Well, this is a really extraordinary honor for me. I spend most of my time in jails, in prisons, on death row. I spend most of my time in very low-income communities, in the projects and places where there's a great deal of hopelessness. And being here at TED and seeing the stimulation, hearing it, has been very, very energizing to me. And one of the things that's emerged in my short time here is that TED has an identity. And you can actually say things here that have impacts around the world. And sometimes when it comes through TED, it has meaning and power that it doesn't have when it doesn't.
Ini penghormatan yang besar bagi saya. Saya peruntukan kebanyakan masa dalam lokap, penjara dan penjara maut. Saya peruntukan kebanyakan masa dalam komuniti berpendapatan rendah, projek dan tempat yang terdapat kekecewaan. Semasa saya berada di TED, saya melihat dan mendengar rangsangan, ia merupakan sesuatu yang memberangsangkan. Salah satu perkara tentang TED ialah, TED mempunyai sebuah identiti. Di sini, anda boleh bercakap tentang perkara yang akan memberikan kesan di seluruh dunia. Apabila ia datang daripada TED, ia mempunyai makna dan pengaruh. Apabila ia datang daripada TED, ia mempunyai makna dan pengaruh. Apabila ia datang daripada TED, ia mempunyai makna dan pengaruh.
And I mention that because I think identity is really important. And we've had some fantastic presentations. And I think what we've learned is that, if you're a teacher, your words can be meaningful, but if you're a compassionate teacher, they can be especially meaningful. If you're a doctor, you can do some good things, but if you're a caring doctor, you can do some other things. So I want to talk about the power of identity. And I didn't learn about this actually practicing law and doing the work that I do. I actually learned about this from my grandmother.
Saya bercakap tentangnya kerana bagi saya identiti adalah sangat penting. Terdapat beberapa ceramah yang sangat menakjubkan. Saya rasa, apa yang kita telah belajar ialah, kata-kata seorang cikgu mungkin bermakna, kata-kata seorang cikgu yang penuh belas kasihan mungkin sangat bermakna. kata-kata seorang cikgu yang penuh belas kasihan mungkin sangat bermakna. Seorang doktor boleh melakukan perkara-perkara yang baik, tapi seorang doktor yang prihatin boleh melakukan perkara-perkara yang lain. Jadi, saya mahu bercakap tentang pengaruh identiti. Sebenarnya, saya tidak belajar tentangnya daripada kerjaya undang-undang saya. Saya belajar tentangnya daripada nenek saya.
I grew up in a house that was the traditional African American home that was dominated by a matriarch, and that matriarch was my grandmother. She was tough, she was strong, she was powerful. She was the end of every argument in our family.
Saya membesar dalam keluarga orang Amerika Afrika yang tradisional di mana ketua keluarga ialah wanita, dan nenek saya ialah ketua keluarga. Dia sangat tabah, dia sangat kuat, dia sangat berkuasa. Dialah yang tamatkan setiap pertengkaran dalam keluarga kami.
(Laughter)
Dialah yang mulakan banyak pertengkaran dalam keluarga kami.
She was the beginning of a lot of arguments in our family.
Dia ialah anak kepada mereka yang diperhamba.
(Laughter)
She was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved. Her parents were born in slavery in Virginia in the 1840s. She was born in the 1880s, and the experience of slavery very much shaped the way she saw the world.
Ibu bapanya diperhamba di Virginia. Dia dilahirkan pada tahun 1880-an dan pengalaman perhambaan telah banyak mempengaruhi cara dia melihat dunia ini. Nenek saya sangat tabah, tapi dia penyayang.
And my grandmother was tough, but she was also loving. When I would see her as a little boy, she'd come up to me and give me these hugs. And she'd squeeze me so tight I could barely breathe, and then she'd let me go. And an hour or two later, if I saw her, she'd come over to me and say, "Bryan, do you still feel me hugging you?" If I said, "No," she'd assault me again, and if I said, "Yes," she'd leave me alone. And she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her. And the only challenge was that she had 10 children. My mom was the youngest of her 10 kids. And sometimes when I would go and spend time with her, it would be difficult to get her time and attention. My cousins would be running around everywhere.
Semasa saya kecil, dia akan datang kepada saya dan memeluk saya. Semasa saya kecil, dia akan datang kepada saya dan memeluk saya. Dia akan memeluk erat saya dan kemudian melepaskan saya. Dia akan memeluk erat saya dan kemudian melepaskan saya. Selepas 1 atau 2 jam, jika saya nampak dia, dia akan tanya, "Kamu masih rasa pelukan nek?" Jika "Tak", dia akan serang saya lagi. Jika, "Ya", saya selamat. Jika "Tak", dia akan serang saya lagi. Jika, "Ya", saya selamat. Dia mempunyai sifat ini di mana anda sentiasa mahu menghampirinya. Satu-satunya cabaran ialah, dia ada 10 orang anak. Mak saya ialah anak bongsu. Kadangkala, apabila saya mahu meluangkan masa bersamanya, adalah sukar untuk mendapat perhatian dia. Sepupu saya akan lari berkeliaran.
And I remember, when I was about eight or nine years old, waking up one morning, going into the living room, and all of my cousins were running around. And my grandmother was sitting across the room, staring at me. And at first, I thought we were playing a game. And I would look at her, and I'd smile, but she was very serious. And after about 15 or 20 minutes of this, she got up and she came across the room, and she took me by the hand, and she said, "Come on, Bryan. You and I are going to have a talk." And I remember this just like it happened yesterday. I never will forget it.
Saya masih ingat, semasa saya berusia 8 atau 9 tahun, saya bangun pada suatu pagi, pergi ke bilik tetamu, dan semua sepupu saya sedang lari berkeliaran. Nenek saya sedang duduk dan merenung saya. Nenek saya sedang duduk dan merenung saya. Pada mulanya, saya ingat bahawa kami sedang bermain. Jadi saya melihat dia dan tersenyum, tapi dia nampak serius. Jadi saya melihat dia dan tersenyum, tapi dia nampak serius. Selepas kira-kira 15 atau 20 minit, dia bangun dan datang kepada saya. Dia pegang tangan saya dan kata, "Kita perlu berbincang." Dia pegang tangan saya dan kata, "Kita perlu berbincang." Saya masih ingat dengan jelas, seolah-olah ia baru berlaku kelmarin. Saya tidak akan lupa.
She took me out back and said, "Bryan, I'm going to tell you something, but you don't tell anybody what I tell you." I said, "OK, Mama." She said, "Now, you make sure you don't do that." I said, "Sure." Then she sat me down and she looked at me, and she said, "I want you to know I've been watching you." And she said, "I think you're special." She said, "I think you can do anything you want to do." I will never forget it.
Dia kata,"Nek akan beritahu kamu sesuatu, tapi jangan beritahu sesiapa." Dia kata,"Nek akan beritahu kamu sesuatu, tapi jangan beritahu sesiapa." Saya kata, "Baik, nek." Dia kata, "Pastikan kamu tak buat begitu." Saya kata, "Sudah tentu." Kemudian, dia mendudukkan saya. Dia lihat saya dan kata, "Nek mahu kamu tahu, nek telah perhatikan kamu." dan kata, "Nek mahu kamu tahu nek telah perhatikan kamu." Dan dia kata, "Nek rasa kamu luar biasa." "Nek rasa, kamu boleh buat apa saja yang kamu mahu." Saya tidak akan lupa.
And then she said, "I just need you to promise me three things, Bryan." I said, "OK, Mama." She said, "The first thing I want you to promise me is that you'll always love your mom." She said, "That's my baby girl, and you have to promise me now you'll always take care of her." Well, I adored my mom, so I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that." Then she said, "The second thing I want you to promise me is that you'll always do the right thing, even when the right thing is the hard thing." And I thought about it, and I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that." Then finally, she said, "The third thing I want you to promise me is that you'll never drink alcohol."
Dia kata, "Janjikan 3 perkara." Saya kata, "Baik, nek." Dia kata, "Janjikan 3 perkara." Saya kata, "Baik, nek." Dia kata, "Perkara pertama ialah, kamu akan sentiasa sayang mak kamu." Dia kata, "Dia anak kesayangan nek, janji bahawa kamu akan sentiasa menjaga dia." Saya sayang mak saya, jadi saya jawab, "Ya, nek. Saya akan lakukannya." Kemudian dia kata, "Perkara kedua ialah, kamu akan sentiasa lakukan perkara yang betul walaupun perkara yang betul sukar dilakukan." Saya fikir tentangnya dan jawab, "Ya, nek. Saya akan lakukannya." Akhirnya dia kata, "Perkara ketiga ialah, kamu takkan minum alkohol." Akhirnya dia kata, "Perkara ketiga ialah, kamu takkan minum alkohol."
(Laughter)
(Gelak ketawa)
Well, I was nine years old, so I said, "Yes, Mama. I'll do that."
Saya berusia 9 tahun, saya jawab, "Ya, nek. Saya akan lakukannya."
I grew up in the country in the rural South, and I have a brother a year older than me and a sister a year younger. When I was about 14 or 15, one day, my brother came home and he had this six-pack of beer; I don't know where he got it. He grabbed me and my sister, and we went out in the woods, and we were just out there doing the stuff we crazily did, and he had a sip of this beer and gave some to my sister and she had some, and they offered it to me. I said, "No, that's OK. Y'all go ahead. I'm not going to have any." My brother said, "Come on. We're doing this today; you always do what we do. I had some, your sister had some. Have some beer." I said, "No, I don't feel right about that. Y'all go ahead." And then my brother stared at me and said, "What's wrong with you? Have some beer." Then he looked at me real hard and said, "Oh, I hope you're not still hung up on that conversation Mama had with you."
Saya membesar di sebuah kampung di selatan. Saya ada seorang abang dan seorang adik. Semasa saya berusia 14 atau 15 tahun, pada suatu hari, abang saya balik bersama 6 tin bir. pada suatu hari, abang saya balik bersama 6 tin bir. Kami dan adik saya pergi ke hutan. Kami lakukan perkara gila yang biasa kami lakukan. Dia minum bir, hulurkannya kepada adik saya dan dia pun minum, kemudian mereka tawarkannya kepada saya. Saya kata, "Saya tak nak." Abang saya kata, "Awak selalu buat apa yang kami buat." "Kami dah minum. Minumlah!" Saya kata, "Tak nak. Ini salah. Kemudian, abang saya merenung saya. Dia kata, "Apa yang tak kena dengan awak? Minumlah bir!" Kemudian, dia perhatikan saya dan kata, "Oh, abang harap awak tak terfikir tentang perbualan nenek itu!" "Oh, abang harap awak tak terfikir tentang perbualan nenek itu!" (Gelak ketawa)
(Laughter)
Saya tanya, "Apa maksud abang?"
I said, "What are you talking about?" He said, "Oh, Mama tells all the grandkids that they're special."
Dia kata, "Nenek beritahu semua cucu, mereka luar biasa." (Gelak ketawa)
(Laughter)
Saya terkejut besar.
I was devastated.
(Gelak ketawa)
(Laughter)
Saya mahu beritahu anda sesuatu.
And I'm going to admit something to you. I'm going to tell you something I probably shouldn't. I know this might be broadcast broadly. But I'm 52 years old, and I'm going to admit to you that I've never had a drop of alcohol.
Mungkin saya tidak patut beritahu anda. Mungkin ini akan disiarkan secara meluas. Saya berusia 52 tahun, dan saya mahu beritahu anda, Saya berusia 52 tahun, dan saya mahu beritahu anda, saya tidak pernah minum alkohol. (Tepukan)
(Applause)
Saya bukannya beritahu anda kerana saya rasa ia adalah mulia;
I don't say that because I think that's virtuous; I say that because there is power in identity. When we create the right kind of identity, we can say things to the world around us that they don't actually believe make sense. We can get them to do things that they don't think they can do. When I thought about my grandmother, of course she would think all her grandkids were special. My grandfather was in prison during prohibition. My male uncles died of alcohol-related diseases. And these were the things she thought we needed to commit to.
saya beritahu anda kerana ia merupakan pengaruh identiti. Apabila kita mewujudkan identiti yang betul, kita boleh cakap tentang hal yang mungkin tidak munasabah bagi banyak orang. kita boleh cakap tentang hal yang mungkin tidak munasabah bagi banyak orang. Kita boleh mempengaruhi mereka membuat sesuatu yang mungkin mereka tidak akan buat. Apabila saya berfikir tentang nenek saya, semestinya dia anggap semua cucunya luar biasa. Datuk saya berada di penjara semasa larangan. Pak cik-pak cik saya mati disebabkan alkohol. Bagi nenek saya, kami perlu mematuhi semua ini.
Well, I've been trying to say something about our criminal justice system. This country is very different today than it was 40 years ago. In 1972, there were 300,000 people in jails and prisons. Today, there are 2.3 million. The United States now has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. We have seven million people on probation and parole. And mass incarceration, in my judgment, has fundamentally changed our world. In poor communities, in communities of color, there is this despair, there is this hopelessness that is being shaped by these outcomes. One out of three Black men between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation or parole. In urban communities across this country -- Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington -- 50 to 60 percent of all young men of color are in jail or prison or on probation or parole.
Saya telah cuba bercakap tentang sistem keadilan jenayah kita. Saya telah cuba bercakap tentang sistem keadilan jenayah kita. Hari ini, negara ini sangat berbeza daripada 40 tahun yang lalu. Hari ini, negara ini sangat berbeza daripada 40 tahun yang lalu. Pada tahun 1972, terdapat 300,000 orang dalam lokap dan penjara. Hari ini, jumlahnya 2.3 juta. Kini, kadar pemenjaraan di Amerika adalah tertinggi di dunia ini. Kini, kadar pemenjaraan di Amerika adalah tertinggi di dunia ini. Terdapat 7 juta orang diletakkan di bawah percubaan dan parol. Bagi saya, pemenjaraan beramai-ramai telah banyak mengubah dunia kita. Dalam komuniti yang miskin dan berkulit hitam, mereka amat kecewa. Dalam komuniti yang miskin dan berkulit hitam, mereka amat kecewa. Dalam komuniti yang miskin dan berkulit hitam, mereka amat kecewa. semua ini ialah akibatnya. 1 daripada 3 orang yang berkulit hitam, yang berusia di antara 18 hingga 30 tahun, berada dalam lokap, penjara, di bawah percubaan atau parol. Di kawasan bandar seperti Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, 50% hingga 60% anak muda yang dibezakan warna kulitnya berada dalam lokap, penjara, atau di bawah percubaan atau parol. Nampaknya sistem kita dibentuk
Our system isn't just being shaped in these ways that seem to be distorting around race, they're also distorted by poverty. We have a system of justice in this country that treats you much better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent. Wealth, not culpability, shapes outcomes. And yet, we seem to be very comfortable. The politics of fear and anger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems. We've been disconnected.
dalam cara yang membezakan kaum, begitu juga dengan kemiskinan. Kita ada sistem keadilan yang melayan anda dengan lebih baik jika anda kaya dan bersalah berbanding miskin dan tidak bersalah. "Kekayaan", bukan "kesalahan", yang menentukan apa yang akan berlaku. Tapi nampaknya kita agak selesa dengannya. Ketakutan dan kemarahan telah menyebabkan kita percaya, semua ini bukan masalah kita. Kita tidak terlibat.
It's interesting to me. We're looking at some very interesting developments in our work. My state of Alabama, like a number of states, actually permanently disenfranchises you if you have a criminal conviction. Right now in Alabama, 34 percent of the Black male population has permanently lost the right to vote. We're actually projecting that in another 10 years, the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as it's been since prior to the passage of the Voting Rights Act. And there is this stunning silence.
Ini agak menarik bagi saya. Kita sedang melihat beberapa perkembangan yang menarik. Alabama, seperti beberapa buah negeri yang lain, akan melucutkan hak undi anda jika anda ada rekod jenayah. Sekarang, di Alabama, 34% daripada populasi lelaki berkulit hitam telah kehilangan hak undi selama-lamanya. Dalam masa 10 tahun lagi, kadar pelucutan hak undi akan menjadi setinggi sebelum terdapatnya Akta Hak Mengundi. Tapi, tiada orang yang bercakap tentangnya.
I represent children. A lot of my clients are very young. The United States is the only country in the world where we sentence 13-year-old children to die in prison. We have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country. And we're actually doing some litigation. The only country in the world.
Saya mewakili kanak-kanak. Kebanyakan daripada klien saya sangat muda. Amerika ialah satu-satunya negara di dunia ini yang jatuhkan hukuman penjara seumur hidup ke atas budak yang berusia 13 tahun. Kita ada hukuman penjara seumur hidup tanpa parol ke atas kanak-kanak. Kita juga jalankan pembicaraan. Satu-satunya negara di dunia ini.
I represent people on death row. It's interesting, this question of the death penalty. In many ways, we've been taught to think that the real question is: Do people deserve to die for the crimes they've committed? And that's a very sensible question. But there's another way of thinking about where we are in our identity. The other way of thinking about it is not: Do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit?, but: Do we deserve to kill? I mean, it's fascinating.
Saya mewakili orang yang dijatuhkan hukuman mati. Persoalan hukuman mati agak menarik. Kita diajar untuk berfikir, persoalan yang sebenar ialah, Kita diajar untuk berfikir, persoalan yang sebenar ialah, patutkah penjenayah mati kerana jenayah yang dilakukan? Itu persoalan yang wajar. Tapi, terdapat cara pemikiran yang lain tentang identiti kita, iaitu Tapi, terdapat cara pemikiran yang lain tentang identiti kita, iaitu bukan "patutkah penjenayah mati kerana jenayah yang dilakukan?", bukan "patutkah penjenayah mati kerana jenayah yang dilakukan?", tapi "Bolehkah kita membunuh?" Ia agak menarik. tapi "Bolehkah kita membunuh?" Ia agak menarik.
Death penalty in America is defined by error. For every nine people who have been executed, we've actually identified one innocent person who's been exonerated and released from death row. A kind of astonishing error rate -- one out of nine people, innocent. I mean, it's fascinating. In aviation, we would never let people fly on airplanes if, for every nine planes that took off, one would crash.
Hukuman mati di Amerika sering terdapat kesilapan. Bagi 9 orang yang menjalani hukuman mati, 1 orang dikenal pasti tidak bersalah dan terlepas daripada hukuman mati. Kadar kesilapan ini agak mengejutkan. 1 daripada 9 orang tidak bersalah. Ini agak mengejutkan. Kita tidak akan benarkan orang naiki pesawat jika bagi 9 buah pesawat yang berlepas, 1 pesawat akan terhempas.
(Laughter)
Entah kenapa, kita mengasingkan diri daripada masalah ini.
But somehow, we can insulate ourselves from this problem. It's not our problem. It's not our burden. It's not our struggle.
Ini bukan masalah kita. Ini bukan tanggungjawab kita. Ini bukan perjuangan kita.
I talk a lot about these issues. I talk about race and this question of whether we deserve to kill. And it's interesting, when I teach my students about African American history, I tell them about slavery. I tell them about terrorism, the era that began at the end of reconstruction that went on to World War II. We don't really know very much about it. But for African Americans in this country, that was an era defined by terror. In many communities, people had to worry about being lynched. They had to worry about being bombed. It was the threat of terror that shaped their lives. And these older people come up to me now and say, "Mr. Stevenson, you give talks, you make speeches, you tell people to stop saying we're dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nation's history after 9/11." They tell me to say, "No, tell them that we grew up with that." And that era of terrorism, of course, was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid.
Saya banyak bercakap tentang isu-isu ini. Saya bercakap tentang perkauman dan persoalan jika kita boleh membunuh. Semasa mengajar tentang sejarah orang Amerika Afrika, Saya bercakap tentang perhambaan. Saya bercakap tentang terorisme yang bermula pada penghujung pembangunan semula dan berterusan hingga Perang Dunia II. Tidak banyak yang kita tahu tentangnya. Tapi bagi orang Amerika Afrika, era itu penuh dengan ketakutan. Orang ramai risaukan gantung tanpa perbicaraan, pengeboman. Orang ramai risaukan gantung tanpa perbicaraan, pengeboman. Mereka hidup dalam ketakutan. Generasi tua ini jumpa saya dan kata, "anda selalu berceramah, beritahu orang ramai, jangan cakap kita berdepan dengan terorisme buat kali pertama dalam sejarah kita selepas kejadian 9/11." Mereka kata, "Beritahu mereka, kami membesar dalam keadaan terorisme." Sudah tentu, era terorisme itu diikuti oleh pemisahan kaum, peminggiran kaum selama berdekad-dekad, dan dasar aparteid.
And yet, we have in this country this dynamic where we really don't like to talk about our problems. We don't like to talk about our history. And because of that, we really haven't understood what it's meant to do the things we've done historically. We're constantly running into each other. We're constantly creating tensions and conflicts. We have a hard time talking about race, and I believe it's because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation. In South Africa, people understood that we couldn't overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation. In Rwanda, even after the genocide, there was this commitment. But in this country, we haven't done that.
Tapi, dalam negara ini, kita tidak suka bercakap tentang masalah kita. Kita tidak suka bercakap tentang sejarah kita. Disebabkan itu, kita tidak faham apa yang telah berlaku dalam sejarah kita. Kita selalu menimbulkan pertengkaran, dan mewujudkan perasaan tertekan dan konflik. Kita tidak bercakap tentang perkauman, saya percaya, ia kerana kita tidak mahu terlibat dalam proses mencari kebenaran dan perdamaian. Di Afrika Selatan, orang ramai faham bahawa mereka tidak dapat melupakan dasar aparteid melainkan mereka mahukan kebenaran dan perdamaian. Di Rwanda, setelah pembunuhan kaum, mereka ada komitmen ini. Tapi di negara ini, kita belum lakukannya.
I was giving some lectures in Germany about the death penalty. It was fascinating, because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said, "Well, you know, it's deeply troubling to hear what you're talking about." He said, "We don't have the death penalty in Germany, and of course, we can never have the death penalty in Germany." And the room got very quiet, and this woman said, "There's no way, with our history, we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings. It would be unconscionable for us to, in an intentional and deliberate way, set about executing people." And I thought about that. What would it feel like to be living in a world where the nation-state of Germany was executing people, especially if they were disproportionately Jewish? I couldn't bear it. It would be unconscionable.
Saya pernah berceramah di Jerman tentang hukuman mati. Ia sangat menakjubkan selepas ceramah itu, seorang sarjana berdiri dan kata, "Saya sangat terkilan tentang ceramah anda." Dia kata, "Kami tidak ada hukuman mati di Jerman. Semestinya, kami tidak akan adakan hukuman mati di Jerman." Kemudian, bilik itu menjadi senyap, seorang wanita kata, "Disebabkan sejarah kami, kami tidak akan laksanakan pembunuhan orang secara sistematik. Bagi kami, adalah tidak berperikemanusiaan untuk membunuh orang secara sengaja." untuk membunuh orang secara sengaja." Saya berfikir tentangnya. Apa perasaan saya jika saya hidup di dunia di mana orang Jerman membunuh orang, khasnya membunuh orang Yahudi. Saya tidak dapat menerimanya. Ia tidak berperikemanusiaan.
And yet, in this country, in the states of the Old South, we execute people -- where you're 11 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white than if the victim is Black, 22 times more likely to get it if the defendant is Black and the victim is white -- in the very states where there are, buried in the ground, the bodies of people who were lynched. And yet, there is this disconnect.
Tapi, di negara ini, di negeri-negeri di selatan, kita membunuh orang. Kemungkinan hukuman mati ialah 11 kali ganda jika mangsa berkulit putih berbanding berkulit hitam, kemungkinannya 22 kali ganda jika tertuduh berkulit hitam, mangsa berkulit putih. Di negeri-negeri ini, mereka yang dikebumikan ialah mereka yang digantung tanpa perbicaraan. Tapi, kita tidak mempedulikannya. Saya percaya, ada sesuatu yang tidak kena dengan identiti kita.
Well, I believe that our identity is at risk, that when we actually don't care about these difficult things, the positive and wonderful things are nonetheless implicated. We love innovation. We love technology. We love creativity. We love entertainment. But ultimately, those realities are shadowed by suffering, abuse, degradation, marginalization. And for me, it becomes necessary to integrate the two, because ultimately, we are talking about a need to be more hopeful, more committed, more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world. And for me, that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the disadvantaged, those who will never get to TED, but thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives.
Kita tidak mengambil berat tentang perkara-perkara yang sukar ini, tapi kita terlibat dalam perkara-perkara yang positif dan baik. Kita suka inovasi. Kita suka teknologi. Kita suka kreativiti. Kita suka hiburan. Tapi akhirnya, semua itu dibayangi penderitaan, Tapi akhirnya, semua itu dibayangi penderitaan, Tapi akhirnya, semua itu dibayangi penderitaan, penganiayaan, penghinaan, peminggiran. penganiayaan, penghinaan, peminggiran. Bagi saya, adalah perlu untuk mengintegrasikan kedua-duanya. Bagi saya, adalah perlu untuk mengintegrasikan kedua-duanya. Kerana akhirnya, kita bercakap tentang menjadi lebih berhasrat, lebih komited, lebih berdedikasi untuk menghadapi cabaran asas dalam dunia yang kompleks ini. Bagi saya, ia bermakna luangkan masa berfikir dan bercakap Bagi saya, ia bermakna luangkan masa berfikir dan bercakap tentang mereka yang miskin dan tidak beruntung, mereka yang tidak berpeluang datang ke TED. Fikirkan dan integrasikan mereka dalam kehidupan kita. Fikirkan dan integrasikan mereka dalam kehidupan kita.
You know, ultimately, we all have to believe things we haven't seen. We do. As rational as we are, as committed to intellect as we are, innovation, creativity, development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone. They come from the ideas in our mind that are also fueled by some conviction in our heart. And it's that mind-heart connection that I believe compels us to not just be attentive to all the bright and dazzly things, but also the dark and difficult things. Václav Havel, the great Czech leader, talked about this. He said, "When we were in Eastern Europe and dealing with oppression, we wanted all kinds of things. But mostly what we needed was hope, an orientation of the spirit, a willingness to sometimes be in hopeless places and be a witness."
Akhirnya, kita perlu percaya apa yang tidak dilihat dengan mata sendiri. Memang begitu. Secara rasional dan komited terhadap keintelektualan kita. Inovasi, kreativiti, dan pembangunan Inovasi, kreativiti, dan pembangunan bukan saja datang daripada minda kita. Semua itu datang daripada idea dalam minda kita yang juga didorong oleh keyakinan dalam hati kita. Saya percaya, hubungan antara minda dan hati yang mendorong kita untuk bukan saja memberikan perhatian pada semua perkara yang baik, bahkan perkara yang sukar. Vaclav Havel pernah bercakap tentangnya. Dia kata, "Semasa berada di Eropah Timur dan berdepan dengan penindasan, kita mahukan pelbagai perkara, tapi apa yang kita paling mahukan ialah harapan, semangat, kesanggupan berada di tempat yang tiada harapan semangat, kesanggupan berada di tempat yang tiada harapan dan menjadi seorang saksi."
Well, that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what I believe even TED communities have to be engaged in. There is no disconnect around technology and design that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering, to poverty, to exclusion, to unfairness, to injustice. Now, I will warn you that this kind of identity is a much more challenging identity than ones that don't pay attention to this. It will get to you.
Semangat itu ialah teras kepercayaan saya, Semangat itu ialah teras kepercayaan saya, bahkan komuniti TED perlu terlibat. bahkan komuniti TED perlu terlibat. Teknologi dan reka bentuk tidak patut menghalang kemanusiaan Teknologi dan reka bentuk tidak patut menghalang kemanusiaan Teknologi dan reka bentuk tidak patut menghalang kemanusiaan memberikan perhatian pada penderitaan, kemiskinan, pengetepian, ketidakwajaran dan ketidakadilan. Saya mahu mengingatkan anda bahawa identiti ini Saya mahu mengingatkan anda bahawa identiti ini merupakan identiti yang lebih mencabar bagi mereka yang tidak memberikan perhatian padanya. Ia akan mempengaruhi anda.
I had the great privilege, when I was a young lawyer, of meeting Rosa Parks. And Ms. Parks used to come back to Montgomery every now and then, and she would get together with two of her dearest friends, these older women, Johnnie Carr, who was the organizer of the Montgomery bus boycott -- amazing African American woman -- and Virginia Durr, a white woman, whose husband, Clifford Durr, represented Dr. King. And these women would get together and just talk.
Semasa muda, saya berpeluang berjumpa dengan Rosa Parks. Beliau kerap pergi ke Montgomery dan jumpa 2 orang kawan baiknya, wanita yang telah berusia, iaitu Johnnie Carr, penganjur pemboikotan bas Montgomery, iaitu Johnnie Carr, penganjur pemboikotan bas Montgomery, seorang Amerika Afrika yang hebat; dan Virginia Durr, wanita berkulit putih, suami beliau ialah peguam bagi Dr. King. Mereka akan bertemu dan berbual.
And every now and then Ms. Carr would call me, and she'd say, "Bryan, Ms. Parks is coming to town. We're going to get together and talk. Do you want to come over and listen?" And I'd say, "Yes, ma'am, I do." She'd say, "What are you going to do when you get here?" I said, "I'm going to listen." And I'd go over there and I would, I'd just listen. It would be so energizing and so empowering.
Kadangkala, Puan Carr akan hubungi saya dan kata, "Puan Parks akan datang. Kami akan bertemu dan berbual. Awak mahu datang dan dengar?" Saya jawab, "Ya, puan. Saya mahu." Dia tanya, "Apa yang awak mahu buat di situ?" Saya jawab, "Saya akan mendengar." Saya akan pergi ke situ dan hanya mendengar. Ia sangat memberangsangkan.
And one time I was over there listening to these women talk, and after a couple of hours, Ms. Parks turned to me and said, "Bryan, tell me what the Equal Justice Initiative is. Tell me what you're trying to do." And I began giving her my rap. "We're trying to challenge injustice. We're trying to help people who have been wrongly convicted. We're trying to confront bias and discrimination in the administration of criminal justice. We're trying to end life without parole sentences for children. We're trying to do something about the death penalty. We're trying to reduce the prison population. We're trying to end mass incarceration."
Pada suatu hari, saya berada di situ dan mendengar mereka berbual. Selepas beberapa jam, Puan Parks kata, "Bryan, terangkan Inisiatif Kesamarataan Keadilan. Beritahu saya apa yang awak cuba lakukan." Saya mula menerangkannya. Saya kata, "Kita cuba cabar ketidakadilan, bantu orang yang disalah sabit, Saya kata, "Kita cuba cabar ketidakadilan, bantu orang yang disalah sabit, hapuskan prasangka dan diskriminasi dalam keadilan jenayah, hapuskan prasangka dan diskriminasi dalam keadilan jenayah, mansuhkan hukuman penjara seumur hidup tanpa parol ke atas kanak-kanak, buat sesuatu tentang hukuman mati. kurangkan bilangan banduan, hentikan pemenjaraan beramai-ramai. Saya terangkan semua itu. Beliau pandang saya
I gave her my whole rap, and when I finished she looked at me and she said, "Mmm mmm mmm. That's going to make you tired, tired, tired."
dan kata, "Mmm... mmm... mmm..." Dia kata, "Semua itu akan membuat awak penat." (Gelak ketawa)
(Laughter)
Pada ketika itu, Puan Carr kata, "Sebab itu, awak mesti berani."
And that's when Ms. Carr leaned forward, she put her finger in my face, she said, "That's why you've got to be brave, brave, brave."
Pada ketika itu, Puan Carr kata, "Sebab itu, awak mesti berani."
And I actually believe that the TED community needs to be more courageous. We need to find ways to embrace these challenges, these problems, the suffering. Because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity. I've learned very simple things doing the work that I do. It's just taught me very simple things. I've come to understand and to believe that each of us is more than the worst thing we've ever done. I believe that for every person on the planet. I think if somebody tells a lie, they're not just a liar. I think if somebody takes something that doesn't belong to them, they're not just a thief. I think even if you kill someone, you're not just a killer. And because of that, there's this basic human dignity that must be respected by law. I also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of this globe, that the opposite of poverty is not wealth. I don't believe that. I actually think, in too many places, the opposite of poverty is justice.
Saya percaya bahawa komuniti TED perlu menjadi lebih berani. Kita perlu mencari jalan untuk mengatasi semua cabaran ini, semua masalah ini, penderitaan ini. Kerana akhirnya, kemanusiaan kita bergantung pada kemanusiaan setiap orang. Melalui kerja saya, saya telah belajar perkara yang mudah. Ia telah mengajar saya perkara yang mudah. Saya mula memahami dan mempercayai, setiap orang tidak didefinisikan oleh perkara buruk yang dilakukannya. setiap orang tidak didefinisikan oleh perkara buruk yang dilakukannya. Semua orang pun begitu. Yang bercakap bohong tidak semestinya pembohong. Yang ambil barang orang lain tidak semestinya pencuri. Yang ambil barang orang lain tidak semestinya pencuri. Bahkan yang bunuh orang tidak semestinya pembunuh. Oleh sebab terdapatnya maruah manusia yang asas ini, ia mesti dihormati undang-undang. Saya juga percaya, di banyak tempat di negara ini, dan semestinya di banyak tempat di dunia ini, kata lawan bagi "kemiskinan" bukan "kekayaan". Saya tidak mempercayainya. Bagi saya, di banyak tempat, kata lawan bagi "kemiskinan" ialah "keadilan".
And finally, I believe that, despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful and so inspiring and so stimulating, we will ultimately not be judged by our technology, we won't be judged by our design, we won't be judged by our intellect and reason. Ultimately, you judge the character of a society not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged, but by how they treat the poor, the condemned, the incarcerated. Because it's in that nexus that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are.
Akhirnya, saya percaya, walaupun pada hakikatnya ia adalah dramatik, cantik, memberikan inspirasi, dan memberangsangkan, akhirnya kita tidak akan dinilai berdasarkan teknologi, reka bentuk, keintelektualan dan penaakulan kita. reka bentuk, keintelektualan dan penaakulan kita. Akhirnya, anda menilai sebuah masyarakat, bukan cara mereka layan orang kaya dan ada hak istimewa, tapi cara mereka layan orang yang miskin dan dipenjarakan. tapi cara mereka layan orang yang miskin dan dipenjarakan. Kerana melalui perhubungan itu, kita mula memahami secara mendalam tentang siapa kita. kita mula memahami secara mendalam tentang siapa kita.
I sometimes get out of balance. I'll end with this story. I sometimes push too hard. I do get tired, as we all do. Sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important. And I've been representing these kids who have been sentenced to these very harsh sentences. And I go to the jail and I see my client, who's 13 and 14, and he's been certified to stand trial as an adult. I start thinking, well, how did that happen? How can a judge turn you into something that you're not? And the judge has certified him as an adult, but I see this kid.
Kadangkala, keseimbangan saya hilang. Kadangkala, saya terlalu berusaha. Saya menjadi penat, seperti semua orang. Kadangkala, idea-idea itu melangkau pemikiran kita dan ia adalah penting. Saya pernah mewakili kanak-kanak yang telah dijatuhi hukuman yang berat. Saya melawat klien saya yang berusia 14 tahun. Dia telah disahkan untuk dibicarakan sebagai orang dewasa. Saya mula berfikir, bagaimana itu boleh berlaku? Bagaimana seorang hakim boleh menjadikan anda seorang yang berbeza? Hakim itu sahkannya orang dewasa, tapi dia seorang budak.
And I was up too late one night and I started thinking, well, if the judge can turn you into something you're not, the judge must have magic power. Yeah, Bryan, the judge has some magic power. You should ask for some of that. And because I was up too late and wasn't thinking real straight, I started working on a motion. I had a client who was 14 years old, a young, poor Black kid. And I started working on this motion, and the head of the motion was: "Motion to try my poor, 14-year-old Black male client like a privileged, white, 75-year-old corporate executive."
Pada suatu malam, saya tidak dapat tidur dan mula berfikir, "Jika hakim boleh jadikan anda seorang yang berbeza, pasti dia ada kuasa ghaib." "Ya, Byran, hakim itu ada kuasa ghaib." "Awak patut dapatkan kuasa itu." Oleh sebab saya tidak dapat tidur, saya sedikit gila, saya mula mengusahakan sebuah usul. Klien saya berusia 14 tahun, berkulit hitam. Saya mula mengusahakan usul itu. Tajuk usul itu ialah: "Usul untuk bicarakan klien berkulit hitam yang berusia 14 tahun, seperti eksekutif korporat berkulit putih yang berusia 75 tahun. seperti eksekutif korporat berkulit putih yang berusia 75 tahun.
(Laughter)
seperti eksekutif korporat berkulit putih yang berusia 75 tahun.
(Applause and cheers)
Saya masukkan dalam usul saya,
And I put in my motion that there was prosecutorial misconduct and police misconduct and judicial misconduct. There was a crazy line in there about how there's no conduct in this county, it's all misconduct. And the next morning, I woke up and I thought, now, did I dream that crazy motion, or did I actually write it? And to my horror, not only had I written it, but I had sent it to court.
terdapat salah laku pendakwaan, polis, kehakiman. Terdapat ayat tentang ketiadaan perlakuan di negara ini, Terdapat ayat tentang ketiadaan perlakuan di negara ini, Keesokan paginya, saya berfikir, saya termimpikan usul itu, atau saya telah menulisnya? Betapa dahsyatnya, saya bukan saja telah menulisnya, malah saya telah menghantarkannya ke mahkamah. (Tepukan)
(Applause)
Beberapa bulan telah berlalu,
A couple months went by, and I just had forgotten all about it. And I finally decided, "Gosh, I've got to go to the court and do this crazy case." And I got in my car, and I was feeling really overwhelmed -- overwhelmed. And I got in my car and went to this courthouse. And I was thinking, this is going to be so difficult, so painful. And I finally got out of the car and started walking up to the courthouse.
dan saya telah melupakan semua tentangnya. Akhirnya, saya membuat keputusan, saya mesti pergi ke mahkamah dan membentangkannya. Saya masuk ke dalam kereta saya dan saya berasa membuak-buak. Jadi saya masuk ke dalam kereta saya dan pergi ke mahkamah. Saya berfikir, perjuangan ini pasti sukar dan menyeksakan. Akhirnya, saya keluar dari kereta, dan saya mula menuju ke mahkamah. Semasa saya sedang menaiki tangga,
And as I was walking up the steps, there was an older Black man who was the janitor in this courthouse. When this man saw me, he came over and said, "Who are you?" I said, "I'm a lawyer." He said, "You're a lawyer?" I said, "Yes, sir." And this man came over to me, and he hugged me. And he whispered in my ear. He said, "I'm so proud of you." And I have to tell you, it was energizing. It connected deeply with something in me about identity, about the capacity of every person to contribute to community, to a perspective that is hopeful.
seorang lelaki tua berkulit hitam di situ, dia penjaga bangunan. Ketika dia nampak saya, dia menuju ke arah saya dan menanya, "Siapa anda?" Saya kata, "Peguam." Dia tanya, "Peguam?" Kemudian, dia mendekati saya dan memeluk saya. Dia berbisik di telinga saya. Dia kata, "Saya sangat bangga dengan anda." Saya mesti beritahu anda, ia agak memberangsangkan. Ia berhubung dengan sesuatu dalam lubuk hati saya, tentang identiti, tentang keupayaan setiap orang untuk menyumbang kepada komuniti dan perspektif yang memberikan harapan.
Well, I went into the courtroom. And as soon as I walked in, the judge saw me coming. He said, "Mr. Stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?" I said, "Yes, sir. I did." And we started arguing. And people started coming in, just outraged I'd written these crazy things. And police officers were coming in and assistant prosecutors and clerk workers. Before I knew it, the courtroom was filled with people angry that we were talking about race, that we were talking about poverty, talking about inequality.
Saya masuk ke dalam bilik pembicaraan. Sebaik saya masuk, hakim itu nampak saya. Beliau tanya, "Anda yang menulis usul yang gila ini?" Saya jawab, "Ya, tuan." Kami mula berhujah. Orang ramai mula masuk. Saya telah menulis benda-benda yang gila ini. Kemudian, polis, pembantu pendakwa dan kerani juga masuk. Kemudian, polis, pembantu pendakwa dan kerani juga masuk. Bilik itu telah dipenuhi orang yang marah kerana kami sedang bercakap tentang perkauman, kemiskinan, dan ketidakadilan. perkauman, kemiskinan, dan ketidakadilan.
And out of the corner of my eye, I could see this janitor pacing back and forth. He kept looking through the window and could hear all the holler. And finally, this older Black man with a very worried look on his face came into the courtroom and sat behind me, almost at counsel table. Ten minutes later, the judge said we'd take a break. During the break, there was a deputy sheriff who was offended that the janitor had come into court. The deputy jumped up and ran over to this older Black man. He said, "Jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?" And this older Black man stood up and looked at that deputy and he looked at me, and he said, "I came into this courtroom to tell this young man, 'Keep your eyes on the prize, hold on.'"
Saya nampak penjaga itu berjalan mundar-mandir. Dia lihat melalui tingkap, dia boleh dengar semua laungan itu. Dia lihat melalui tingkap, dia boleh dengar semua laungan itu. Akhirnya, lelaki yang nampak risau itu masuk dan duduk di belakang saya, berhampiran dengan meja peguam. Selepas 10 minit, kami berehat sekejap. Semasa waktu rehat, seorang syerif berasa marah kerana penjaga itu telah masuk ke situ. Syerif itu menuju ke arah lelaki itu. Dia tanya, "Jimmy, apa yang awak buat di sini?" Lelaki itu berdiri, dia memandang syerif itu, kemudian dia memandang saya. Dia kata, "Saya masuk ke sini untuk beritahu anak muda ini, "Tumpukan pada sasaran anda. Bertahan."
I've come to TED because I believe that many of you understand that the moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice; that we cannot be full, evolved human beings until we care about human rights and basic dignity; that all of our survival is tied to the survival of everyone; that our visions of technology and design and entertainment and creativity have to be married with visions of humanity, compassion and justice. And more than anything, for those of you who share that, I've simply come to tell you to keep your eyes on the prize, hold on.
Saya datang ke TED kerana saya percaya, kebanyakan daripada anda faham walaupun lengkung moral dunia ini panjang, ia memihak pada keadilan. Kita bukan manusia yang benar-benar berevolusi sehingga kita mengambil berat tentang hak-hak dan maruah manusia. Kewujudan kita semua bergantung pada kewujudan setiap orang. Visi kita dalam teknologi, reka bentuk, hiburan dan kreativiti Visi kita dalam teknologi, reka bentuk, hiburan dan kreativiti perlu wujud bersama visi kita dalam kemanusiaan, belas kasihan dan keadilan. Tapi yang lebih penting, bagi anda yang berfikiran begitu, saya datang untuk beritahu anda, "Tumpukan pada sasaran anda. Bertahan."
Thank you very much.
Terima kasih.
(Applause and cheers)
(Tepukan)
Chris Anderson: Brian, so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience, this community, to help you on your way and to do something on this issue. Other than writing a check, what could we do?
Chris Anderson: Anda telah mendengar dan melihat keinginan para hadiran, komuniti ini, untuk membantu anda melakukan sesuatu tentang isu ini. Selain menderma, apa yang boleh kita lakukan?
BS: Well, there are opportunities all around us. If you live in the state of California, for example, there's a referendum coming up this spring where there's going to be an effort to redirect some of the money we spend on the politics of punishment. For example, here in California, we're going to spend one billion dollars on the death penalty in the next five years -- one billion dollars. And yet, 46 percent of all homicide cases don't result in arrest, 56 percent of all rape cases don't result. So there's an opportunity to change that. And this referendum would propose having those dollars go to law enforcement and safety. And I think that opportunity exists all around us.
BS: Terdapat banyak peluang di sekitar kita. Jika anda tinggal di California, contohnya, terdapat sebuah pungutan suara pada musim bunga ini di mana terdapat usaha untuk alihkan sebahagian wang yang kita belanjakan ke atas hukuman. Contohnya, di California, kita akan belanjakan satu bilion dolar ke atas hukuman mati dalam 5 tahun seterusnya. Satu bilion dolar. Tapi, 46% daripada kes homisid gagal diselesaikan. Tapi, 46% daripada kes homisid gagal diselesaikan. 56% daripada kes rogol gagal diselesaikan. Jadi, terdapat peluang untuk mengubahnya. Pungutan suara ini mencadangkan agar wang ini disalurkan kepada penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan keselamatan. Saya rasa, peluang ini sememangnya wujud.
CA: There's been this huge decline in crime in America over the last three decades. And part of the narrative of that is sometimes that it's about increased incarceration rates. What would you say to someone who believed that?
CA: Terdapat penurunan yang besar dalam kadar jenayah di Amerika sepanjang 3 dekad yang lalu. Kadangkala, dikatakan bahawa ia disebabkan kadar pemenjaraan yang meningkat. Apa yang anda mahu beritahu orang yang mempercayainya?
BS: Well, actually, the violent crime rate has remained relatively stable. The great increase in mass incarceration in this country wasn't really in violent crime categories. It was this misguided war on drugs. That's where the dramatic increases have come in our prison population.
BS: Sebenarnya, kadar jenayah tidak banyak berubah. Kadar pemenjaraan beramai-ramai yang tinggi di negara ini bukan dalam kategori jenayah. Ia berkaitan dengan dadah. Itulah yang akibatkan peningkatan yang tinggi dalam jumlah banduan di penjara.
(Applause)
Kita terbawa-bawa oleh keberkesanan hukuman.
And we got carried away with the rhetoric of punishment. And so we have "Three Strikes" laws that put people in prison forever for stealing a bicycle, for low-level property crimes, rather than making them give those resources back to the people who they victimized. I believe we need to do more to help people who are victimized by crime, not do less. And I think our current punishment philosophy does nothing for no one. And I think that's the orientation that we have to change.
Jadi, kita ada undang-undang yang masukkan orang ke penjara selama-lamanya kerana mencuri basikal, mencuri sedikit harta benda, tapi bukannya menyebabkan mereka kembalikan semua itu kepada mangsa. tapi bukannya menyebabkan mereka kembalikan semua itu kepada mangsa. Kita perlu lakukan lebih banyak perkara untuk bantu mangsa jenayah. Kita perlu lakukan lebih banyak perkara untuk bantu mangsa jenayah. Falsafah hukuman kita pada masa kini tidak berkesan. Falsafah hukuman kita pada masa kini tidak berkesan. Kita patut mengubahnya. (Tepukan)
(Applause)
CA: Ceramah anda sangat memberangsangkan.
CA: Bryan, you've struck a massive chord here. You're an inspiring person. Thank you so much for coming to TED. Thank you.
Anda orang yang memberikan inspirasi. Terima kasih kerana datang ke TED. (Tepukan)
(Applause and cheers)
BS: Thank you. Thank you. (Applause and cheers)