people they love. And if you're not talking about the individual relationship between a teacher and a student, you're not talking about that reality. But that reality is expunged from our policy-making process.
Ali paradoks je u tome što kada mnogi od ovih ljudi otpočnu sa oblikovanjem politika, ta socijalna svijest iščezne i oni počinju pričati kao računovođe. Tokom svoje karijere sam pisao o mnogim neuspjesima. Kada se Sovjetski Savez raspao mi smo poslali ekonomiste sa planovima privatizacije, a ono što je njima zapravo nedostajalo je bilo socijalno povjerenje. Izvršili smo vojnu invaziju Iraka nesvjesni kulturnih i psiholoških realnosti. Imali smo finansijski regulatorni režim zasnovan na pretpostavkama da su trgovci racionalna stvorenja koja ne bi učinila ništa glupo. Trideset godina pišem o reformi školstva a praktično smo reorganizovali birokratske kutije -- povelje, privatne škole, vaučere -- no, godinu za godinom imamo razočaravajuće rezultate. A činjenica je da ljudi uče od onih koje vole. I ako ne govorite o individualnoj vezi između nastavnika i učenika, ne govorite o toj realnosti, ta realnost je izbrisana iz našeg procesa definisanja politika.
And so that's led to a question for me: Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth completely dehumanized when they think about policy? And I came to the conclusion, this is a symptom of a larger problem. That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature based on the notion that we're divided selves, that reason is separated from the emotions and that society progresses to the extent that reason can suppress the passions. And it's led to a view of human nature that we're rational individuals who respond in straightforward ways to incentives, and it's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assumptions of physics to measure how human behavior is. And it's produced a great amputation, a shallow view of human nature.
I to je me je dovelo do pitanja: Zbog čega socijalno najprilagođeniji ljudi na planeti postanu potpuno dehumanizirani kada razmišljaju o politikama? I došao sam do zaključka da je to simptom jednog većeg problema. Vijekovima nasljeđujemo sliku ljudske prirode koja je zasnovana na pojmu da smo mi podijeljelja bića, da je razum odvojen od emocija i da društvo napreduje do te mjere da razum može potisnuti strasti. To je dovelo do viđenja ljudske prirode po kojem smo mi racionalne individue koje na direktan način odgovaraju na podsticaje. I to je dovelo do načina posmatranja svijeta u kojem ljudi pokušavaju da koriste pretpostavke iz fizike kako bi izmjerili ljudsko ponašanje. To je stvorilo ogroman nedostatak, površno posmatranje ljudske prirode.
We're really good at talking about material things, but we're really bad at talking about emotions. We're really good at talking about skills and safety and health; we're really bad at talking about character. Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher, said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality of virtue, honor, goodness, but we no longer have a system by which to connect them." And so this has led to a shallow path in politics, but also in a whole range of human endeavors.
Jako smo dobri kada pričamo o materijalnim stvarima, ali smo očajni kada govorimo o emocijama. Dobri smo kada pričamo o vještinama, bezbjednosti i zdravlju, ali smo jako loši kada pričamo o karakteru. Alasdair MacIntyre, poznati filosof, je rekao "Poznajemo pojmove drevne moralnosti, vrline, časti, dobrote, ali više nemamo sistem kojim bismo ih povezali." I to nas je dovelo do površnog puta u politici, ali i mnogim drugim ljudskim nastojanjima.
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids. You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon and you watch the kids come out, and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks. If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground. You see these cars that drive up -- usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos, because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car, so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy -- that's fine. They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms, who are highly successful career women who have taken time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard. And you can usually tell the uber-moms because they actually weigh less than their own children. (Laughter) So at the moment of conception, they're doing little butt exercises. Babies flop out, they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things.
To možete vidjeti u načinu na koji odgajamo djecu. Ako odete u osnovnu školu u tri sata poslijepodne i gledate djecu kako izlaze, sva djeca nose ruksake teške 40 kilograma. Kada bi ih vjetar otpuhao, ležali bi kao bube izvrnute na zemlji. Vidite te automobile koji prilaze -- uglavnom su to Saabovi, Audi i Volvo, jer je u pojedinim dijelovima grada društveno prihvatljivo imati luksuzni auto dok god je porijeklom iz zemlje koja je neprijateljski nastrojena prema američkoj vanjskoj politici -- to je u redu. Po njih dolaze ova stvorenja koja ja nazivam uber-mamama, to su izuzetno uspješne žene koje naprave pauzu u karijeri kako bi bile sigurne da će im djeca upasti na Harvard. Uber-mame uglavnom možete prepoznati po tome što imaju manje kilograma od sopstvene djece. (Smijeh). U trenutku začeća one rade vježbice za guzu. Bebe izlete van, dok im one mašu karticama na mandarinskom jeziku ispred nosa.
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened, so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company with its own foreign policy. In one of my books, I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste -- doesn't kill germs, just asks them to leave. It would be a big seller. (Laughter) And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula, and Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International. (Laughter) They buy these seaweed-based snacks there called Veggie Booty with Kale, which is for kids who come home and say, "Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer."
Voze ih kući, žele da budu prosvijetljeni, pa ih vode u Ben i Jerry's slastičarne koje imaju sopstvenu vanjsku politiku. U jednoj od mojih knjiga sam se našalio da bi Ben i Jerry's trebali napraviti pacifisirajuću pastu za zube -- koja ne ubija klice, već ih samo zamoli da odu. Odlično bi se prodavala. (Smijeh) I potom odlaze u prodavnice zdrave hrane da uzmu suplemente za bebe. A ove prodavnice zdrave hrane su ona vrsta progresivnih prodavnica u kojima sve kasirke izgledaju kao da su pozajmljenje od organizacije Amnesty International. (Smijeh) Tu kupuju krekere od algi koji se zovu Veggie Booty sa keljom, koji su za djecu koja dođu kući kažu: "Mama, mama, hoću užinu koja pomaže u prevenciji raka debelog crijeva!
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And so the kids are raised in a certain way, jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure -- SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice. They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs, and sometimes they make a success of themselves in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money. And sometimes you can see them at vacation places like Jackson Hole or Aspen. And they've become elegant and slender -- they don't really have thighs; they just have one elegant calve on top of another. (Laughter) They have kids of their own, and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people, so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein, their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that. They get there and they realize it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights. So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs -- all look like velociraptors, all named after Jane Austen characters.
I tako se ta djeca odgajaju na određen način, preskaču kroz obruč ostvarenja koja se mogu izmjeriti -- pripreme za prijemni ispit, oboa, fudbal. Upisuju se na konkurentne koledže, dobijaju dobre poslove, i ponekad postanu uspješni na površan način, i zarade gomilu novca. A ponekad ih možete vidjeti u odmaralištima poput Jackson Hole ili Aspena. I onda vidite da su i oni postali elegantni i vitki -- zapravo nemaju butine; imaju samo dva elegantna lista, jedan na drugome. (Smijeh) I oni imaju svoju djecu, a ostvarili su genetsko čudo ženeći se ili udajući lijepim ljudima, tako da njihove bake izgledaju kao Gertrude Stein, njihove kćerke poput Halle Berry -- ne znam kako im to uspjeva. Dospiju dotle i tada shvate da je sada u modi imati pse koji su visoki do pola zida. I tako oni imaju ove čupave pse teške 80kg -- koji izgledaju kao velociraptori (vrsta dinosaurusa, prim.prev.), a imena su dobili po likovima Jane Austin.
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life, but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything; I'm just not going to die." And so they hire personal trainers; they're popping Cialis like breath mints. You see them on the mountains up there. They're cross-country skiing up the mountain with these grim expressions that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis. (Laughter) And as they whiz by you, it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet going up the hill.
I onda kada ostare, shvate da zapravo nisu razvili životnu filozofiju, ali odluče, "Uspješan/-na sam u svemu, i jednostavno neću umrijeti." I onda unajme lične trenere, gutaju Cialis kao pepermint bombone. I tako ih viđate na planinama. Skijaju uz planinu sa namrgođenim izrazom lica tako da pored njih Dick Cheney izgleda kao Jerry Lewis. (Smijeh) I dok proleću pored vas kao da vas mimoilaze male željezne grožđice koje se penju uzbrdo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And so this is part of what life is, but it's not all of what life is. And over the past few years, I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature and a deeper view of who we are. And it's not based on theology or philosophy, it's in the study of the mind, across all these spheres of research, from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists, behavioral economists, psychologists, sociology, we're developing a revolution in consciousness. And when you synthesize it all, it's giving us a new view of human nature. And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature, it's a new humanism, it's a new enchantment. And I think when you synthesize this research, you start with three key insights.
Znači, ovo je dio onoga što čini život, ali nije sve u životu. Mislim da smo tokom nekoliko poslednjih godina, dobili dublji pogled na ljudsku prirodu i dublji uvid u to ko smo mi. A on ne počiva na teologiji ili filosofiji, već na izučavanju uma, u raznim sferama istraživanja. od neuroloških do kognitivnih naučnika, bihejvioralnih ekonomista, psihologa, sociologa, razvijamo revoluciju svjesti. I kada napravite sintezu svega toga, dobijemo novi pogled na ljudsku prirodu. Daleko od toga da je to hladno materijalističko viđenje prirode, to je novi humanizam, nova očaranost. Mislim da, kada napravite sintezu ovog istraživanja, otpočnete sa tri ključna uvida.
The first insight is that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species, the unconscious mind does most of the work. And so one way to formulate that is the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute, of which it can be consciously aware of about 40. And this leads to oddities. One of my favorite is that people named Dennis are disproportionately likely to become dentists, people named Lawrence become lawyers, because unconsciously we gravitate toward things that sound familiar, which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks. (Laughter) Another finding is that the unconscious, far from being dumb and sexualized, is actually quite smart. So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture. It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house. And the way you should do that is study the furniture, let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself, and then a few days later, go with your gut, because unconsciously you've figured it out.
Prvi uvid je taj da dok svjesni um piše autobiografiju naše vrste, nesvjesni um obavlja najveći dio posla. Mogli bismo reći da ljudski um može primiti milione informacija u minuti, ali može biti svjestan samo otprilike njih 40. A to vodi ka čudnim stvarima. Jedna od mojih omiljenih je da ljudi po imenu Dennis imaju disproporcionalnu vjerovatnoću da postanu zubari (Dennis-dentist), oni koji se zovu Lawrence postaju advokati (Lawrence-lawyer) jer nesvjesno gravitiramo ka stvarima koje zvuči poznato, a zbog čega sam svoju kćerku nazvao Predsjednica Sjedinjenih Država Brooks. (Smijeh) Drugo otkriće je da to nesvjesno, koje je daleko od toga da je glupo i seksualizirano, zapravo prilično pametno. Jedna od kognitivno najzahtjevnijih stvari koje radimo je kupovina namještaja. Zaista je teško zamisliti kako će divan izgledati u vašem domu. A ono što biste trebali učiniti je da proučite namještaj, pustite ga da se marinira u vašim mislima, i da se zanimate nečim drugim, te da poslije nekoliko dana slijedite osjećaj, jer ste nesvjesno već odlučili.
The second insight is that emotions are at the center of our thinking. People with strokes and lesions in the emotion-processing parts of the brain are not super smart, they're actually sometimes quite helpless. And the "giant" in the field is in the room tonight and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio. And one of the things he's really shown us is that emotions are not separate from reason, but they are the foundation of reason because they tell us what to value. And so reading and educating your emotions is one of the central activities of wisdom.
Drugi uvid je da su emocije u centru našeg razmišljanja. Ljudi koji su imali moždani udar ili lezije u dijelu mozga koji obrađuje emocije nisu super pametni, ponekad su zapravo potpuno bespomoćni. Večeras je sa nama veliki stručnjak u toj oblasti -- Antonio Damasio, koji će govoriti sutra. Jedna od stvari koje nam je pokazao je da emocije nisu odvojene od razuma, već su temelj razuma jer nam kazuju šta da vrjednujemo. Čitanje i obrazovanje vaših emocija su jedna od centralnih aktivnosti mudrosti.
Now I'm a middle-aged guy. I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions. One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys. They put them into a brain scan machine -- this is apocryphal by the way, but I don't care -- and they had them watch a horror movie, and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives. And the brain scans were identical in both activities. It was just sheer terror. So me talking about emotion is like Gandhi talking about gluttony, but it is the central organizing process of the way we think. It tells us what to imprint. The brain is the record of the feelings of a life.
Evo, ja sam muškarac u srednjim godinama; nije mi baš prijatno sa emocijama. Jedna od mojih omiljenih priča o mozgu opisuje nekoliko muškaraca srednjih godina. Stavljaju ih uređaj u za skeniranje mozga -- usput, ovo je apokrifično, no nije me briga -- i daju im da gledaju horor film, a potom ih pitaju da opišu šta osjećaju prema svojim suprugama. Snimke mozga su bile identične prilikom obje aktivnosti. To je bio potpuni užas. Tako da kada ja pričam o emocijama je kao kada bi Gandhi pričao o proždrljivosti, no to je centralni organizacioni proces načina na koji razmišljamo. Govori nam šta da zapamtimo. Mozak je skladište osjećanja jednog života.
And the third insight is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals. We're social animals, not rational animals. We emerge out of relationships, and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another. And so when we see another person, we reenact in our own minds what we see in their minds. When we watch a car chase in a movie, it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase. When we watch pornography, it's a little like having sex, though probably not as good. And we see this when lovers walk down the street, when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia gets caught up in an emotional contagion, the deep interpenetration. And this revolution in who we are gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics, a different way, most importantly, of seeing human capital.
I treći uvid je da nismo prvenstveno samo-dovoljne individue. Mi smo društvene životinje, a ne racionalne životinje. Izranjamo iz veza, i duboko smo prožeti jedni drugima. I kada vidimo drugu osobu, u sopstvenim umovima preslikamo ono što vidimo u njihovim. Kada gledamo jurnjavu auta u filmu, kao da i mi sami donekle učestvujemo u jurnjavi. Kada gledamo pornografiju, pomalo je kao da i sami upražnjavamo seks, premda, vjerovatno, ne podjednako dobro. Vidimo to kada zaljubljeni parovi šetaju ulicom, kada masu ljudi u Egiptu ili Tunisu preplavi emotivni talas, duboko uzajamno prožimanje. A ova revolucija u tome ko smo mi omogućava da na drugačiji način posmatramo politiku što je najznačajnije, na drugačiji način posmatramo ljudski potencijal.
We are now children of the French Enlightenment. We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties. But I think this research shows that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment, with David Hume, Adam Smith, actually had a better handle on who we are -- that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong, and our sentiments are often trustworthy. And this work corrects that bias in our culture, that dehumanizing bias. It gives us a deeper sense of what it actually takes for us to thrive in this life. When we think about human capital we think about the things we can measure easily -- things like grades, SAT's, degrees, the number of years in schooling. What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life, are things that are deeper, things we don't really even have words for. And so let me list just a couple of the things I think this research points us toward trying to understand.
Mi smo sada djeca francuskog prosvjetiteljstva. Vjerujemo da je razum najviša od sposobnosti. No, mislim da ovo istraživanje pokazuje da je britansko prosvjetiteljstvo, ili škotsko prosvjetiteljstvo, sa Davidom Humom, Adamom Smithom, zapravo imalo bolju ideju o tome ko smo mi -- razum je često slab, naša osjećanja su jaka, a osjećanjima se često može vjerovati. Ovaj rad ispravlja tu pristrasnost u našoj kulturi, tu duboko humanizirajuću pristrasnost. Daje nam dublji smisao onoga što je zapravo potrebno da bismo napredovali u ovom životu. Kada razmišljamo o ljudskom potencijalu mislimo na ono što možemo lako izmjeriti -- poput ocjena, prijemnog ispita za koledž, diploma, broja godina obrazovanja. Ono što je zaista potrebno da bismo vodili smislen život je nešto što je mnogo dublje, nešto za šta čak nemamo riječi. Dopustite mi da nabrojim nekoliko stvari ka čijem razumijevanje nas ovo istraživanje upućuje.
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight -- the ability to enter into other people's minds and learn what they have to offer. Babies come with this ability. Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington, leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old. He wagged his tongue at the baby. The baby wagged her tongue back. Babies are born to interpenetrate into Mom's mind and to download what they find -- their models of how to understand reality. In the United States, 55 percent of babies have a deep two-way conversation with Mom and they learn models to how to relate to other people. And those people who have models of how to relate have a huge head start in life. Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study in which they could predict with 77 percent accuracy, at age 18 months, who was going to graduate from high school, based on who had good attachment with mom. Twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships. They are what we call avoidantly attached. They have trouble relating to other people. They go through life like sailboats tacking into the wind -- wanting to get close to people, but not really having the models of how to do that. And so this is one skill of how to hoover up knowledge, one from another.
Prvi dar, ili talenat, je pronicljivost -- sposobnost da uđemo u umove drugih i shvatimo šta imaju za ponuditi. Bebe se rađaju sa tom sposobnošću. Meltzoff, sa Univerziteta u Washingtonu, nagnuo se nad bebu koja je bila stara 43 minute. Isplazio joj je jezik. Beba je isplazila svoj jezik zauzvrat. Bebe su rođene da proniknu u majčin um i preuzmu ono što nađu -- njihove modele razumevanja stvarnosti. U Sjedinjenim Državama, 55% beba ima dubok dvosmjerni razgovor sa majkama i tako usvajaju modele odnošenja prema drugim ljudima. A pojedinci koji imaju takve modele odnosa u ogromnoj su prednosti u životu. Naučnici na Univerzitetu Minnesota su radili studiju u kojoj su mogli predvidjeti sa 77% tačnosti, u dobu od 18 mjeseci, ko će maturirati u srednjoj školi, na osnovu toga ko je imao dobru vezu sa majkom. 20% djece nemaju takvu vrstu odnosa. Oni su ono što mi nazivamo izbjegavajuće privrženi. Imaju teškoća u odnosima prema drugim ljudima. Idu kroz život poput jedrilica koje poigravaju na vjetru -- žele da se približe ljudima, ali zapravo nemaju modele na koji način da to urade. I to je jedna od vještina usvajanja znanja, jedno od drugoga.
A second skill is equipoise, the ability to have the serenity to read the biases and failures in your own mind. So for example, we are overconfidence machines. Ninety-five percent of our professors report that they are above-average teachers. Ninety-six percent of college students say they have above-average social skills. Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners?" Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners. (Laughter) This is a gender-linked trait, by the way. Men drown at twice the rate of women, because men think they can swim across that lake. But some people have the ability and awareness of their own biases, their own overconfidence. They have epistemological modesty. They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity. They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions to the strength of their evidence. They are curious. And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ.
Druga vještina je izbalansiranost. Sposobnost da se posjeduje smirenost da se prepoznaju predrasude i neuspjesi u sopstvenom umu. Na primjer, mi smo uređaji sa pretjeranim samopouzdanjem. 95% naših profesora kažu da su oni iznad prosječnih nastavnika. 96% studenata kažu da posjeduju nadprosječne socijalne vještine. Time magazin je pitao Amerikance, "Spadate li vi u onih 1% na samom vrhu po zaradi?" 19% Amerikanaca se nalaze među tih 1%. (Smijeh) Usput rečeno, to je i rodna odlika. Muškarci se utapaju u dvostruko većem broju u odnosu na žene, jer misle da mogu preplivati jezero. No, neki ljudi imaju sposobnost i svijest o sopstvenim predrasudama, o svom pretjeranom samopouzdanju. Oni posjeduju epistemološku skromnost. Otvorenog uma se suočavaju sa dvosmislenošću. U stanju su prilagoditi snagu zaključaka snazi svojih dokaza. Radoznali su. A ove odlike često nisu povezane, niti imaju bilo kakvu uzajamnu vezu sa koeficijentom inteligencije.
The third trait is metis, what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word. It's a sensitivity to the physical environment, the ability to pick out patterns in an environment -- derive a gist. One of my colleagues at the Times did a great story about soldiers in Iraq who could look down a street and detect somehow whether there was an IED, a landmine, in the street. They couldn't tell you how they did it, but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness, and they were more often right than wrong. The third is what you might call sympathy, the ability to work within groups. And that comes in tremendously handy, because groups are smarter than individuals. And face-to-face groups are much smarter than groups that communicate electronically, because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal. And the effectiveness of a group is not determined by the IQ of the group; it's determined by how well they communicate, how often they take turns in conversation.
Treća odlika je medes, ono što zovemo mudrost ulice -- to je grčka riječ. To je osjetljivost na fizičko okruženja, sposobnost razaznavanja obrazaca iz okruženja -- izvlačenja srži. Jedan od mojih kolega iz Times-a je napisao sjajnu priču o vojnicima u Iraku koji bi mogli pogledati niz ulicu i nekako utvrditi da li u njoj ima eksplozivnih sredstava, ili nagaznih mina. Nisu znali objasniti kako to rade, već bi jednostavno osjetili jezu, osjetili bi hladnoću, i mnogo češće su bili u pravu nego što bi pogriješili. Treće je ono što bi se moglo nazvati saosjećanjem, sposobnošću da radimo unutar grupa. A to je nevjerovatno zgodno imati, jer su grupe pametnije od pojedinaca -- a grupe koje sarađuju neposredno su mnogo pametnije od grupa koje komuniciraju elektronskim putem, jer je 90% naše komunikacije neverbalna. Efikasnost grupe nije određena koeficijentom inteligencije grupe, već time koliko uspješno članovi grupe komuniciraju, koliko često se smjenjuju u razgovoru.
Then you could talk about a trait like blending. Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger. It seems so elementary. But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger" and blend them together. But this is the source of innovation. What Picasso did, for example, was take the concept "Western art" and the concept "African masks" and blend them together -- not only the geometry, but the moral systems entailed in them. And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure.
A onda možemo pričati o ličnoj crti poput uklapanja. Svako dijete može reći, "ja sam tigar", i pretvarati se da jeste. To izgleda potpuno obično. No, zapravo je izuzetno komplikovano uzeti pojam "ja" i pojam "tigar" i spojiti ih zajedno. Ali to je izvor inovacije. Picasso je, na primjer, uzeo koncept zapadnjačke umjetnosti i koncept afričkih maski i spojio ih -- ne samo geometriju, već i moralne sisteme sadržane u njima. A to su, opet, vještine koje ne možemo brojati niti mjeriti.
And then the final thing I'll mention is something you might call limerence. And this is not an ability; it's a drive and a motivation. The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige. The unconscious mind hungers for those moments of transcendence, when the skull line disappears and we are lost in a challenge or a task -- when a craftsman feels lost in his craft, when a naturalist feels at one with nature, when a believer feels at one with God's love. That is what the unconscious mind hungers for. And many of us feel it in love when lovers feel fused.
I poslednja stvar koju ću pomenuti je nešto što biste mogli nazvati iskustvom zaljubljivanja. To nije sposobnost, već poriv i motivacija. Svjestan um žudi za uspjehom i prestižem. Nesvjestan um čezne za onim trenucima transcendentalnog, kada fizička granica nestane, a mi se izgubimo u izazovu ili zadatku -- kada se zanatlija izgubi u svom zanatu, kada prirodnjak osjeti jedinstvo sa prirodom, kada vjernik osjeti da je dio božje ljubavi. To je ono za čim žudi nesvjestan um. Mnogi od nas osjećaju to u ljubavi kad ljubavnici osjećaju jedinstvo.
And one of the most beautiful descriptions I've come across in this research of how minds interpenetrate was written by a great theorist and scientist named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana. He was married to a woman named Carol, and they had a wonderful relationship. When their kids were five and two, Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly. And Hofstadter wrote a book called "I Am a Strange Loop." In the course of that book, he describes a moment -- just months after Carol has died -- he comes across her picture on the mantel, or on a bureau in his bedroom.
Jedan od najljepših opisa na koje sam naišao tokom ovog istraživanja o tome na koji način se misli prepliću napisao je čuveni teoretičar i naučnik po imenu Douglas Hofstadter sa Univerziteta Indiana. Bio je oženjen ženom po imenu Carol, i imali su predivnu vezu. Kada su njihova djeca imala pet i dvije godine, Carol je imala moždani udar i tumor, i iznenada je preminula. Hofstadter je napisao knjigu pod nazivom "Ja sam neobična petlja". Na jednom mjestu u toj knjizi opisuje trenutak -- svega mjesec dana nakon što je Carol umrla -- kadabi pronašao njezinu sliku na polici, ili na pisaćem stolu u spavaćoj sobi.
And here's what he wrote: "I looked at her face, and I looked so deeply that I felt I was behind her eyes. And all at once I found myself saying as tears flowed, 'That's me. That's me.' And those simple words brought back many thoughts that I had had before, about the fusion of our souls into one higher-level entity, about the fact that at the core of both our souls lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children, about the notion that those hopes were not separate or distinct hopes, but were just one hope, one clear thing that defined us both, that welded us into a unit -- the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined before being married and having children. I realized that, though Carol had died, that core piece of her had not died at all, but had lived on very determinedly in my brain."
Napisao je sljedeće: "Gledao sam njezino lice, i tako duboko sam gledao da sam osjetio kao da gledam njenim očima. I odjednom sam se našao kako, dok su mi suze tekle, govorim "To sam ja. To sam ja." I te jednostavne riječi su vratile mnoge misli koje sam nekada imao o spajanju naših duša u jedno biće na višem nivou, o činjenici da se u suštini naših duša nalaze naše identične nade i snovi o našoj djeci, o saznanju da te nade nisu odvojene niti različite, već tek jedna nada, jedna jasna stvar koja nas je definisala oboje, koja nas je stopila u jedinku -- jedinku kakvu gotovo da nisam mogao zamisliti dok se nisam oženio i dobio djecu. Shvatio sam da, iako je Carol umrla, taj suštinski dio nje uopšte nije umro, već je odlučno nastavio živjeti u mome mozgu."
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom. Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood how deeply interpenetrated we are. Through the policy failures of the last 30 years, we have come to acknowledge, I think, how shallow our view of human nature has been. And now as we confront that shallowness and the failures that derive from our inability to get the depths of who we are, comes this revolution in consciousness -- these people in so many fields exploring the depth of our nature and coming away with this enchanted, this new humanism. And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious, it had a vast effect on the climate of the times. Now we are discovering a more accurate vision of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside, and it's going to have a wonderful and profound and humanizing effect on our culture.
Grci kažu da patnjom stižemo do mudrosti. Kroz svoju patnju, Hofstadter je shvatio koliko duboko smo isprepleteni. Kroz političke neuspjehe tokom poslednjih 30 godina, mislim da smo shvatili koliko je površno naše viđenje ljudske prirode. I sada kada se suočavamo sa tom površnošću i neuspjesima koji proizilaze iz naše nesposobnosti da prodremo u dubine sopstvenog bića, nastupa ova revolucija svijesti -- ti ljudi iz toliko mnogo oblasti istražuju dubinu naše prirode i otkrivaju ovaj začarani, ovaj novi humanizam. A kada je Freud otkrio svoje shvatanje podsvjesnog, to je imalo ogroman uticaj na tadašnje vrijeme. Sada otkrivamo tačniju verziju podsvjesnoga -- onoga što smo duboko iznutra. I to će imati predivan i dubok i humanizirajući uticaj na našu kulturu.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)