Two years ago here at TED I reported that we had discovered at Saturn, with the Cassini Spacecraft, an anomalously warm and geologically active region at the southern tip of the small Saturnine moon Enceladus, seen here. This region seen here for the first time in the Cassini image taken in 2005. This is the south polar region, with the famous tiger-stripe fractures crossing the south pole. And seen just recently in late 2008, here is that region again, now half in darkness because the southern hemisphere is experiencing the onset of August and eventually winter.
Ikki yil avval, shu TEDda Biz Saturnda, Kassini fazo kemasida, gayrioddiy iliq va geologik faol mintaqani topganligimzni aytgan edim. U mintaqa Saturnning kichik Oyi, mana bu yerda ko'rinib turgan, Enseladaning janubiy chekkasida topilgan edi. Birinchi marta ko'rinib turgan bu mintaqa 2005 yilda Kassinida suratga olingan. Bu janubiy qutb mintaqasi. Janubiy qutbdan o'tayotgan mashhur yo'lbars chiziqli singan parchalari bilan ko'rinib turibdi. Yaqindagina, 2008 yilning oxirlarida ko'ringan mana yana o'sha mintaqa, hozir buning yarmi qorong'i chunki janubiy yarim sharda Avgust oyi kirib kelyapdi va bor bora qish ham kiradi
And I also reported that we'd made this mind-blowing discovery -- this once-in-a-lifetime discovery of towering jets erupting from those fractures at the south pole, consisting of tiny water ice crystals accompanied by water vapor and simple organic compounds like carbon dioxide and methane. And at that time two years ago I mentioned that we were speculating that these jets might in fact be geysers, and erupting from pockets or chambers of liquid water underneath the surface, but we weren't really sure. However, the implications of those results -- of a possible environment within this moon that could support prebiotic chemistry, and perhaps life itself -- were so exciting that, in the intervening two years, we have focused more on Enceladus.
Shu jumladan, bizning hayratlanarli kashfiyotimiz haqida aytgandim -- hayotda bir marta bo'ladigan kashfiyot - yani bu janubiy qutbdagi o'sha yoriq parchalardan otib chiqayotgan - baland-baland suyuqliklardir. uning tarkibida juda kichkina suvli muz kristallaridan tashkil topgan, hamda u bilan birgan suv bug'i va uglerod dioksid va metan kabi oddiy organik birikmalar ham mavjud. Ikki yil avval o'sha paytda biz bu suyuqliklarni tekislikning tagidagi suyuq suvlar joylashgan bo'shliqdan oqib chiqayotgan geyzerlar deb taxmin qilganimizni aytib o'tgandim. Lekin, bunga ishonchimiz aniq emas edi. Ammo, bu oydagi prebiotik kimyo va, ehtimol, hayotni ham qo'llab quvvatlaydigan, bu oyda mavjudligi ehtimol bo'lgan muhitni topganligimizning oqibati juda hayajonli bo'ldi va ikki yil mobaynida Enseladaga ko'p e'tibor berdik.
We've flown the Cassini Spacecraft by this moon now several times, flying closer and deeper into these jets, into the denser regions of these jets, so that now we have come away with some very precise compositional measurements. And we have found that the organic compounds coming from this moon are in fact more complex than we previously reported. While they're not amino acids, we're now finding things like propane and benzene, hydrogen cyanide, and formaldehyde. And the tiny water crystals here now look for all the world like they are frozen droplets of salty water, which is a discovery that suggests that not only do the jets come from pockets of liquid water, but that that liquid water is in contact with rock. And that is a circumstance that could supply the chemical energy and the chemical compounds needed to sustain life.
Kassini fazo kemasida bu oy atrofidan bir necha marta uchdik. Bu suyuqliklarga, hamda bu suyuqliklarning zich bo'lgan mintaqalariga yaqinroq uchib, biz juda aniq tarkibiy o'lchovlarni ishlab chiqdik. Bu oydan kelayotgan organik birikmalar biz avval aytib o'tganimizdan ham ko'ra ancha murrakabroq ekanligini topdik. Ular aminokislota bo'lmasada, biz propan va benzol, sianid vodorod va formaldegid kabi narsalarni topyapmiz. Bu yerdagi kichkinagina suvli muz kristallari esa butun dunyoga huddi tuzli suvning muzlagan tomchilari kabi ko'rinadi. Bu kashfiyot shuni anglatadiki, suyuqliklar nafaqat suyuq suv joylashgan bo'shliqlardan chiqadi, balki o'sha suyuq suv qoya, tosh bilan ham birga munosabatda bo'ladi. Bu kimyoviy energiyani va hayot uchun zarur bo'lgan kimyoviy birikmalarni ta'minlay oladigan holatdir.
So we are very encouraged by these results. And we are much more confident now than we were two years ago that we might indeed have on this moon, under the south pole, an environment or a zone that is hospitable to living organisms. Whether or not there are living organisms there, of course, is an entirely different matter. And that will have to await the arrival, back at Enceladus, of the spacecrafts, hopefully some time in the near future, specifically equipped to address that particular question. But in the meantime I invite you to imagine the day when we might journey to the Saturnine system, and visit the Enceladus interplanetary geyser park, just because we can.
Bu natijalardan juda ham hursandmiz. Bu oyda, janubiy qutbning tagida, tirik organizmlarning yashashi uchun qulay muhit borligiga ikki yil avvalgidagidan ko'ra hozir ishonchimiz ancha komilroq. U yerda tirik organizmlarning mavjud yoki mavjud emasligi, albatta, butunlay boshqa masala. Bu masala uchun, umid qilamizki, yaqin kelajakda, yana Enseladaga fazo kemalari ayni shu masalani o'rganish uchun mos asboblar bilan jihozlanib boradi. Ayni paytda esa, biz Saturn sistemasiga sayohat qila oladigan va va Enselada sayyoralar aro geyzer hiyoboniga tashrif buyur oladigan kunni tasavvur qilib ko'ring-a!
Thank you.
Rahmat.
(Applause)
(Qarsaklar)