I want to share with you over the next 18 minutes a pretty incredible idea. Actually, it's a really big idea. But to get us started, I want to ask if everyone could just close your eyes for two seconds and try and think of a technology or a bit of science that you think has changed the world. Now I bet, in this audience, you're thinking of some really incredible technology, some stuff that I haven't even heard of, I'm absolutely sure. But I'm also sure, pretty sure, that absolutely nobody is thinking of this. This is a polio vaccine.
在接下來的18分鐘裡 我想和大家說 一個不可思議的想法 事實上,這是一個很大的想法 但在我們開始之前 我想請在座各位 閉上眼睛,花兩秒的時間 試著去思考一項你認為 是改變世界的科技或科學 我敢說,在座各位 你們想到的確實是些很驚人的科技 有些我甚至從未聽聞 我非常確信是如此 但我也相當確定 在座沒有任何人有想過這樣東西 這是小兒麻痺症疫苗
And it's a great thing actually that nobody's had to think about it here today because it means that we can take this for granted. This is a great technology. We can take it completely for granted. But it wasn't always that way. Even here in California, if we were to go back just a few years, it was a very different story. People were terrified of this disease. They were terrified of polio, and it would cause public panic. And it was because of scenes like this. In this scene, people are living in an iron lung. These are people who were perfectly healthy two or three days before, and then two days later, they can no longer breathe, and this polio virus has paralyzed not only their arms and their legs, but also their breathing muscles. And they were going to spend the rest of their lives, usually, in this iron lung to breathe for them.
這是一項偉大的發明 但今天在這個場合不會有人想到 因為我們認為這件事是理所當然的 這是一項偉大的科技 我們當然會這樣想 但事情不是總是這樣的 即便在加州 如果我們回到過去幾年前 事情的發展是完全不同的 人們非常害怕這種疾病 小兒麻痺症讓大眾感到恐懼,造成社會恐慌 也因為這樣的景象 這張照片裡 人要依賴鐵肺才能存活 這些人兩三天前都還是相當健康的 但兩天後 他們無法呼吸 小兒麻痺病毒 不僅是讓他們四肢癱瘓 更讓他們的呼吸肌無法作用 通常他們的後半生 必須仰賴鐵肺,幫助他們呼吸
This disease was terrifying. There was no cure, and there was no vaccine. The disease was so terrifying that the president of the United States launched an extraordinary national effort to find a way to stop it. Twenty years later, they succeeded and developed the polio vaccine. It was hailed as a scientific miracle in the late 1950s. Finally, a vaccine that could stop this awful disease, and here in the United States it had an incredible impact. As you can see, the virus stopped, and it stopped very, very fast.
這種疾病令人聞之喪膽 當時沒有治癒的方法 也沒有疫苗 這種疾病令人惶恐不安 當時的美國總統 發了特令動用國家資源 企圖找到治療方法 二十年後,他們成功了 研發出小兒麻痺症疫苗 這在50年代後期 被譽為是科學奇蹟 終於有疫苗可以終止這種可怕的疾病 在美國 疫苗有驚人的效應 大家可以看到,疫情止住了 而且是迅速地終止
But this wasn't the case everywhere in the world. And it happened so fast in the United States, however, that even just last month Jon Stewart said this:
但在世界上的其他地方 就並非如此了 這在美國發生的太快了 而就在上個月,Jon Stewart這樣說
(Video) Jon Stewart: Where is polio still active? Because I thought that had been eradicated in the way that smallpox had been eradicated.
Jon Stewart:哪些地區仍然有小兒麻痺症? 我以為小兒麻痺症已經被根絕 就像天花那樣已經完全根絕了
Bruce Aylward: Oops. Jon, polio's almost been eradicated. But the reality is that polio still exists today. We made this map for Jon to try to show him exactly where polio still exists. This is the picture. There's not very much left in the world. But the reason there's not very much left is because there's been an extraordinary public/private partnership working behind the scenes, almost unknown, I'm sure to most of you here today. It's been working for 20 years to try and eradicate this disease, and it's got it down to these few cases that you can see here on this graphic.
Bruce Aylward:喔,Jon,小兒麻痺是幾乎要被根絕 事實上 小兒麻痺症到今天仍然存在 我們製作了地圖讓Jon了解至今哪些地區仍存在有小兒麻痺症 就是這張圖 雖然世界上只有少數地區仍有此問題 至於大部分地區沒有這項問題 是因為背後有傑出的公共/私人的組織機構 持續為這項問題在努力 我想今天在座各位是不知道的 他們已經努力了二十年 嘗試要根絕這種疾病 從這張圖表上可以看到 這種疾病依然存在這少數幾個區域
But just last year, we had an incredible shock and realized that almost just isn't good enough with a virus like polio. And this is the reason: in two countries that hadn't had this disease for more than probably a decade, on opposite sides of the globe, there was suddenly terrible polio outbreaks. Hundreds of people were paralyzed. Hundreds of people died -- children as well as adults. And in both cases, we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses, and we could tell these viruses were not from these countries. They had come from thousands of miles away. And in one case, it originated on another continent. And not only that, but when they came into these countries, then they got on commercial jetliners probably and they traveled even farther to other places like Russia, where, for the first time in over a decade last year, children were crippled and paralyzed by a disease that they had not seen for years.
但就在去年 我們發現一樁令人驚駭的事 然後我們意識到就小兒麻痺病毒而言 "幾乎"根絕是還不夠的 原因是: 在地球另一端有兩個國家 已經有超過將近十年的時間 沒有再出現過小兒麻痺症病例 卻突然爆發嚴重的小兒麻痺症疫情 數百人癱瘓 數百人死亡 有兒童,也有成人 在這兩個國家 我們利用基因測序檢查小兒麻痺病毒 發現這些病毒並非原先就存在該地區 病毒是由千里之外的地區傳過來的 其中一個病例,病毒是從另一個大陸傳來的 不僅如此,病毒到這些國家 可能是藉由商業客機所傳遞 也可能傳遞的更遠 到其他地區去,例如俄羅斯 在超過十年的時間,就在去年 又有兒童受到這已長時間未出現的病毒 感染而變成殘廢和癱瘓
Now all of these outbreaks that I just showed you, these are under control now, and it looks like they'll probably stop very, very quickly. But the message was very clear. Polio is still a devastating, explosive disease. It's just happening in another part of the world. And our big idea is that the scientific miracle of this decade should be the complete eradication of poliomyelitis.
我剛提到所有爆發的疫情 目前都在控制中 而且應該會迅速地終止 但這件事很清楚地告訴我們 小兒麻痺症 依然是一種駭人且會爆發傳染的疾病 這就發生在世界的另一個區域 而我們的想法是 在眼前這十年的科學奇蹟 應該是要徹底根除 小兒麻痺症
So I want to tell you a little bit about what this partnership, the Polio Partnership, is trying to do. We're not trying to control polio. We're not trying to get it down to just a few cases, because this disease is like a root fire; it can explode again if you don't snuff it out completely. So what we're looking for is a permanent solution. We want a world in which every child, just like you guys, can take for granted a polio-free world. So we're looking for a permanent solution, and this is where we get lucky. This is one of the very few viruses in the world where there are big enough cracks in its armor that we can try to do something truly extraordinary. This virus can only survive in people. It can't live for a very long time in people. It doesn't survive in the environment hardly at all. And we've got pretty good vaccines, as I've just showed you. So we are trying to wipe out this virus completely. What the polio eradication program is trying to do is to kill the virus itself that causes polio everywhere on Earth.
我想多跟你們說 有關小兒麻痺症夥伴關係 正嘗試在做的事 我們不想只控制住疫情 我們不希望還有少數地區會出現病例 因為這種疾病像是星星之火 如果不把它完全根除的話,它可能會再次爆發 所以我們希望找到 永久的解決辦法 我們希望世界上所有的孩童,如同在座各位 能理所當然的 生活在沒有小兒麻痺症的世界 我們想找到永久的解決之道 我們很幸運的是 小兒麻痺病毒是世界上 少見能被治癒的病毒 我們能試著做些真正特別的事 這種病毒只會靠人類傳染 在人體也無法存活很久 也不能在嚴厲的環境中存活 如同我剛展示的,我們有相當好的疫苗 所以我們嘗試 要完全根除這種病毒 小兒麻痺症根絕計畫要做的事 是消滅世界各地 會引發 小兒麻痺症的病毒
Now we don't have a great track record when it comes to doing something like this, to eradicating diseases. It's been tried six times in the last century, and it's been successful exactly once. And this is because disease eradication, it's still the venture capital of public health. The risks are massive, but the pay-off -- economic, humanitarian, motivational -- it's absolutely huge. One congressman here in the United States thinks that the entire investment that the U.S. put into smallpox eradication pays itself off every 26 days -- in foregone treatment costs and vaccination costs. And if we can finish polio eradication, the poorest countries in the world are going to save over 50 billion dollars in the next 25 years alone. So those are the kind of stakes that we're after.
當我們開始做這樣的事時 我們不曾有過根絕疾病的 良好紀錄 在上一個世紀中,已經嘗試過六次 僅僅只有一次成功過 是因為根除疾病 是大眾健康的一種風險投資 雖然風險甚大 但是各方面的回報 像是經濟,人道主義,激勵作用 也絕對是龐大的 一位美國的國會議員 認為美國投注在 根除天花的全部資源中 每二十六天就能在放棄治療的費用 和接種疫苗的費用上 得到回饋 如果我們能完成小兒麻痺症的防治 世界上最窮困的國家 將可以在未來的二十五年 省下500億美金 這才是我們在追求的利益
But smallpox eradication was hard; it was very, very hard. And polio eradication, in many ways, is even tougher, and there's a few reasons for that. The first is that, when we started trying to eradicate polio about 20 years ago, more than twice as many countries were infected than had been when we started off with smallpox. And there were more than 10 times as many people living in these countries. So it was a massive effort. The second challenge we had was -- in contrast to the smallpox vaccine, which was very stable, and a single dose protected you for life -- the polio vaccine is incredibly fragile. It deteriorates so quickly in the tropics that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor on every single vial so that it will change very quickly when it's exposed to too much heat, and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child -- it's not potent; it's not going to protect them. Even then, kids need many doses of the vaccine.
根除天花是件困難的事 是非常困難的 而根除小兒麻痺症,在很多方面又更加困難 有幾個原因 第一 當我們在二十多年前 開始嘗試要根除小兒麻痺症時 有疫情的國家總數 是我們開始根除天花時的兩倍 這些國家的人口數 則是十倍以上 這需要龐大的資源 第二個難處是 比較起來 天花疫苗非常穩定,單劑就有終生保護作用 而小兒麻痺症疫苗相較脆弱 在熱帶地區會快速的敗壞 我們必須在每一瓶疫苗 都設置特殊的疫苗監控 因為疫苗暴露在高溫時 變化會相當快速 變成不能在兒童身上使用的疫苗 沒有保護作用,不能讓他們免於病毒 此外,孩童需要很多的疫苗
But the third challenge we have -- and probably even bigger one, the biggest challenge -- is that, in contrast to smallpox where you could always see your enemy -- every single person almost who was infected with smallpox had this telltale rash. So you could get around the disease; you could vaccinate around the disease and cut it off. With polio it's almost completely different. The vast majority of people who are infected with the polio virus show absolutely no sign of the disease. So you can't see the enemy most of the time, and as a result, we've needed a very different approach to eradicate polio than what was done with smallpox.
第三個難處是 或許這是最困難的部分 相較天花,你能輕易看出症狀 每個感染到天花的人 身上都有清楚的皮疹 所以能夠找到疾病 可以及時注射疫苗,讓疾病治癒 但小兒麻痺症是完全不同的情況 絕大多數感染小兒麻痺病毒的人 幾乎看不出任何該疾病的病症 大部分時間,你不清楚敵人位在何方 因此 我們需要一種相當不同於天花的方法 來根除小兒麻痺症
We've had to create one of the largest social movements in history. There's over 10 million people, probably 20 million people, largely volunteers, who have been working over the last 20 years in what has now been called the largest internationally-coordinated operation in peacetime. These people, these 20 million people, vaccinate over 500 million children every single year, multiple times at the peak of our operation. Now giving the polio vaccine is simple. It's just two drops, like that. But reaching 500 million people is much, much tougher. And these vaccinators, these volunteers, they have got to dive headlong into some of the toughest, densest urban slums in the world. They've got to trek under sweltering suns to some of the most remote, difficult to reach places in the world. And they also have to dodge bullets, because we have got to operate during shaky cease-fires and truces to try and vaccinate children, even in areas affected by conflict.
我們發動了 有史以來最大規模的社會運動 有超過一千萬人 也許是兩千萬人 眾多的志工 在過去二十年來 在現在和平時期所說的 參與這最大的國際合作行動 這些人,這兩千萬人 在我們的任務最高峰的時期 一年替五億名孩童 注射疫苗 而且不只一次 現在注射小兒麻痺症疫苗很簡單 只要像這樣滴兩滴 但替五億人注射疫苗 這是更困難的 這些注射疫苗的人,也就是這些志工 他們必須深入到世界上 一些最艱困,人口最密集的 貧民窟城市 他們得在炎熱的太陽下跋涉到 一些最偏遠且難以到達的地方 而且他們還必須躲避子彈 因為我們必須要在 混亂的停火和停戰的情況下 嘗試為兒童接種疫苗 即便是有衝突影響的地區也一樣
One reporter who was watching our program in Somalia about five years ago -- a place which has eradicated polio, not once, but twice, because they got reinfected. He was sitting outside of the road, watching one of these polio campaigns unfold, and a few months later he wrote: "This is foreign aid at its most heroic." And these heroes, they come from every walk of life, all sorts of backgrounds. But one of the most extraordinary is Rotary International. This is a group whose million-strong army of volunteers have been working to eradicate polio for over 20 years. They're right at the center of the whole thing.
一位記者 觀看我們五年前在索馬利亞的任務 該地區已經根絕小兒麻痺症 不只一次,是兩次,因為他們遭受二次感染 他就坐在馬路旁 觀看這些宣傳小兒麻痺症的資訊 幾個月後他寫道: 「這是最英雄式的外援‧」 這些英雄來自來自各行各業 有著不同的生活背景 其中最特別的是國際扶輪社 這個團體 上百萬的志工們 已經有超過20年 致力於根除小兒麻痺症的工作 他們就在這整件事情的核心
Now it took years to build up the infrastructure for polio eradication -- more than 15 years, much longer than it should have -- but once it was built, the results were striking. Within a couple of years, every country that started polio eradication rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses, with the exception of four countries that you see here. And in each of those, it was only part of the country. And then, by 1999, one of the three polio viruses that we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated worldwide -- proof of concept. And then today, there's been a 99 percent reduction -- greater than 99 percent reduction -- in the number of children who are being paralyzed by this awful disease. When we started, over 20 years ago, 1,000 children were being paralyzed every single day by this virus. Last year, it was 1,000.
現在花了相當多年的時間建立了 根除小兒麻痺症的基礎建設 花了十五年的時間,遠多於預期 但一旦建立完成,將會有驚人的結果 幾年之內 每一個實行根除小兒麻痺症計畫的國家 都迅速根除了三種小兒麻痺症的病毒 除了你在這裡看到的這四個國家 在這四個國家裡,只有一部分的地區還有此問題 在1999年當時 其中一種我們試圖要根除的 小兒麻痺病毒 已經完全從世界上根除了 這已經證實了 到今天 受到小兒麻痺症 此種可怕病毒 感染的兒童人數 已減少了99%--甚至是99%以上-- 從二十年前,我們開始執行 每一天就有1,000名兒童 受到病毒感染而癱瘓 去年,感染人數是1,000人
And at the same time, the polio eradication program has been working to help with a lot of other areas. It's been working to help control pandemic flu, SARS for example. It's also tried to save children by doing other things -- giving vitamin A drops, giving measles shots, giving bed nets against malaria even during some of these campaigns. But the most exciting thing that the polio eradication program has been doing has been to force us, the international community, to reach every single child, every single community, the most vulnerable people in the world, with the most basic of health services, irrespective of geography, poverty, culture and even conflict.
同時 小兒麻痺症根除計畫 已經幫助了很多地區 也同時幫助控制了流感大流行 例如SARS(傳染性非典型肺炎) 他們也試圖給予孩童其他幫助 -- 給予維他命A滴劑,注射麻疹疫苗 甚至在其中一些活動中 提供蚊帳防治瘧疾 但最令人振奮的事 是小兒麻痺症根除計畫 迫使我們 國際間的社會團體 去到每一個社區,聯繫上每一名孩童 他們是世界上最脆弱的族群 提供他們最基本的保健服務 不論地理位置,貧困 文化,甚至衝突
So things were looking very exciting, and then about five years ago, this virus, this ancient virus, started to fight back. The first problem we ran into was that, in these last four countries, the strongholds of this virus, we just couldn't seem to get the virus rooted out. And then to make the matters even worse, the virus started to spread out of these four places, especially northern India and northern Nigeria, into much of Africa, Asia, and even into Europe, causing horrific outbreaks in places that had not seen this disease for decades. And then, in one of the most important, tenacious and toughest reservoirs of the polio virus in the world, we found that our vaccine was working half as well as it should have. In conditions like this, the vaccine just couldn't get the grip it needed to in the guts of these children and protect them the way that it needed to.
原先這一切令人振奮 但在五年前 這種古老的病毒又捲土重來 我們碰到的第一個問題是 在這最後的四個國家,病毒的大本營 我們似乎就是沒辦法讓病毒完全根除 更糟糕的情況是 病毒開始蔓延到這四個國家以外的地區 自印度北部和奈及利亞北部 進入非洲許多地區,亞洲,甚至到歐洲 造成可怕的疫情 這些地方已經幾十年沒有出現過病例 然後 在一個最重要,最頑強的 小兒麻痺病毒的傳染窩 我們發現我們的疫苗 功效只有原先的一半 在這樣的條件下 疫苗無法有效作用 給予這些孩子 他們所需要的保護
Now at that time, there was a great, as you can imagine, frustration -- let's call it frustration -- it started to grow very, very quickly. And all of a sudden, some very important voices in the world of public health started to say, "Hang on. We should abandon this idea of eradication. Let's settle for control -- that's good enough." Now as seductive as the idea of control sounds, it's a false premise. The brutal truth is, if we don't have the will or the skill, or even the money that we need to reach children, the most vulnerable children in the world, with something as simple as an oral polio vaccine, then pretty soon, more than 200,000 children are again going to be paralyzed by this disease every single year. There's absolutely no question.
在當時 各位可以想像的到,一股非常大的 挫敗 --我們認為是挫敗-- 這種氣氛擴散的非常快 突然,非常多來自 世界公衛組織的聲音 開始說「等等。」 「我們該放棄根除病毒的想法了。」 「我們就試圖控制住疫情--這樣就很好了。」 現在,控制疫情的想法的確吸引人 但這是個錯誤的想法 殘酷的事實是 如果我們沒有意願或技能 甚至所需要的經費 運用簡單的 口服小兒麻痺症疫苗 去保護這些世界上最脆弱的孩童們 那麼很快 未來每年將會有 超過二十萬的兒童 會因此疾病變成癱瘓 這是毫無疑問的
These are children like Umar. Umar is seven years old, and he's from northern Nigeria. He lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters. Umar also has polio. Umar was paralyzed for life. His right leg was paralyzed in 2004. This leg, his right leg, now takes an awful beating because he has to half-crawl, because it's faster to move that way to keep up with his friends, keep up with his brothers and sisters, than to get up on his crutches and walk. But Umar is a fantastic student. He's an incredible kid. As you probably can't see the detail here, but this is his report card, and you'll see, he's got perfect scores. He got 100 percent in all the important things, like nursery rhymes, for example there. But you know I'd love to be able to tell you that Umar is a typical kid with polio these days, but it's not true. Umar is an exceptional kid in exceptional circumstances.
這些孩童就像Umar一樣 Umar現年七歲 他住在奈及利亞北部 他和八個兄弟姊妹 同住在一起 Umar罹患小兒麻痺症 Umar後半生都會是癱瘓 他的右腿 在2004年時癱瘓了 他的右腿 現在有嚴重的挫傷 因為他必須半爬 這樣移動的速度會快些 好跟上他的朋友,他的兄弟姊妹 這比起拿拐杖行走的速度要快 但Umar是位了不起的學生,他令人讚嘆 各位可能沒辦法看清楚這上頭的字 但這是他的成績單 可以看出來,他的成績相當好 他在所有重要的項目都拿滿分 例如這邊寫的,像是童謠 各位也許認為我會說 Umar是這些年來典型罹患小兒麻痺症的孩子 但不是 Umar是例外 他是在特殊情況下感染的
The reality of polio today is something very different. Polio strikes the poorest communities in the world. It leaves their children paralyzed, and it drags their families deeper into poverty, because they're desperately searching and they're desperately spending the little bit of savings that they have, trying in vain to find a cure for their children. We think children deserve better. And so when the going got really tough in the polio eradication program about two years ago, when people were saying, "We should call it off," the Polio Partnership decided to buckle down once again and try and find innovative new solutions, new ways to get to the children that we were missing again and again.
事實上今天的小兒麻痺症 是非常不一樣的 小兒麻痺症擊垮世界上最窮困的地區 它讓該地區的孩童癱瘓 拖垮他們的家庭 讓全家陷入更貧困的境地 因為他們的家庭拼命地尋找 不顧一切地支出他們僅存的積蓄 妄圖尋找 治癒他們的孩子的解藥 我們認為兒童該過更好的生活 所以在兩年前 根除小兒麻痺症計畫 最瓶頸的時候 當人們都在說「我們應該停止」 小兒麻痺症夥伴關係 決定再一次傾全力 嘗試找尋新的解決方法 以新的方式去聯繫上 我們一次又一次錯過的孩童們
In northern India, we started mapping the cases using satellite imaging like this, so that we could guide our investments and vaccinator shelters, so we could get to the millions of children on the Koshi River basin where there are no other health services. In northern Nigeria, the political leaders and the traditional Muslim leaders, they got directly involved in the program to help solve the problems of logistics and community confidence.
在印度的北部,我們運用衛星圖 定位出每一個病例 我們就能通知資方,還有疫苗接種站 然後就能聯繫上位在 戈西河流域的數百萬名兒童 那裏沒有其他的醫療服務 在奈及利亞北部 政治領導人和傳統的穆斯林領袖 他們直接參與了該計劃 幫助解決後勤的問題 和建立社會信心
And now they've even started using these devices -- speaking of cool technology -- these little devices, little GIS trackers like this, which they put into the vaccine carriers of their vaccinators. And then they can track them, and at the end of the day, they look and see, did these guys get every single street, every single house. This is the kind of commitment now we're seeing to try and reach all of the children we've been missing. And in Afghanistan, we're trying new approaches -- access negotiators. We're working closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that we can reach every child.
現在他們甚至已經開始使用這些設備 談一點新的科技 這些小型全球地理資訊系統的裝置 讓疫苗接種人員放在疫苗載具上 然後就能追蹤他們 並在結束日查看 看他們是否有走完每一條街道,去過每一棟房子 這是我們想做到的承諾 試圖幫助所有我們錯過的每一名孩子 而在阿富汗,我們正嘗試新的方法 進入談判 我們密切與國際紅十字會合作 以確保我們能聯繫上每一名孩童
But as we tried these extraordinary things, as people went to this trouble to try and rework their tactics, we went back to the vaccine -- it's a 50-year-old vaccine -- and we thought, surely we can make a better vaccine, so that when they finally get to these kids, we can have a better bang for our buck. And this started an incredible collaboration with industry, and within six months, we were testing a new polio vaccine that targeted, just two years ago, the last two types of polio in the world. Now June the ninth, 2009, we got the first results from the first trial with this vaccine, and it turned out to be a game-changer. The new vaccine had twice the impact on these last couple of viruses as the old vaccine had, and we immediately started using this. Well, in a couple of months we had to get it out of production. And it started rolling off the production lines and into the mouths of children around the world. And we didn't start with the easy places. The first place this vaccine was used was in southern Afghanistan, because it's in places like that where kids are going to benefit the most from technologies like this.
當我們嘗試做這些特別的事 當其他人重新檢視問題 重新修正戰術 我們也檢討了這支50歲的疫苗 然後我們想,我們當然可以研發一支很好的疫苗 讓志工們聯繫上這些孩童們時 能提供更好的防疫效果 因此就展開一場與產業的驚奇合作 六個月內 我們測試了新的小兒麻痺症疫苗 就在兩年前,針對的是 世界上最後兩種小兒麻痺病毒 2009年六月九日 我們得到了疫苗第一次測試的結果 局面馬上改觀 新的疫苗 在對付這兩種病毒的功效 是舊疫苗的兩倍 我們立即開始使用新的疫苗 幾個月內,我們必須開始生產 讓疫苗進入生產線然後完成 進到世界各地每一位孩子的口中 我們沒有從疫情輕微的地方開始 新的疫苗首次使用 是在阿富汗南部 因為目的本該是 運用科技讓孩童們 獲益更多
Now here at TED, over the last couple of days, I've seen people challenging the audience again and again to believe in the impossible. So this morning at about seven o'clock, I decided that we'd try to drive Chris and the production crew here berserk by downloading all of our data from India again, so that you could see something that's just unfolding today, which proves that the impossible is possible. And only two years ago, people were saying that this is impossible. Now remember, northern India is the perfect storm when it comes to polio. Over 500,000 children are born in the two states that have never stopped polio -- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar -- 500,000 children every single month. Sanitation is terrible, and our old vaccine, you remember, worked half as well as it should have. And yet, the impossible is happening. Today marks exactly six months -- and for the first time in history, not a single child has been paralyzed in Uttar Pradesh or Bihar.
在TED這裡,過去幾天 許多人一次又一次不斷地宣揚 企圖讓人相信不可能的發生 今天早上大約七點左右 我決定我們要讓Chris 還有製作團隊再麻煩一次 把我們在印度的數據重新下載 所以你可以看到 這些數據是今天才發表 這證明了不可能是能達成的 就在兩年前,大家都在說這是不可能的 還記得每當提及小兒麻痺症 印度北部總是令人頭痛 有超過五十萬名兒童 出生在這小兒麻痺症肆虐的 北方邦和比哈爾邦 每個月有五十萬名兒童感染 衛生條件相當糟糕 你們應該有印象 我們的舊疫苗功效只有一半 然而不可能的事發生了 今天剛好滿六個月 史上第一次 在北方邦和比哈爾邦 沒有任何一位孩童感染
(Applause)
(掌聲)
India's not unique. In Umar's home country of Nigeria, a 95 percent reduction in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year. And in the last six months, we've had less places reinfected by polio than at any other time in history.
印度並不是唯一 在Umar的家鄉,奈及利亞 去年兒童因感染 小兒麻痺而癱瘓的比率下降了95% 在過去半年 二次感染小兒麻痺的地區 也比過去來的更少
Ladies and gentlemen, with a combination of smart people, smart technology and smart investments, polio can now be eradicated anywhere. We have major challenges, you can imagine, to finish this job, but as you've also seen, it's doable, it has great secondary benefits, and polio eradication is a great buy. And as long as any child anywhere is paralyzed by this virus, it's a stark reminder that we are failing, as a society, to reach children with the most basic of services. And for that reason, polio eradication: it's the ultimate in equity and it's the ultimate in social justice. The huge social movement that's been involved in polio eradication is ready to do way more for these children. It's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things. But capitalizing on their enthusiasm, capitalizing on their energy means finishing the job that they started 20 years ago.
各位女士們,先生們 在結合優秀人力,優良科技 以及優質發明 任何地區都能根除小兒麻痺症 你們可以想像,要完成這項任務 是種巨大的挑戰 但各位也看到了 這是可行的 它的次要效益是很大的 根絕小兒麻痺症是值得投資的 只要任何地方 有兒童受到病毒侵襲而癱瘓 這是清楚的告訴我們 我們的社會沒辦法 提供每一位孩童最基本的保障 因此,根絕小兒麻痺症 是最終的公平 也是最終的社會正義 這場根除小兒麻痺症的 大型社會運動 已經準備好為這些孩童們做更多的事 提供他們蚊帳和其他事物 運用他們的熱情 善用他們的精力 要完成這項 他們二十年前就開始的工作
Finishing polio is a smart thing to do, and it's the right thing to do. Now we're in tough times economically. But as David Cameron of the United Kingdom said about a month ago when he was talking about polio, "There's never a wrong time to do the right thing." Finishing polio eradication is the right thing to do. And we are at a crossroads right now in this great effort over the last 20 years. We have a new vaccine, we have new resolve, and we have new tactics. We have the chance to write an entirely new polio-free chapter in human history. But if we blink now, we will lose forever the chance to eradicate an ancient disease. Here's a great idea to spread: End polio now. Help us tell the story. Help us build the momentum so that very soon every child, every parent everywhere can also take for granted a polio-free life forever.
根除小兒麻痺症是明智的 更是正確的 我們現在處在財政困難的時期 但如同一個月前英國首相David Cameron 在他談到小兒麻痺症時所說的 「只要是做對的事 時間永遠不會是錯的。」 根除小兒麻痺症 就是對的事 我們正處在關鍵時刻 經過二十年來的眾多努力 我們有了新的疫苗 我們有新的解決方法 我們也有新的策略 我們有機會 在人類歷史上 寫下無小兒麻痺症的新頁 但如果我們現在疏忽 我們將永遠失去 可以根除這個古老疾病的機會 這個偉大的想法要傳遞出去 現在就終結小兒麻痺症 幫助我們傳遞這故事 幫助我們宣揚這股動力 然後很快的 每一個孩子,每一對父母 每一個地方 都能理所當然永遠地 過著沒有小兒麻痺症的生活
Thank you.
謝謝各位
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Bill Gates: Well Bruce, where do you think the toughest places are going to be? Where would you say we need to be the smartest?
Bill Gates:Bruce,你覺得未來最困難的事情會是什麼? 你覺得我們最該注意的什麼地方?
BA: The four places where you saw, that we've never stopped -- northern Nigeria, northern India, the southern corner of Afghanistan and bordering areas of Pakistan -- they're going to be the toughest. But the interesting thing is, of those three, India's looking real good, as you just saw in the data. And Afghanistan, Afghanistan, we think has probably stopped polio repeatedly. It keeps getting reinfected. So the tough ones: going to get the top of Nigeria finished and getting Pakistan finished. They're going to be the tough ones.
BA:剛看過的四個地區是我們一直沒辦法終止疫情 奈及利亞北部,印度北部 阿富汗南方一角 以及巴基斯坦邊界地區 這四個區域會是最困難的 但有趣的是,其中三個地區 印度目前情況很好,像各位剛在數據上看到的 至於阿富汗,我們認為 可能已經終止小兒麻痺再現 但仍然有病例傳出 因此困難的地方是:首要終止奈及利亞的疫情 接著是巴基斯坦 這些區域是困難的
BG: Now what about the money? Give us a sense of how much the campaign costs a year. And is it easy to raise that money? And what's it going to be like the next couple of years?
BG:那有關經費呢? 跟我們談談一年需要的宣傳經費是多少? 是否容易獲取更多的經費? 在未來幾年,經費的運用會是如何?
BA: It's interesting. We spend right now about 750 million to 800 million dollars a year. That's what it costs to reach 500 million children. It sounds like a lot of money; it is a lot of money. But when you're reaching 500 million children multiple times -- 20, 30 cents to reach a child -- that's not very much money. But right now we don't have enough of that. We have a big gap in that money. We're cutting corners, and every time we cut corners, more places get infected that shouldn't have, and it just slows us down. And that great buy costs us a little bit more.
BA:這很有趣 我們目前每年約花費 7.5億到8億美金 這是要幫5億名孩童注射疫苗的花費 這聽起來很多錢;不過這的確是非常多錢 但你想想,要幫5億名孩童多次注射疫苗 每個孩子花20,30分錢 這樣其實不多 但現在我們的經費不太夠 我們需要很多經費,有時我們減少疫苗注射的次數 但每當我們減少疫苗注射的次數 有更多地區又出現新的病例,這讓我們的工作延宕 因此又得花費更多經費
BG: Well, hopefully we'll get the word out, and the governments will keep their generosity up. So good luck. We're all in this with you. Thank you. (BA: Thank you.)
BG:希望這消息能傳遞出去 然後政府能再補助更多的經費 祝福你,我們都支持這項計畫 謝謝你 (BA:謝謝你)
(Applause)
(掌聲)