What an intriguing group of individuals you are ... to a psychologist.
Kakva li ste samo intrigantna grupa individualaca... za jednog psihologa.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I've had the opportunity over the last couple of days of listening in on some of your conversations and watching you interact with each other. And I think it's fair to say, already, that there are 47 people in this audience, at this moment, displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today.
Zadnjih nekoliko dana sam imao priliku načuti neke od vaših razgovora i promatrati vaše međusobne interakcije. I mislim da se, već sada, može reći da postoji 47 osoba u ovoj publici koje upravo u ovome trenutku pokazuje psihičke simptome o kojima bih htio danas popričati.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And I thought you might like to know who you are.
I mislio sam da bi ste možda htjeli saznati tko ste.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
But instead of pointing at you, which would be gratuitous and intrusive, I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories, in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself.
Ali umjesto da pokazujem na vas, što bi bilo nepotrebno i nametljivo, mislio sam vam ispričati nekoliko činjenica i priča u kojima ćete možda prepoznati dio sebe.
I'm in the field of research known as personality psychology, which is part of a larger personality science which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives. And what we try to do, in our own way, is to make sense of how each of us -- each of you -- is, in certain respects, like all other people, like some other people and like no other person.
Ja sam u istraživačkom polju koje je poznato kao psihologija osobnosti što je dio veće znanosti o osobnosti koja obuhvaća cijeli spektar od neurona do naracije. I ono što mi pokušavamo, na naš vlastiti način, jest objasniti kako je svatko od nas svatko od vas u određenim aspektima poput svih ostali ljudi, poput nekih ljudi, i poput nijedne osobe.
Now, already you may be saying of yourself, "I'm not intriguing. I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere." Or you may say of yourself, "I am intriguing, even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit."
Možda odmah govorite za sebe "Ja nisam intrigantan. Ja sam 46. najdosadnija osoba u Zapadnoj polutki." ili možda kažete za sebe, "Ja sam intrigantan Iako me većina ljudi smatra velikim, glasnim čudakom."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent "twitiness" that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you. So let me explain why this is so.
Upravo je tvoja samodijagnoza dosade i urođena "čudnovatost" ono čime mene kao psihologa fasciniraš. Dakle da pojasnim zašto je to tako.
One of the most influential approaches in personality science is known as trait psychology, and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed, and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people. They spell out the acronym OCEAN. So, "O" stands for "open to experience," versus those who are more closed. "C" stands for "conscientiousness," in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to life. "E" -- "extroversion," in contrast to more introverted people. "A" -- "agreeable individuals," in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable. And "N" -- "neurotic individuals," in contrast to those who are more stable.
Jedno od najutjecajnijih pristupa u znanosti o osobnosti poznat je kao psihologija ličnosti koja svrstava osobu u 5 dimenzija, koje su normalno podijeljene. I kojima se opisuju opće značajke različitosti između ljudi. Zajedno tvore akronim "OCEAN". (OSEUN) "O" znači otvorenost suprotno onima koji su više zatvoreni. "S" znači savjesnost za razliku od onih koji vode više pasivan život. "E"- ekstraverzija nasuprot više introvertiranim osobama. "U" - "ugodni individualci" za razliku od onih koji su izrazito neugodni. i "N" -- "neurotično pojedinci", za razliku od onih koji su stabilniji.
All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being, for how our life goes. And so we know that, for example, openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success, but the open people achieve that success through being audacious and, occasionally, odd. The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines, to persevering, as well as having some passion. Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive to working well with people. Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing. With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact that might be revealing with respect to their personality: I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults to lick the outside of their own elbow.
Ove sve dimenzije imaju učinak na naše blagostanje za vrijeme našega života. I tako znamo da su, npr. otvorenost i savjesnost dobri pokazatelji za uspješan život, ali otvoreni ljudi ostvaruju taj uspjeh svojom neustrašivosti te povremenim čudnim ponašanjem. Savjesni ljudi to postižu pridržavanjem rokova, ustrajnošću te pomoću strasti. Ekstrovertiranost i ugodnost se oboje dobro slažu u radu s ljudima. Ekstroverte npr. smatram intrigantnima. Svojim studentima nekada kažem osnovnu činjenicu koja im možda može nešto otkriti u pogledu na njihovu osobnost. Kažem da je za odrasle gotovo nemoguće da poližu vlastiti lakat.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Did you know that? Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow. But extroverts amongst you are probably those who have not only tried, but they have successfully licked the elbow of the person sitting next to them.
Jeste li to znali? Neki od vas su već pokušali polizati svoj lakat. Ali ekstroverti među vama su vjerovatno oni koji koji nisu samo pokušali već i uspješno polizali lakat osobe pokraj.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Those are the extroverts.
To su ekstroverti.
Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion, because it's consequential and it's intriguing, and it helps us understand what I call our three natures. First, our biogenic nature -- our neurophysiology. Second, our sociogenic or second nature, which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives. And third, what makes you individually you -- idiosyncratic -- what I call your "idiogenic" nature.
Malo ću se detaljnije pozabaviti sa ekstroverzijom jer je značajna i intrigantna te nam pomaže u shvaćanju, što ja nazivam, naše tri prirode. Prva je naša biogenetska priroda, naša neuropsihologija. Druga je naša sociogenetička ili druga priroda, koja se odnosi na kulturne i društvene aspekte našeg života. I treća je ono što nas čini individualcem, idiosinkrazija ili što ja zovem "idiogenska" priroda.
Let me explain. One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation. And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting: loud noises, parties and social events here at TED -- you see the extroverts forming a magnetic core. They all gather together. And I've seen you. The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces up on the second floor, where they are able to reduce stimulation -- and may be misconstrued as being antisocial, but you're not necessarily antisocial. It may be that you simply realize that you do better when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation.
Da vam pojasnim. Jedno od obilježja ekstroverta je potreba za stimulacijom. I ta se stimulacija postiže pronalaskom stvari koje su uzbudljive: glasni zvukovi, tulumi i društveni događaji na TED-u. Naime ekstoverti tvore magnetsku jezgru. Okupljaju se. Vidio sam vas. Introverti provode više vrijeme na mirnijim mjestima na drugome katu gdje mogu sniziti stimulaciju te ih se može pogrešno shvatiti kao nedruštvene osobe, ali oni nisu nužno nedruštveni. Jednostavno shvatiš da ti je bolje kada možeš smanjiti razinu vanjske stimulacije.
Sometimes it's an internal stimulant, from your body. Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts. When extroverts come into the office at nine o'clock in the morning and say, "I really need a cup of coffee," they're not kidding -- they really do. Introverts do not do as well, particularly if the tasks they're engaged in -- and they've had some coffee -- if those tasks are speeded, and if they're quantitative, introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative. But it's a misconstrual.
Nekad su to interni stimulasni koji dolaze iz vlastitoga tijela kofein, na primjer, bolje djeluje kod ekstroverta nego interoverta. Kada ekstroverti dođu u ured u 9 ujutro i kažu "Stvarno mi treba šalica kave", ne šale se. Stvarno im treba. Introvertima to ne ide u korist, osobito ako su zadaci u kojima sudjeluju, a popili su kavu, ako su ti zadaci ubrzani i ako su kvantitativni, introverti mogu ostavititi dojam da se ne ponašaju posebno kvantitativno. No to je progreška.
So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing: we're not always what seem to be, and that takes me to my next point. I should say, before getting to this, something about sexual intercourse, although I may not have time. And so, if you would like me to -- yes, you would? OK.
Dakle, ovo su posljedice koje su poprilično intrigantne: nismo uvijek onakvi kakvima se činimo i to me dovodi do sljedeće stavke. Moram prvo reći, prije nego pređem na ovo, nešto o spolnom odnosu iako nemam baš vremena. Dakle ako biste željeli da da, želite? OK.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
There are studies done on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act, as broken down by male, female; introvert, extrovert. So I ask you: How many times per minute -- oh, I'm sorry, that was a rat study --
Postoje istraživanja o učestalosti upuštanja individualaca u bračni čin na temelju muškarca i žene, introverta, ekstroverta. Stoga vas pitam: Koliko puta u minuti, oprostite, to je studija na štakorima,
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
How many times per month do introverted men engage in the act? 3.0. Extroverted men? More or less? Yes, more. 5.5 -- almost twice as much. Introverted women: 3.1. Extroverted women? Frankly, speaking as an introverted male, which I will explain later -- they are heroic. 7.5. They not only handle all the male extroverts, they pick up a few introverts as well.
Koliko se puta mjesečno introvertirani muškarci upuštaju u akciju? 3,0 Ekstrovertirani muškarci? Više ili manje? Da, više. 5,5. Skoro pa dvostruko više. Introvertirane žene: 3,1. Ekstrovertirane žene? Iskreno, govoreći kao intovertirani muškarac, što ću kasnije pojasniti, one su hrabre. 7,5. Ne samo da svladaju sve ekstrovertirane muškarce već i pokupe par introvertiranih.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts. Extroverts, when they interact, want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness. They'd like to stand close for comfortable communication. They like to have a lot of eye contact, or mutual gaze. We found in some research that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody. So when an extrovert meets a Charles, it rapidly becomes "Charlie," and then "Chuck," and then "Chuckles Baby."
Drugačije komuniciramo, ekstroverti i introverti. Ekstroverti kada komuniciraju žele imati puno društvenih susreta koji su isprekidani bliskosti. Vole stajati blizu za ugodniju komunikaciju. Vole imati puno kontakta očima ili uzajamnih pogleda. Otkrili smo straživanjima da koriste više deminutivnih termina kada nekoga upoznaju. Dakle, kada ekstrovert upozna Charlesa on ubrzo postaje Charlie i zatim Chuck i onda Chuckles dušo.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Whereas for introverts, it remains "Charles," until he's given a pass to be more intimate by the person he's talking to. We speak differently. Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language. Introverts prefer -- and I must again tell you that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine -- we speak differently. We prefer contextually complex, contingent, weasel-word sentences --
Dok kod introverta on ostaje Charles dok ne dobije dopuštenje za većom bliškošću od osobe s kojom priča. Komuniciramo drugačije. Ekstroverti preferiraju crno-bijeli, konkretni, jednostavni jezik. Introverti pereferiraju, i ponovno ponavljam, da sam toliki introvert da si ne možete ni zamisliti, komuniciramo drugačije. Mi preferiramo kontekstualno kompleksne, zavisne, lukave rečenice
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
More or less.
Više ili manje.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
As it were.
Takoreći.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Not to put too fine a point upon it -- like that.
Bez okolišanja u vezi toga.
When we talk, we sometimes talk past each other. I had a consulting contract I shared with a colleague who's as different from me as two people can possibly be. First, his name is Tom. Mine isn't.
Dok razgovaramo ponekad svako priča svoje. Imao sam zajednički svajetnički ugovor s kolegom koji se razlikuje od mene koliko je moguće. Prvo, njegovo ime je Tom. Moje nije.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Secondly, he's six foot five. I have a tendency not to be.
Drugo, on je visok oko 2 m, ja baš nisam.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And thirdly, he's as extroverted a person as you could find. I am seriously introverted. I overload so much, I can't even have a cup of coffee after three in the afternoon and expect to sleep in the evening.
I treće, on je najekstovertnija osoba koju možete upoznati. Ja sam teški introvert. Toliko se opteretim da poslije tri popodne ne mogu popit ni šalicu kave i očekivati san navečer.
We had seconded to this project a fellow called Michael. And Michael almost brought the project to a crashing halt. So the person who seconded him asked Tom and me, "What do you make of Michael?" Well, I'll tell you what Tom said in a minute. He spoke in classic "extrovert-ese." And here is how extroverted ears heard what I said, which is actually pretty accurate. I said, "Well Michael does have a tendency at times of behaving in a way that some of us might see as perhaps more assertive than is normally called for."
U projekt nam je bio dodijeljen kolega po imenu Micahel. I Michael je projekt skoro doveo do zastoja. Osoba koja ga nam je dodijelila pitala je Toma i mene "Što mislite o Michaelu?". Reći ću vam što je Tom odgovorio za minutu. Pričao je klasični "ekstrovertski". I evo kako su ekstrovertirane uši shvatile ono što sam rekao, što je zapravo prilično točno. Rekao sam, "Pa Michael ima nekad sklonost ponašati se na način koji se nekima od nas čini nešto izravnije nego što je uobičajeno."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Tom rolled his eyes and he said, "Brian, that's what I said: he's an asshole!"
Tom je zakolutao očima i rekao "Briane, evo što sam ja rekao: On je seronja!"
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Now, as an introvert, I might gently allude to certain "assholic" qualities in this man's behavior, but I'm not going to lunge for the a-word.
Kao introvert ću suptilno aludirati na određene "seronjaste" osobine u ponašanju te osobe, ali neću posegnuti za s-riječi.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
But the extrovert says, "If he walks like one, if he talks like one, I call him one." And we go past each other.
Ali ekstrovert kaže, "Ako hoda kao jedan, ako priča kao jedan, zovem ga tako." i raziđemo se.
Now is this something that we should be heedful of? Of course. It's important that we know this. Is that all we are? Are we just a bunch of traits? No, we're not. Remember, you're like some other people and like no other person. How about that idiosyncratic you? As Elizabeth or as George, you may share your extroversion or your neuroticism. But are there some distinctively Elizabethan features of your behavior, or Georgian of yours, that make us understand you better than just a bunch of traits? That make us love you? Not just because you're a certain type of person.
Ovo je nešto na čega bi se trebali obazirati? Naravno. Ovo je bitno znati. Je li to sve što nas čini? Jesmo li mi samo hrpa osobina? Ne, nismo. Upamtite, mi smo poput ostalih ljudi i posve drugačiji od ostalih ljudi. Što je sa idiosinkrazijskim nama? Kao Elizabeta ili kao George, možete dijeliti svoju ekstraverziju ili svoj neuroticizam, ali postoje li posebna elizabetska obilježja svojstvena za naše ponašanje, Ili georgska koja nam pomažu shvatit nekoga dalje od hrpe osobina? Koja nas tjeraju da nekoga volimo? Ne samo jer si određeni tip osobe.
I'm uncomfortable putting people in pigeonholes. I don't even think pigeons belong in pigeonholes. So what is it that makes us different? It's the doings that we have in our life -- the personal projects. You have a personal project right now, but nobody may know it here. It relates to your kid -- you've been back three times to the hospital, and they still don't know what's wrong. Or it could be your mom. And you'd been acting out of character. These are free traits. You're very agreeable, but you act disagreeably in order to break down those barriers of administrative torpor in the hospital, to get something for your mom or your child.
Ne volim stavljati ljude u pretince. Mislim da ni golubovi ne pripadaju u njih. Što je onda to što nas razlikuje? To su naša postignuća u životu, naši osobni projekti. Vi upravo provodite osobni projekt, ali nitko ovdje ne mora znati. Vezano je za vaše dijete. Bili ste tri puta u bolnici i dalje se ne zna što nije u redu, ili može biti o vašoj majci i ponašali ste se izvan sebe. To su osobine koje sami birate. Ugodni ste, ali se ponašate neugodno kako bi srušili te barijere administrativne tromosti u bolnici, kako bi dobili nešto za vašu majku ili vaše dijete.
What are these free traits? They're where we enact a script in order to advance a core project in our lives. And they are what matters. Don't ask people what type you are; ask them, "What are your core projects in your life?" And we enact those free traits. I'm an introvert, but I have a core project, which is to profess. I'm a professor. And I adore my students, and I adore my field. And I can't wait to tell them about what's new, what's exciting, what I can't wait to tell them about. And so I act in an extroverted way, because at eight in the morning, the students need a little bit of humor, a little bit of engagement to keep them going in arduous days of study.
Što su te slobodne osobine? Unutar njih provodimo scenarij kako bi uzdigli središnji projekt u našem životu. I one su ono što je važno. Ne pitajte ljude koji su tip, pitajte te ih, "Koji su tvoji središnji projekti'?" I mi provedemo te slobodne osobine. Ja sam introvert, ali imam središnji projekt, a to je podučavati. Ja sam profesor i obožavam svoje studente i svoje istraživačko polje. I jedva im čekam reći što je novo, što je interesantno, sve im to jedva čekam reći. I zato se ponašam na ekstrovertan način jer je u osam ujutro studentima je potrebno malo humora, malo motivacije da idu dalje u teškim danima studiranja.
But we need to be very careful when we act protractedly out of character. Sometimes we may find that we don't take care of ourselves. I find, for example, after a period of pseudo-extroverted behavior, I need to repair somewhere on my own. As Susan Cain said in her "Quiet" book, in a chapter that featured the strange Canadian professor who was teaching at the time at Harvard, I sometimes go to the men's room to escape the slings and arrows of outrageous extroverts.
Ali moramo biti jako oprezni kada se ponašamo drugačije. Ponekad se dogodi da zanemarimo sebe. Npr., nakon perioda lažnog ekstrovertnog ponašanja, ja se moram povući. Kao što je rekla Susan Cain u svojoj knjizi "Tišina" u poglavlju u kojem se radilo o o čudnom kanadskom profesoru koji je predavao na Harvardu, ja nekad idem u toalet kako bi pobjegao od napada nečuvenih ekstroverta.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I remember one particular day when I was retired to a cubicle, trying to avoid overstimulation. And a real extrovert came in beside me -- not right in my cubicle, but in the next cubicle over -- and I could hear various evacuatory noises, which we hate -- even our own, that's why we flush during as well as after.
Sjećam se jednog dana kad sam pobjegao u kabinu kako bi izbjegao preveliku stimulaciju. I pravi ekstrovert je stao iza mene. Ne baš u moju kabinu, ali u kabinu pokraj i čuo sam svakakve zvukove olakšanja, koje mrzimo pa čak i vlastite. Zato puštamo vodu i prije i nakon.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And then I heard this gravelly voice saying, "Hey, is that Dr. Little?"
I onda sam čuo hrapavi glas govoreći "Hej, jel to doktor Little?"
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
If anything is guaranteed to constipate an introvert for six months, it's talking on the john.
Ako će išta zatvoriti introverta na narednih šest mjeseci, to je onda pričanje na toaletu.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
That's where I'm going now. Don't follow me.
Gdje upravo sad idem. Nemojte me slijediti.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)