The longest journey that I have ever taken. That was in 2002. I was only 19 years old. It was the first time I had ever been on an airplane and the first time that I had left my country, Rwanda.
我走過最長的旅途。 那時是 2002 年。 我只有 19 歲。 那是我第一次搭飛機, 第一次離開我的國家, 盧安達。
I had to move thousands of kilometers away to follow a dream. A dream I have had ever since I was a child. And that dream was to become an architect. That was impossible at the time in my country. There were no schools of architecture. So when I got a scholarship to study in China, I left my life and my family behind and I moved to Shanghai.
我得要到數千公里之外, 去追一個夢, 我從孩提時就在作的夢, 成為建築師的夢。 當時,在我的國家, 那是不可能實現的。 盧安達沒有建築學校。 所以我拿了獎學金,到中國去讀書, 我離開了我的生活和我的家人, 我搬到上海。
It was an amazing time. This country was going through a major building boom. Shanghai, my new home, was quickly turning into a skyscraper city. China was changing. World-class projects were built to convey a new image of development. Modern, striking engineering marvels were going up literally everywhere. But behind these facades, exploitation of huge numbers of migrant workers, massive displacement of thousands of people made these projects possible. And this fast-paced development also contributed significantly to the pollution that is haunting China today.
那是個很不可思議的時代。 中國正在經歷重大的建設熱潮。 上海,我的新家, 很快就變成了摩天大樓城市。 中國在改變。 開始建造世界級的專案計畫, 來傳達發展的新形象。 現代化、出眾的 工程奇蹟幾乎到處可見。 但在這些外表的背後, 是對大量移民工人的剝削, 因為有數千人的大量遷移, 才讓這些專案計畫能實現。 這種步調很快的發展, 也顯著造成了現今困擾中國的 污染問題。
Fast-forward to 2010, when I went back home to Rwanda. There, I found development patterns similar to what I saw in China. The country was and still is experiencing its own population and economic growth. The pressure to build cities, infrastructure and buildings is at its peak, and as a result, there is a massive building boom as well.
快轉到 2010 年, 我回到盧安達的家。 在那裡,我發現發展模式 和我在中國看到的很相似。 盧安達仍然正在經歷 它自己的人口和經濟成長。 建立城市、基礎建設、大樓的壓力 到達高峰, 因此, 也出現了大規模的建設熱潮。
This is the reality across the entire continent of Africa, and here's why. By 2050, Africa's population will double, reaching 2.5 billion people. At this point, the African population will be slightly less than the current population of China and India combined. The infrastructure and buildings needed to accommodate this many people is unprecedented in the history of humankind. We have estimated that by 2050, we have to build 700,000,000 more housing units, more than 300,000 schools and nearly 100,000 health centers.
這是整個非洲大陸的現實, 而原因如下。 到 2050 年,非洲的人口會加倍, 到達 25 億人。 在這個時點, 非洲的人口數只會比中國和印度 目前人口的總數少一點點。 這麼多人所需要的基礎建設和大樓 是人類史上前所未見的。 我們估計,到 2050 年, 我們得再建立七億間住房單位、 至少三十萬間學校、 還有近十萬間衛生所。
Let me put that into perspective for you. Every day for the next 35 years, we have to build seven health centers, 25 schools and nearly 60,000 housing units each day, every day.
讓我協助各位更了解實際狀況。 接下來的 35 年間,每一天, 我們就得建立 7 間衛生所、 25 間學校、 以及近 6 萬間住房單位, 每天都要。
How are we going to build all of this? Are we going to follow a model of unsustainable building and construction similar to what I witnessed in China? Or can we develop a uniquely African model of sustainable and equitable development? I'm optimistic we can. I know Africans who are already doing it. Take Nigerian architect Kunlé Adeyemi for instance, and his work in slums of coastal megacities. Places like Makoko in Lagos, where hundreds of thousands of people live in makeshift structures on stilts on water, without government infrastructure or services. A community at great risk of rising sea levels and climate change. And yet, people who live here are examples of great ingenuity and the will to survive. Kunlé and his team have designed a prototype school that is resilient to rising sea levels. This is Makoko School. It's a floating prototype structure that can be adapted to clinics, to housing, to markets and other vital infrastructure this community needs. It's an ingenious solution that can ensure this community lives safely on the waters of Lagos.
我們怎麼建得出來? 我們要遵照類似 我在中國見證的不永續建築 和建設模型嗎? 還是我們能發展出 獨一無二的非洲模型, 永續和公正發展的模型? 我盡可能樂觀。 我知道已經有非洲人在這麼做了。 比如,奈及利亞建築師 昆萊亞德耶米, 他在沿岸百萬人口大都市中的 貧民窟做建設。 像拉哥斯的馬可可這種地方, 在這裡,數十萬人 住在臨時搭在水面上的建築物中, 沒有政府提供的基礎建設或服務。 這個社區面臨的巨大風險 包括海平面上升以及氣候變遷。 但,住在這裡的人,是足智多謀 和生存意志的好典範。 昆萊和他的團隊 設計了一個原型學校, 它能夠適應海平面上升。 這是馬可可學校。 這個漂浮的原型結構 可以被應用在診所、 住房、市場、 以及這個社區需要的其他重要基礎建設。 這是個很巧妙的解決方案, 能確保這個社區在拉哥斯的 水面上也能安全地居住。
This is Francis Kéré. He works in the country where he comes from, Burkina Faso. Kéré and his team have designed projects that use traditional building techniques. Kéré and his team working in the communities have developed prototype schools that the whole community, similar to every project in the villages of this country, comes together to build. Children bring stones for the foundation, women bring water for the brick manufacturing, and everybody works together to pound the clay floors. Working with the community, Kéré and his team have created projects that function better, with adequate lighting and adequate ventilation. They're appropriate for this particular context and really, really beautiful as well.
這位是弗朗西斯凱雷。 他在他的母國工作, 布吉納法索。 凱雷和他的團隊設計的專案計畫 是用傳統的建設技巧。 凱雷和他的團隊在社區內努力, 已經開發出了原型學校, 這個專案計畫就像 該國村落中的每個專案計畫一樣, 是由整個社區團結一起打造的。 孩童搬來當地基用的石頭, 女人打水來做磚塊, 所有人合作,打造出泥土地板。 凱雷和他的團隊與社區合作, 創建出的專案計畫能運作得更佳, 還有適當的採光和適當的通風。 它們是針對這個特殊環境設計的, 且也非常非常漂亮。
For the past seven years, I have been working as an architect at MASS Design Group. It's a design firm that began in Rwanda. We have worked in several countries in Africa, focusing on this more equitable and sustainable model of architectural practice, and Malawi is one of those countries. It's a country with beautiful, remote landscapes with high-peak mountains and fertile valleys. But it also has one of the worst maternal mortality rates in the world. A pregnant woman in Malawi either gives birth at home, or she has to walk a really long journey to the nearest clinic. And one out of 36 of these mothers dies during childbirth.
過去七年, 我在 MASS Design Group 擔任建築師。 它是一間在盧安達發跡的設計公司。 我們在非洲的好幾個國家工作, 把焦點放在更公正、更永續的建築 實做模型上, 其中一個國家是馬拉威。 這個國家有漂亮的偏遠地景, 有著高峰的山脈以及肥沃的山谷, 但孕產婦死亡率也是世界上最糟的。 在馬拉威的孕婦,若不是在家生產, 就得走很遠的一段路到最近的診所。 36 位媽媽中就有一位會死於生產。
In Malawi, with our team at MASS Design Group, we designed the Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village. This is a place women come to six weeks before their due dates. Here they receive prenatal care and train in nutrition and family planning. At the same time, they form a community with other expectant mothers and their families. The design of the of Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village borrows from the vernacular typologies of Malawi villages and is built using really simple materials and techniques. The earth blocks that we used were made from the same soil of this site. This reduces the carbon footprint of this building, but first and foremost, it provides a safe and dignified space for these expectant mothers.
在馬拉威, 我們 MASS Design Group 的團隊 設計了卡松古產婦等候村。 女性在預產期的前六週 可以到這個地方來。 在這裡她們能得到產前照護, 還有營養和家庭規劃的教育訓練。 同時,她們和其他懷孕媽媽 及其家人形成一個社區。 卡松古產婦等候村的設計 參考的是馬拉威村落的本國類型學, 用非常簡單的材料和技術來建造。 我們使用的泥土塊 是直接用當地的土壤做成的。 這樣能夠減少這間建築物的碳足跡, 但最重要的是, 它能提供安全和有尊嚴的空間 給這些懷孕媽媽。
These examples show that architecture and design have the power and the agency to address complex problems. But more to point, that we can develop a model of effective solutions for our communities. But these three examples are not enough. 300 more examples will not be enough. We need a whole community of African architects and designers to lead with thousands more examples.
從這些例子可以看出,建築和設計 有力量和作用可以處理複雜的問題。 但更核心的是, 我們能為我們的社區開發出 有效解決方案的模型。 但這三個例子並不夠。 再多三百個例子也不夠。 我們需要非洲建築師 和設計師的整個社群 帶頭來產生數千個例子。
In May of this year, we convened a symposium on African architecture, in Kigali, and we invited many of the leading African designers and architectural educators working across the continent. We all had one thing in common. Every single one of us went to school abroad and outside of Africa. This has to change. If we are to develop solutions unique to us, rather than attempting to turn Kigali into Beijing, or Lagos into Shenzhen, we need a community that will build the design confidence of the next generation of African architects and designers.
今年五月, 我們在基加利召開了 一場非洲建築的座談會, 我們邀請了許多在非洲各地工作的 重要非洲設計師與建築教育家。 我們所有人有一項共同點。 我們每個人都在國外讀書, 且是到非洲之外的國家。 這點必須要改變。 如果我們要發展出 我們專屬的解決方案, 而不是試圖把基加利變成北京, 或把拉哥斯變成深圳, 我們就需要一個社群, 這個社群要能建立下一代非洲建築師 與設計師的設計信心。
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In September last year, we launched the African Design Centre to start building this community. We admitted 11 fellows from across the continent. It's a 20-month-long, design-build fellowship program. Here, they are learning to tackle big challenges such as urbanism and climate change, as Kunlé and his team have. They're working with communities to develop innovative building solutions and processes, as Kéré and his team have. They're learning to understand the health impact of better buildings as we at MASS Design Group have been researching for the past several years. The crowning moment of the fellowship is a real project that they designed and built.
去年九月, 非洲設計中心落成, 其目的就是要建立這個社群。 我們批准了來自非洲 各地的十一位會員。 這是個為期二十個月的 設計建造人才培訓計畫。 在這裡,他們要學習處理大挑戰, 比如都市主義和氣候變遷, 就像昆萊和他的團隊所做的。 他們和社區合作, 開發展創新的建築解決方案和流程, 就像凱雷和他的團隊所做的。 他們要學著了解 更好的建築物對健康的影響, 這也正是我們 MASS Design Group 在過去數年來 一直在研究的。 培訓計畫的加冕時刻, 是他們設計和建造了 一個真實的專案計畫時。
This is Ruhehe Primary School, the project they designed. They immersed themselves in the community to understand the challenges but also uncover opportunities, like using a wall made of local volcanic stone to turn the entire campus into a space of play and active learning. They evaluated the environmental conditions and developed a roof system that maximizes daylight and improves acoustic performance. The construction at Ruhehe Primary School will begin this year.
這是路黑黑小學, 他們設計的專案計畫。 他們讓自己進入社區,了解挑戰, 同時也去發現機會, 比如使用當地火山石頭打造的牆壁, 把整個校園轉變成一個 可以玩樂和主動學習的空間。 他們評估了環境條件, 開發了一個屋頂系統, 能取得最多日光, 並改善了聲音傳遞的表現。 路黑黑小學的建設今年就會開始。
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And over the coming months, the African Design Centre fellows are going to work hand-in-hand with the Ruhehe community to build it.
在接下來的幾個月, 非洲設計中心會員將會攜手合作, 和路黑黑社區一起建造它。
When we asked the fellows what they want to do after their African Design Centre fellowship, Tshepo from South Africa said he wants to introduce this new way of building into his country, so he plans to open a private practice in Johannesburg. Zani wants to expand opportunities for women to become engineers. Before joining the African Design Centre, she helped start, in Nairobi, an organization to bridge the gender gaps for women in engineering fields, and she hopes to take this movement across Africa, eventually the whole world. Moses, from South Sudan, the world's newest country, wants to open the first polytechnic school that will teach people how to build using local materials from his country. Moses had to be determined to become an architect. The civil war in his country frequently interrupted his architectural education. At the time he was applying to join the African Design Centre, we could hear gunshots going off in the background of his interview call. But even in the middle of this civil war, Moses hangs on to this idea that architecture can be a way to bridge communities back together. You have to be inspired by this fellow's belief that great architecture can make a difference on how the future of Africa is built.
當我們問這些會員, 在非洲設計中心的培訓計畫 結束後,他們要做什麼, 來自南非的奇波說 他想要把這種新的 建造方式帶到他的國家, 他打算在約翰尼斯堡開業。 贊妮想要拓展女性 成為工程師的機會。 在加入非洲設計中心前, 她在奈洛比協助成立一個組織, 目的是為女性在工程領域中 消除性別落差, 她希望能將這個運動帶到全非洲, 最終帶到全世界。 摩西,來自南蘇丹共和國, 世界上最新的國家, 他想要成立第一間理工學校, 教導人們如何該國的 當地材料來做建設。 摩西很有決心要成為建築師。 他國家中的內戰, 經常打斷他的建築教育。 當他申請加入非洲設計中心時, 我們在面試電話訪問中, 還能聽到背景有槍聲。 但即使在內戰當中, 摩西堅持著這個想法, 認為建築是能讓社區重新 連結在一起的一種方式。 你們一定也有受到 這個會員的信念所鼓舞, 在未來非洲要如何建造方面, 他堅信偉大的建築能夠造成不同。
The unprecedented growth of Africa cannot be ignored. Imagine Africa's future cities, but not as vast slums, but the most resilient and the most socially inclusive places on earth. This is achievable. And we have the talent to make it a reality. But the journey to ready that talent for the task ahead, like my own journey, is far too long. For the next generation of African creative leaders, we have to shorten and streamline that journey. But most importantly -- and I cannot stress this enough -- we have to build their design confidence and empower them to develop solutions that are truly African but globally inspiring.
非洲史無前例的成長不能被忽視。 想像非洲的未來城市, 但不是大型貧民窟的樣子, 而是地球上最有適應力、 最有社會包容力的地方。 這是可以達成的。 我們有將它實現的才能。 但要為了今後任務 準備好那才能的旅程, 就像我自己的旅程, 實在太遙遠了。 為了下一代非洲創意領袖, 我們得把那旅程給縮短和簡化。 最重要的- 我再怎麼強調都不夠- 我們得要建立他們的設計信心, 讓他們有能力可以開發 真正屬於非洲的解決方案, 同時又能鼓舞全球。
Thank you very much.
非常謝謝。
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