So, on the day after the Brexit vote, in June 2016, when Britain woke up to the shock of discovering that we're leaving the European Union, my editor at the "Observer" newspaper in the UK asked me to go back to South Wales, where I grew up, and to write a report.
Jadi, pada hari setelah pemungutan suara Brexit, Juni 2016, ketika Britania tersentak kaget setelah tahu bahwa kami akan keluar dari Uni Eropa, editor saya di “The Observer”, surat kabar Britania Raya, meminta saya pulang kampung ke Wales Selatan, dan menuliskannya.
And so I went to a town called Ebbw Vale. Here it is. It’s in the South Wales Valleys, which is this quite special place. It’s always had this very, sort of rich, working-class culture, and it's famous for its Welsh male voice choirs and rugby and its coal. But when I was a teenager, the coal mines and the steelworks closed, and the entire area was devastated. And I went there because it had one of the highest "Leave" votes in the country. Sixty-two percent of the people here voted to leave the European Union. And I wanted to know why.
Maka saya pergi ke kota bernama Ebbw Vale. Ini dia. Letaknya di Lembah Wales Selatan, lokasi yang sangat spesial. Kota ini pun punya semacam budaya pekerja yang kental, dan terkenal akan paduan suara pria khas Wales, rugbi, dan batu bara. Namun ketika saya remaja, tambang batu bara dan pabrik baja ditutup, dan seluruh area ini terpukul. Saya datang ke sini karena jumlah suara “Keluar”-nya salah satu yang tertinggi. Enam puluh dua persen warga kota ini memilih keluar dari Uni Eropa. Dan saya ingin tahu kenapa.
When I got there, I was just a bit taken aback, because the last time I went to Ebbw Vale, it looked like this. And now, it looks like this. This is a new 33-million-pound college of further education that was mostly funded by the European Union. And this is the new sports center that's at the middle of 350-million-pound regeneration project that's being funded by the European Union. And this is the new 77-million-pound road-improvement scheme, and there's a new train line, a new railway station, and they're all being funded by the European Union. And it's not as if any of this is a secret, because there's big signs like this everywhere.
Ketika tiba, saya agak tersentak, karena terakhir kali saya pergi ke Ebbw Vale, tampilannya seperti ini. Dan sekarang, terlihat seperti ini. Ini adalah kampus pendidikan lanjut bernilai 33 juta pound yang sebagian besar didanai oleh Uni Eropa. Dan ini pusat kebugaran baru yang tengah menjalani proyek regenerasi senilai 350 juta pound yang didanai oleh Uni Eropa. Ini adalah skema perbaikan jalan baru senilai 77 juta pound, dan di sana ada jalur kereta baru, stasiun baru, yang semuanya didanai oleh Uni Eropa. Semua ini pun bukannya rahasia, karena papan besar seperti ini ada di mana pun.
[EU Funds: Investing in Wales]
[Dana UE: Investasi di Wales]
(Laughter)
(Tawa)
I had this sort of weird sense of unreality, walking around the town. And it came to a head when I met this young man in front of the sports center. And he told me that he had voted to leave because the European Union had done nothing for him. He was fed up with it. And all around town, people told me the same thing. They said that they wanted to take back control, which was one of the slogans in the campaign. And they told me that they were most fed up with the immigrants and with the refugees. They'd had enough.
Saya mendapat semacam kesan tak nyata yang aneh, saat berjalan-jalan di kota ini. Dan puncaknya adalah ketika saya bertemu seorang pria muda di depan pusat kebugaran. Ia bercerita bahwa ia memilih keluar, karena Uni Eropa tak berbuat apa-apa untuknya. Dia muak dengan hal itu. Dan di seantero kota, orang-orang berkata hal yang sama. Mereka bilang, mereka ingin mengambil kembali kendali, yang juga merupakan salah satu slogan kampanye. Dan mereka bilang bahwa mereka paling muak dengan imigran dan pengungsi. Cukup bagi mereka.
Which was odd. Because walking around, I didn't meet any immigrants or refugees. I met one Polish woman who told me she was practically the only foreigner in town. And when I checked the figures, I discovered that Ebbw Vale actually has one of the lowest rates of immigration in the country. And so I was just a bit baffled, because I couldn't really understand where people were getting their information from. Because it was the right-wing tabloid newspapers which printed all these stories about immigration. And this is a very much left-wing Labour stronghold.
Dan ini aneh. Sebab saat berjalan-jalan, saya tak bertemu imigran atau pengungsi. Ada wanita Polandia yang bercerita hampir-hampir hanya dia pendatang di kota ini. Ketika mengecek angkanya, saya temukan bahwa Ebbw Valle punya tingkat imigrasi terendah di negara ini. Saya pun jadi bingung, karena tak bisa sepenuhnya mengerti dari mana orang-orang ini mendapat informasi itu. Sebab media berhaluan kananlah yang memuat semua cerita tentang imigrasi ini. Dan daerah ini sebetulnya kubu pertahanan politik kiri.
But then after the article came out, this woman got in touch with me. And she was from Ebbw Vale, and she told me about all this stuff that she'd seen on Facebook. I was like, “What stuff?” And she said it was all this quite scary stuff about immigration, and especially about Turkey. So I tried to find it. But there was nothing there. Because there's no archive of ads that people had seen or what had been pushed into their news feeds. No trace of anything, gone completely dark.
Namun setelah artikel saya terbit, seorang wanita mengontak saya. Dia berasal dari Ebbw Vale, dan bercerita tentang segala hal yang dilihatnya di Facebook. Saya bilang, "Hal apa?" Dia pun menjawab dengan hal-hal menakutkan tentang imigrasi, dan khususnya tentang Turki. Saya pun mencoba mencari tahu. Tapi tidak ada apa-apa. Karena tidak ada arsip berisi iklan-iklan yang mereka lihat atau apa pun yang dicekoki ke pasokan berita mereka. Tak ada jejak apa pun, hilang dalam gelap.
And this referendum that will have this profound effect forever on Britain -- it's already had a profound effect: the Japanese car manufacturers that came to Wales and the north east to replace the mining jobs -- they are already going because of Brexit. And this entire referendum took place in darkness, because it took place on Facebook. And what happens on Facebook stays on Facebook, because only you see your news feed, and then it vanishes, so it's impossible to research anything. So we have no idea who saw what ads or what impact they had, or what data was used to target these people. Or even who placed the ads, or how much money was spent, or even what nationality they were.
Referendum ini, yang berefek besar dan permanen terhadap Britania -- efek besarnya bahkan sudah terlihat: produsen mobil Jepang yang datang ke Wales dan area timur laut sebagai ganti kerja tambang -- mereka telah pergi karena Brexit. Dan seluruh referendum ini berlangsung dalam kegelapan, karena mengambil tempat di Facebook. Dan yang terjadi di Facebook, tetap berada di Facebook, sebab cuma Anda yang melihat pasokan berita itu, lalu hilang, hingga tak mungkin untuk meneliti apa pun. Maka kami tak tahu siapa yang melihat iklan-iklan itu atau dampak yang mereka dapat, atau data yang dipakai untuk menyasar mereka. Bahkan siapa pemasang iklannya, berapa banyak uang yang keluar, atau bahkan negara asal mereka.
But Facebook does. Facebook has these answers, and it's refused to give them to us. Our parliament has asked Mark Zuckerberg multiple times to come to Britain and to give us these answers. And every single time, he's refused. And you have to wonder why.
Tapi Facebook tahu. Facebook punya jawabannya, dan ia menolak memberikannya kepada kami. Parlemen kami berulang kali meminta Mark Zuckerberg datang ke Britania dan memberi kami jawaban itu. Setiap kali, ia selalu menolak. Anda harusnya bertanya-tanya.
Because what I and other journalists have uncovered is that multiple crimes took place during the referendum. And they took place on Facebook.
Sebab saya dan jurnalis lain mengungkap terjadinya berbagai kejahatan saat referendum. Dan semua terjadi di Facebook.
It's because in Britain, we limit the amount of money that you can spend in an election. And it's because in the 19th century, people would walk around with literally wheelbarrows of cash and just buy voters. So we passed these strict laws to stop that from happening. But those laws don't work anymore.
Di Britania, kami membatasi jumlah uang yang bisa disalurkan dalam pemilu. Dan itu karena pada abad ke-19, orang benar-benar membawa segerobak uang tunai untuk membeli suara. Maka kami mengesahkan undang-undang ketat ini untuk menghentikannya. Tapi undang-undang itu tak berlaku lagi.
This referendum took place almost entirely online. And you can spend any amount of money on Facebook or on Google or on YouTube ads and nobody will know, because they're black boxes. And this is what happened.
Referendum ini berlangsung hampir seluruhnya secara daring. Anda bisa mengeluarkan sebanyak apa pun uang di Facebook, Google, Youtube dan tak ada yang tahu, sebab cara kerjanya disembunyikan. Dan inilah yang terjadi.
We've actually got no idea of the full extent of it. But we do know that in the last days before the Brexit vote, the official "Vote Leave" campaign laundered nearly three quarters of a million pounds through another campaign entity that our electoral commission has ruled was illegal, and it's referred it to the police.
Kami sebenarnya tak tahu sejauh apa jangkauannya. Tapi kami tahu betul, pada hari-hari menjelang pemungutan suara, kampanye resmi "Vote Leave" mencuci uang sebanyak hampir tiga per empat juta pound. melalui entitas kampanye lain yang dinyatakan ilegal oleh komisi pemilu kami, dan telah dilaporkan ke polisi.
And with this illegal cash, "Vote Leave" unleashed a fire hose of disinformation. Ads like this.
Dengan uang ilegal ini, "Vote Leave" melancarkan serangan informasi sesat. Iklan-iklan seperti ini.
[Turkey's 76m people joining the EU]
[76 juta warga Turki masuk UE]
This is a lie, it's a total lie. Turkey is not joining the European Union. There's not even any discussions of it joining the European Union. And most of us, we never saw these ads, because we were not the target of them. "Vote Leave" identified a tiny sliver of people who it identified as persuadable, and they saw them. And the only reason we are seeing these now is because parliament forced Facebook to hand them over.
Ini dusta, sepenuhnya dusta. Turki tidak bergabung dengan Uni Eropa. Bahkan tak ada diskusi tentang itu. Kebanyakan dari kami tak pernah melihat iklan ini, sebab kami bukan sasaran mereka. "Vote Leave" mengidentifikasi selapis kecil masyarakat yang dianggap bisa dibujuk, dan mereka melihat iklannya. Satu-satunya alasan kami bisa melihatnya sekarang karena parlemen memaksa Facebook menyerahkannya.
And maybe you think, "Well, it was just a bit of overspending. It's a few lies." But this was the biggest electoral fraud in Britain for 100 years. In a once-in-a-generation vote that hinged upon just one percent of the electorate. And it was just one of the crimes that took place in the referendum.
Mungkin Anda pikir, "Yah, itu hanya kelebihan pengeluaran. Itu cuma sedikit dusta." Namun ini adalah kecurangan pemilu terbesar di Britania sepanjang abad ini. Dalam pemilihan sekali seumur hidup yang hanya bergantung pada satu persen pemilih. Dan itu hanya satu dari berbagai kejahatan dalam referendum ini.
There was another group, which was headed by this man, Nigel Farage, the one to the right of Trump. And his group, "Leave.EU" -- it also broke the law. It broke British electoral laws and British data laws, and it's also being referred to the police. And this man, Arron Banks, he funded this campaign. And in a completely separate case, he's being referred to our National Crime Agency, our equivalent of the FBI, because our electoral commission has concluded they don't know where his money came from. Or if it was even British. And I’m not even going to go into the weird timing of Nigel Farage’s meetings with Julian Assange and with Trump's buddy, Roger Stone, now indicted, immediately before two massive WikiLeaks dumps, both of which happened to benefit Donald Trump. But I will tell you that Brexit and Trump were intimately entwined. This man told me that Brexit was the petri dish for Trump. And we know it's the same people, the same companies, the same data, the same techniques, the same use of hate and fear.
Ada satu tim lain, yang dikepalai orang ini, Nigel Farage, orang di sebelah kanan Trump. Timnya, "Leave.EU" -- juga melanggar hukum. Mereka melanggar hukum pemilu dan hukum data Britania, dan juga telah dilaporkan ke polisi. Dan orang ini, Arron Banks, yang mendanai kampanye itu. Dalam kasus terpisah, ia telah dilaporkan ke National Crime Agency, badan setara FBI di negara kami, sebab komisi pemilu kami telah menyimpulkan bahwa sumber uangnya tak bisa diketahui. Bahkan jika sumbernya dari Britania. Saya bahkan tidak akan membahas dusta yang disampaikan Arron Banks tentang hubungan rahasianya dengan pemerintah Rusia. Atau janggalnya waktu pertemuan antara Nigel Farage dengan Julian Assange dan dengan kawan Trump, Roger Stone, kini terdakwa, tepat sebelum dua pembongkaran besar WikiLeaks, yang keduanya kebetulan menguntungkan Donald Trump. Tapi saya akan bilang bahwa Brexit dan Trump berkaitan erat. Orang ini bilang pada saya bahwa Brexit adalah cawan petri untuk Trump.
This is what they were posting on Facebook. And I don't even want to call this a lie,
Dan kita tahu ada orang-orang, perusahaan yang sama, dengan data, teknik yang sama,
[Immigration without assimilation equals invasion]
memakai rasa benci dan takut yang sama.
because it feels more like a hate crime to me.
Ini yang mereka tayangkan di Facebook. Saya bahkan enggan menyebutnya dusta,
I don't have to tell you that hate and fear are being sown online all across the world. Not just in Britain and America, but in France and in Hungary and Brazil and Myanmar and New Zealand. And we know there is this dark undertow which is connecting us all globally. And it is flowing via the technology platforms. But we only see a tiny amount of what's going on on the surface.
[Imigrasi tanpa asimilasi sama dengan invasi] sebab bagi saya, lebih seperti kejahatan kebencian. Tak perlu memberi tahu Anda bahwa rasa benci dan takut disebarkan secara daring ke penjuru dunia. Tidak hanya di Britania dan Amerika, tapi di Prancis, Hungaria, Brasil, Myanmar, dan Selandia Baru. Dan kita tahu ada arus bawah yang menghubungkan kita secara global.
And I only found out anything about this dark underbelly because I started looking into Trump's relationship to Farage, into a company called Cambridge Analytica. And I spent months tracking down an ex-employee, Christopher Wiley. And he told me how this company, that worked for both Trump and Brexit, had profiled people politically in order to understand their individual fears, to better target them with Facebook ads. And it did this by illicitly harvesting the profiles of 87 million people from Facebook. It took an entire year's work to get Christopher on the record. And I had to turn myself from a feature writer into an investigative reporter to do it. And he was extraordinarily brave, because the company is owned by Robert Mercer, the billionaire who bankrolled Trump, and he threatened to sue us multiple times, to stop us from publishing.
Hal itu mengalir lewat platform-platform teknologi. Tapi yang kita lihat hanya sebagian kecil peristiwa di permukaan. Saya pun menemukan berbagai hal tentang lapisan terdalam yang gelap ini karena menyelidiki hubungan Trump dengan Farage, menuju sebuah perusahaan bernama Cambridge Analytica. Saya menghabiskan berbulan-bulan melacak mantan pegawainya, Christopher Wiley. Dia bercerita bagaimana perusahaan ini, bekerja untuk Trump dan Brexit, membuat profil politik banyak orang demi memahami ketakutan mereka masing-masing, untuk lebih mudah menyasar mereka dengan iklan di Facebook. Ini dilakukan secara terlarang dengan mengumpulkan profil 87 juta orang di Facebook. Butuh usaha setahun penuh agar Christopher mau diwawancarai. Saya harus mengubah diri dari penulis feature menjadi reporter investigasi untuk melakukannya. Dan ia luar biasa pemberani, karena perusahaan ini dimiliki oleh Robert Mercer,
But we finally got there, and we were one day ahead of publication. We got another legal threat. Not from Cambridge Analytica this time, but from Facebook. It told us that if we publish, they would sue us. We did it anyway.
miliarder yang membiayai Trump, yang berulang kali mengancam akan menuntut kami, agar kami tidak menerbitkannya. Tapi kami hampir berhasil, tinggal satu hari menuju hari terbit. Kami dapat ancaman hukum yang lain. Kali ini bukan Cambridge Analytica, tapi dari Facebook.
(Applause)
Katanya, jika kami terbitkan, mereka akan menuntut kami. Kami tetap melakukannya.
Facebook, you were on the wrong side of history in that. And you were on the wrong side of history in this -- in refusing to give us the answers that we need. And that is why I am here. To address you directly, the gods of Silicon Valley.
(Tepuk tangan) Facebook, kalian berpihak pada sisi sejarah yang salah kala itu. Dan kalian berpihak pada sisi yang salah kali ini -- dengan menolak memberikan jawaban yang kami butuhkan.
(Applause)
Dan karena itulah saya di sini.
Mark Zuckerberg ...
Untuk menyampaikan langsung kepada para dewa Silicon Valley.
(Applause)
and Sheryl Sandberg and Larry Page and Sergey Brin and Jack Dorsey,
(Tepuk tangan)
Mark Zuckerberg ...
and your employees and your investors, too. Because 100 years ago, the biggest danger in the South Wales coal mines was gas. Silent and deadly and invisible. It's why they sent the canaries down first to check the air. And in this massive, global, online experiment that we are all living through, we in Britain are the canary. We are what happens to a western democracy when 100 years of electoral laws are disrupted by technology.
(Tepuk tangan) dan Sheryl Sandberg dan Larry Page dan Sergey Brin dan Jack Dorsey, dan pegawai kalian, juga investor kalian. Karena seabad lalu, bahaya terbesar di tambang Wales Selatan adalah gas. Senyap, mematikan, dan tak terlihat. Sebab itulah mereka melepas kenari dahulu untuk mengecek udara. Dalam eksperimen daring, yang masif dan global, yang sedang kita hidupi ini, kami di Britania menjadi kenarinya.
Our democracy is broken, our laws don't work anymore, and it's not me saying this, it’s our parliament published a report saying this. This technology that you have invented has been amazing. But now, it's a crime scene. And you have the evidence. And it is not enough to say that you will do better in the future. Because to have any hope of stopping this from happening again, we have to know the truth.
Kamilah akibat atas demokrasi Barat saat hukum pemilu berumur ratusan tahunnya diganggu oleh teknologi. Demokrasi kami hancur, hukum kami tak lagi berjalan, dan bukan saya yang berkata begini, parlemen kami telah menerbitkan laporan yang berkata begini. Teknologi yang kalian temukan ini memang menjadi menakjubkan. Tapi kini, telah menjadi TKP. Dan kalian memiliki barang buktinya. Tak cukup hanya berkata bahwa kalian akan lebih baik di masa depan.
And maybe you think, "Well, it was just a few ads. And people are smarter than that, right?" To which I would say, "Good luck with that." Because what the Brexit vote demonstrates is that liberal democracy is broken. And you broke it. This is not democracy -- spreading lies in darkness, paid for with illegal cash, from God knows where. It's subversion, and you are accessories to it.
Karena untuk berharap semua ini tak akan terjadi lagi, kami butuh kebenaran. Mungkin kalian pikir, "Yah, cuma sedikit iklan. Dan orang-orang tentu lebih pintar, kan?" Yang akan saya tanggapi dengan, "Coba saja." Karena yang telah ditunjukkan Brexit adalah kehancuran demokrasi liberal. Dan kalian penghancurnya. Ini bukan demokrasi -- menyebar dusta dalam gelap, membayarnya dengan uang ilegal,
(Applause)
entah dari mana asalnya. Ini subversi, dan kalian adalah perangkatnya.
Our parliament has been the first in the world to try to hold you to account, and it's failed. You are literally beyond the reach of British law -- not just British laws, this is nine parliaments, nine countries are represented here, who Mark Zuckerberg refused to come and give evidence to.
(Tepuk tangan) Parlemen kami menjadi yang pertama di dunia untuk mencoba membuat kalian bertanggung jawa, dan mereka gagal. Kalian sungguh berada di luar jangkauan hukum Britania -- bukan cuma Britania
And what you don't seem to understand is that this is bigger than you. And it's bigger than any of us. And it is not about left or right or "Leave" or "Remain" or Trump or not. It's about whether it's actually possible to have a free and fair election ever again. Because as it stands, I don't think it is.
ini adalah sembilan parlemen, perwakilan sembilan negara, yang ditampik Mark Zuckerberg untuk datang dan memberi barang bukti. Yang tampak tidak kalian mengerti adalah hal ini lebih besar dari kalian. Lebih besar dari kita semua. Bukan tentang politik kiri atau kanan, "Keluar" atau "Tetap", Trump atau bukan. Ini tentang apakah kita masih bisa
And so my question to you is, is this what you want? Is this how you want history to remember you: as the handmaidens to authoritarianism that is on the rise all across the world? Because you set out to connect people. And you are refusing to acknowledge that the same technology is now driving us apart.
mengadakan pemilu yang bebas dan adil. Karena dalam kondisi sekarang, saya pikir tidak. Maka pertanyaan saya bagi kalian, inikah yang kalian mau? Beginikah yang kalian ingin sejarah ingat tentang kalian: sebagai hamba dari kekuasaan otoriter yang sedang bangkit di penjuru dunia? Kalian memulai dengan menghubungkan orang.
And my question to everybody else is, is this what we want: to let them get away with it, and to sit back and play with our phones, as this darkness falls?
Dan kalian menolak mengakui bahwa kini teknologi yang sama sedang memecah belah kita semua. Dan pertanyaan saya bagi Anda yang lainnya, inikah yang kita inginkan:
The history of the South Wales Valleys is of a fight for rights. And this is not a drill -- it's a point of inflection. Democracy is not guaranteed, and it is not inevitable, and we have to fight and we have to win and we cannot let these tech companies have this unchecked power. It's up to us -- you, me and all of us. We are the ones who have to take back control.
membiarkan mereka lari begitu saja, hanya duduk, bermain dengan ponsel, seiring dunia semakin gelap? Sejarah Lembah Wales Selatan memuat perjuangan akan hak. Dan ini bukan latihan -- ini titik tolaknya. Demokrasi tak lagi terjamin, dan bisa terhindarkan, kita harus berjuang dan harus menang, kita tak bisa membiarkan perusahaan teknologi memiliki kuasa tak terkendali.
(Applause)
Semua tergantung kita -- Anda, saya, kita semua.
(Cheers)
Kitalah yang harus mengambil kembali kendali itu.
(Applause)
(Tepuk tangan)