What an intriguing group of individuals you are ... to a psychologist.
Te olete üks väga põnev grupp inimesi... psühholoogi jaoks.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
I've had the opportunity over the last couple of days of listening in on some of your conversations and watching you interact with each other. And I think it's fair to say, already, that there are 47 people in this audience, at this moment, displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today.
Mul on siin paari päeva jooksul olnud võimalus kuulata pealt teie jutuajamisi ja vaadata, kuidas te üksteisega suhtlete. Ja ma võin juba praegu öelda, et siin publiku hulgas on 47 inimest, nüüd ja praegu, kel esineb just selliseid psühholoogilisi sümptomeid,
(Laughter)
millest ma täna tahaksin rääkida. (Naer)
And I thought you might like to know who you are.
Mõtlesin, et ehk on huvitav teada, kes meil siin konkreetselt on.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
But instead of pointing at you, which would be gratuitous and intrusive, I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories, in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself.
Aga selle asemel, et teile näpuga osutada, mis oleks ehk asjatult pealetükkiv, mõtlesin, et räägin teile parem üht-teist sellist, milles võite ära tunda natukene iseennast.
I'm in the field of research known as personality psychology, which is part of a larger personality science which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives. And what we try to do, in our own way, is to make sense of how each of us -- each of you -- is, in certain respects, like all other people, like some other people and like no other person.
Minu uurimisvaldkond on isikusepsühholoogia mis on osa laiemast indiviidi uurivast teadusvaldkonnast, hõlmates tervet spektrit närvirakkudest kuni narratiivideni. Ja me püüame omal moel jõuda selleni, et saaksime aru, kuidas igaüks meist - igaüks teist - on mõnes mõttes samasugune nagu kõik teised inimesed, nagu mõned teised inimesed, aga samas nagu mitte keegi teine.
Now, already you may be saying of yourself, "I'm not intriguing. I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere." Or you may say of yourself, "I am intriguing, even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit."
Võib-olla te juba ütlete endamisi: “Ma pole üldse huvitav. Olen 46. kõige igavam inimene läänepoolkeral." Või ehk ütlete endamisi: “Ma olen huvitav inimene, isegi kui enamik peab mind täiesti napakaks.”
(Laughter)
(Naer)
But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent "twitiness" that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you. So let me explain why this is so.
Aga just see enesehinnanguline igavus või sünnipärane napakus ongi see, mis mind kui psühholoogi, teie juures kõige rohkem köidab. Las ma selgitan, miks see nii on.
One of the most influential approaches in personality science is known as trait psychology, and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed, and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people. They spell out the acronym OCEAN. So, "O" stands for "open to experience," versus those who are more closed. "C" stands for "conscientiousness," in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to life. "E" -- "extroversion," in contrast to more introverted people. "A" -- "agreeable individuals," in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable. And "N" -- "neurotic individuals," in contrast to those who are more stable.
Üks kõige mõjukamaid teooriaid isiksuse teaduslikus kirjeldamises on iseloomuomaduste psühholoogia, mis määrab isiksuse tüübi viie peamise iseloomuomaduse lõikes, kirjeldades universaalseid loomuomadusi, mis inimesi eristavad. Nende loomuomaduste esitähtedest moodustub sõna OCEAN. "O" tähendab "avatust kogemusele," vastandudes nendele, kes on rohkem kinnised. "C" tähendab "meelekindlust," vastandina siis lõdvemale ellusuhtumisele. "E" - ekstraverdid", vastandina pigem introvertsetele inimestele. "A" - "sotsiaalsus," vastandina neile, kes teadlikult eelistavad olla vähemsotsiaalsed. Ja "N" - "neurootlisus," vastandudes suuremale stabiilsusele.
All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being, for how our life goes. And so we know that, for example, openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success, but the open people achieve that success through being audacious and, occasionally, odd. The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines, to persevering, as well as having some passion. Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive to working well with people. Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing. With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact that might be revealing with respect to their personality: I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults to lick the outside of their own elbow.
Kõik need loomuomadused mõjutavad meie heaolu ja meie elukäiku. Näiteks on teada, et avatus ja kohusetunne on heaks eelduseks elus läbilöömisel, kuid avatud inimesed saavutavad edu tänu oma hulljulgusele ja vahel ka tänu oma veidrustele. Meelekindlad inimesed saavutavad edu tänu tähtaegadest kinnipidamisele nad on järjekindlad ja sageli pühendunud. Ekstravertsus ja sotsiaalsus soodustavad teiste inimestega koostöö head laabumist. Ekstraverdid on minu jaoks äärmiselt põnevad. Loengutes esitan neile mõne lihtsa väite, mis aitaks välja tuua nende loomuomadusi. Ütlen neile näiteks, et täiskasvanutel on peaaegu võimatu puudutada keelega oma küünarnuki väliskülge.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Did you know that? Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow. But extroverts amongst you are probably those who have not only tried, but they have successfully licked the elbow of the person sitting next to them.
Kas teadsite seda? Juba ongi mitmed siin üritanud oma küünarnukki limpsida. Aga ekstraverdid on teie hulgas on tõenäoliselt need, kes mitte ainult korraks ei proovinud, vaid ongi juba tublisti lisaks oma küünarnukile ka kõrvalistuja küünarnukki lakkunud.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Those are the extroverts.
Nemad on siis ekstraverdid.
Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion, because it's consequential and it's intriguing, and it helps us understand what I call our three natures. First, our biogenic nature -- our neurophysiology. Second, our sociogenic or second nature, which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives. And third, what makes you individually you -- idiosyncratic -- what I call your "idiogenic" nature.
Ma räägiksin ekstravertidest lähemalt, sest see on äärmiselt oluline ja huvitav ja see aitab meil mõista, meie kolmest olemust. Esimesena, meie biogeneetiline olemus, meie neurofüsioloogia Teiseks, meie sotsiaalgeneetiline olemus, mis hõlmab meie elu kultuurilisi ja sotsiaalseid apekte. Ja kolmandaks see, mis teeb igast inimesest omanäolise, tema isikupära. Nimetan seda isiksuslikuks olemuseks.
Let me explain. One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation. And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting: loud noises, parties and social events here at TED -- you see the extroverts forming a magnetic core. They all gather together. And I've seen you. The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces up on the second floor, where they are able to reduce stimulation -- and may be misconstrued as being antisocial, but you're not necessarily antisocial. It may be that you simply realize that you do better when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation.
Las ma selgitan. Üks ekstraverte iseloomustav omadus on vajadus stimulatsiooni järele. Ja seda stimulatsiooni leiab sealt, kus on põnev: vali heli, peod ja koosviibimised nagu siin TED-il. Ekstraverdid moodustavad nii öelda magneetilise tuuma. Nad kogunevad kokku, olen teid siin märganud. Intraverdid veedavad oma aega pigem vaiksemates kohtades kuskil teisel korrusel, kus on võimalik stiimuleid vähendada ja seda tõlgendatakse kui mitte-sotsiaalsust, aga te pole tingimata mitte-sotsiaalsed. Võimalik, et te olete lihtsalt mõistnud, et saate paremini hakkama, kui stimulatsiooni on võimalik vähendada.
Sometimes it's an internal stimulant, from your body. Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts. When extroverts come into the office at nine o'clock in the morning and say, "I really need a cup of coffee," they're not kidding -- they really do. Introverts do not do as well, particularly if the tasks they're engaged in -- and they've had some coffee -- if those tasks are speeded, and if they're quantitative, introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative. But it's a misconstrual.
Vahel on tegemist sisemise stiimuliga, mis tuleb organismist seespoolt. Näiteks kofeiin mõjub ekstravertidele palju positiivsemalt kui introvertidele. Kui ekstraverdid jõuavad hommikul kell 9 kontorisse ja ütlevad, et vajavad kohe tassi kohvi, siis on neil tõsi taga, nad vajavad seda päriselt ka. Introvertidele see sama hästi mõju, eriti, kui nad peavad töötama peale seda, kui nad on joonud tassi kohvi, kui ollakse ajalise surve all ja tööd on palju Introverdid võivad jätta mulje, et neil ei ole eriti midagi käsil, aga see mulje on petlik.
So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing: we're not always what seem to be, and that takes me to my next point. I should say, before getting to this, something about sexual intercourse, although I may not have time. And so, if you would like me to -- yes, you would? OK.
See, mis selgub, on päris intrigeeriv: me polegi alati need, kellena väljast paistame ja see viib mind järgmise asjani. Võiksin ehk rääkida enne, kui järgmise asja juurde läheme midagi seksuaalvahekordade kohta, aga mul vist pole selleks aega. Nii et kui te tahaksite, et ma... Jah, te soovite? Selge.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
There are studies done on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act, as broken down by male, female; introvert, extrovert. So I ask you: How many times per minute -- oh, I'm sorry, that was a rat study --
On tehtud uurimusi abieluliste vahekordade sageduse kohta, kogudes andmeid nii meeste kui naiste, nii introvertide kui ekstravertide lõikes. Küsingi nüüd teilt: mitu korda ühes minutis... vabandust, see oli hoopis rottidega tehtud uuring.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
How many times per month do introverted men engage in the act? 3.0. Extroverted men? More or less? Yes, more. 5.5 -- almost twice as much. Introverted women: 3.1. Extroverted women? Frankly, speaking as an introverted male, which I will explain later -- they are heroic. 7.5. They not only handle all the male extroverts, they pick up a few introverts as well.
Mitu korda ühes kuus astuvad introvertsed mehed vahekorda? 3.0 Ekstravertsed mehed? Rohkem või vähem? Jah, rohkem. 5.5 ehk peaaegu kaks korda rohkem. Introverstsed naised: 3.1 Ekstravertsed naised? Ausalt öeldes, introvertse mehe pilgu läbi, mida ma selgitan hiljem, on nad lausa kangelased. 7.5 Nad saavad hakkama kõikide meesoost ekstravertidega, vaid korjavad peale ka hea hulga introverte.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
(Applause)
(Aplaus)
We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts. Extroverts, when they interact, want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness. They'd like to stand close for comfortable communication. They like to have a lot of eye contact, or mutual gaze. We found in some research that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody. So when an extrovert meets a Charles, it rapidly becomes "Charlie," and then "Chuck," and then "Chuckles Baby."
Ekstraverdid ja introverdid väljendavad ennast erinevalt. Ekstraverdid tahavad suheldes võimalikult palju sotsiaalseid kontakte ja väikest distantsi. Nad eelistavad suhtlemisel olla teisele lähedal. Neile meeldib hoida tugevat pilkkontakti ja üksteisele silma vaadata. Uurimustes on leitud, et nad kasutavad rohkem hellitusnimesid, kui kellegiga tuttavaks saadakse. Seega, kui ekstravert saab tuttavaks Charlesiga, saab sellest kiirelt Charlie ja siis Chuck ja siis Chuck-poiss.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Whereas for introverts, it remains "Charles," until he's given a pass to be more intimate by the person he's talking to. We speak differently. Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language. Introverts prefer -- and I must again tell you that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine -- we speak differently. We prefer contextually complex, contingent, weasel-word sentences --
Introvertidele aga jääb ta Charlesiks, seniks kuni vestluspartner ise pole andnud luba olla intiimsem. Me räägime erinevalt. Ekstraverdid eelistavad must-valget, konkreetset ja lihtsat keelt. Introverdid eelistavad, ja ma pean taaskord toonitama, et olen kõige hullem introvert keda suudate eales ette kujutada, me räägime väga erinevalt. Me eelistame sisutihedaid, keerulisi, targalt kõlavaid lauseid.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
More or less.
Enam vähem nii see on.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
As it were.
Mitte otses mõttes.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Not to put too fine a point upon it -- like that.
Ilma pikemalt keerutamata, umbes selliseid.
When we talk, we sometimes talk past each other. I had a consulting contract I shared with a colleague who's as different from me as two people can possibly be. First, his name is Tom. Mine isn't.
Kui me omavahel räägime, siis vahel räägime üksteisest täiesti mööda. Mul oli kunagi koos ühe kolleegiga nõustamisleping, ta oli minust nii erinev, kui üldse saab olla. Esiteks, tema nimi oli Tom. Minul nimi see pole.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Secondly, he's six foot five. I have a tendency not to be.
Teiseks, ta on 2 meetrit pikk. Mina ilmselt pigem mitte.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
And thirdly, he's as extroverted a person as you could find. I am seriously introverted. I overload so much, I can't even have a cup of coffee after three in the afternoon and expect to sleep in the evening.
Ja kolmandaks, oli ta kõige ekstravertsem inimene kes üldse olemas on. Ja mina olen tugevalt introvertne. Ma koorman ennast nii üle, et ei saa peale kella kolme isegi kohvi juua, kui tahan õhtul magama jääda.
We had seconded to this project a fellow called Michael. And Michael almost brought the project to a crashing halt. So the person who seconded him asked Tom and me, "What do you make of Michael?" Well, I'll tell you what Tom said in a minute. He spoke in classic "extrovert-ese." And here is how extroverted ears heard what I said, which is actually pretty accurate. I said, "Well Michael does have a tendency at times of behaving in a way that some of us might see as perhaps more assertive than is normally called for."
Me olime sinna projekti kaasanud veel ühe mehe nimega Michael. Ja Michael oleks äärepealt kogu projekti tuksi keeranud. Seega inimene, kes teda meile soovitas, küsis Tomilt ja minult: "Mis the Michaelist arvate?" No ma kohe ütlen teile, mis Tom ütles. Ta rääkis nagu tüüpiline ekstravert. Ja nii kuulsid ekstravertide kõrvad seda, mis ütlesin mina ja see oli tegelikult üpris täpne. Ma ütlesin: “Michaelil on kohati kalduvus käituda nii, et võib tekkida mulje, et on tegemist keskmisest enam ennast kehtestava inimesega.”
(Laughter)
(Naer)
Tom rolled his eyes and he said, "Brian, that's what I said: he's an asshole!"
Tom pööritas silmi ja ütles: "Brian, see on täpselt sama, mis mina ütlesin, ta on täielik sitapea!”
(Laughter)
(Naer)
(Applause)
(Aplaus)
Now, as an introvert, I might gently allude to certain "assholic" qualities in this man's behavior, but I'm not going to lunge for the a-word.
Introverdina võin ma ju õrnalt vihjata mõnele “sitapeale" omasele joonele selle mehe käitumises, aga ma ei torma solvaguid pilduma.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
But the extrovert says, "If he walks like one, if he talks like one, I call him one." And we go past each other.
Aga ekstravert ütleb: “Kui ta käitub ja räägib nagu sitapea, siis see ta ongi.” Ja nii me räägimegi üksteisest mööda.
Now is this something that we should be heedful of? Of course. It's important that we know this. Is that all we are? Are we just a bunch of traits? No, we're not. Remember, you're like some other people and like no other person. How about that idiosyncratic you? As Elizabeth or as George, you may share your extroversion or your neuroticism. But are there some distinctively Elizabethan features of your behavior, or Georgian of yours, that make us understand you better than just a bunch of traits? That make us love you? Not just because you're a certain type of person.
Kas see peaks tähelepanelikuks tegema? Muidugi. Seda on oluline endale teadvustada. Kas see ongi kõik, mis me oleme? Kas me oleme lihtsalt hunnik iseloomujooni? Ei, seda me ei ole. Pea meeles, sa oled nagu mõned teised ja samas mitte kellegi teise moodi. Kuidas on selle isikupärase sinaga? Sa võid olla Elizabeth või George, teil võivad mõlemal olla ekstraverdi või neurootilisuse tunnused. Aga kas on mingid kindlad Elizabethile omased jooned sinu käitumises või Georgile omased sinu käitumises, mis aitavad teid paremini mõista, kui lihtsalt iseloomujoonte rägastikku? Mis panevad teid armastama? Mitte lihtsalt sellepärast, et olete mingit konkreetset tüüpi inimene.
I'm uncomfortable putting people in pigeonholes. I don't even think pigeons belong in pigeonholes. So what is it that makes us different? It's the doings that we have in our life -- the personal projects. You have a personal project right now, but nobody may know it here. It relates to your kid -- you've been back three times to the hospital, and they still don't know what's wrong. Or it could be your mom. And you'd been acting out of character. These are free traits. You're very agreeable, but you act disagreeably in order to break down those barriers of administrative torpor in the hospital, to get something for your mom or your child.
Minu jaoks on kuidagi imelik lahterdada inimesi kategooriatesse. Isegi tuvisid peaks kastidesse lahterdama! Seega mis on see asi, mis meid eristab? See on see, mida me elus teeme. Meie isiklikud ettevõtmised. Teil kõigil on ajada mingi oma asi, aga keegi teine ei pruugi seda teada. See asi võib olla seotud su lapsega. Oled juba kolm korda haiglas käinud, aga ikka ei osata öelda, mis viga on. Või on midagi lahti su emaga. Ja seetõttu oled viimasel ajal käitunud teistmoodi. Need on kinnistumata iseloomujooned. Sa võid olla väga meeldiv inimene, kuid käituda ebameeldivalt, selleks, et murda haiglas läbi administratiivse rägastiku, et teha midagi oma ema või lapse heaks.
What are these free traits? They're where we enact a script in order to advance a core project in our lives. And they are what matters. Don't ask people what type you are; ask them, "What are your core projects in your life?" And we enact those free traits. I'm an introvert, but I have a core project, which is to profess. I'm a professor. And I adore my students, and I adore my field. And I can't wait to tell them about what's new, what's exciting, what I can't wait to tell them about. And so I act in an extroverted way, because at eight in the morning, the students need a little bit of humor, a little bit of engagement to keep them going in arduous days of study.
Mis need kinnistumata iseloomujooned on? Nad on justkui stsenaarium, mida me järgime, et saaksime paremini asjada asja, mis on meile elus oluline. Need kinnistamata jooned on need, mis tegelikult loevad. Ära küsi kelleltki, mis tüüpi inimene nad on, küsi: “Mis on sinu jaoks kõige olulisemad asjad?” Meie käitumine põhineb kinnistamata loomuomadustel. Mina olen introvert, aga mu elu eesmärgiks on õpetatada. Ma olen õppejõud. Ja ma jumaldan oma üliõpilasi, ja ma jumaldan oma eriala. Ja ma ei jõua ära oodata, millal ma saan neile rääkida kõigest uuest ja põnevast, ma lihtsalt tahan nendega seda jagada. Ja sel juhul käitun ma nagu ekstravert, sest kell 8 hommikul vajavad üliõpilased veidi huumorit, midagi, mis neid kaasa haaraks, kuigi õppekoormus on niigi suur.
But we need to be very careful when we act protractedly out of character. Sometimes we may find that we don't take care of ourselves. I find, for example, after a period of pseudo-extroverted behavior, I need to repair somewhere on my own. As Susan Cain said in her "Quiet" book, in a chapter that featured the strange Canadian professor who was teaching at the time at Harvard, I sometimes go to the men's room to escape the slings and arrows of outrageous extroverts.
Aga peame olema ettevaatlikud, kui käitume pikemat aega oma loomusele mittevastavalt. Vahel märkame, et me ei kanna enda eest piisavalt hoolt. Mina tunnen, et peale pseudo-ekstravertse käitumise perioodi, pean sellest kusagil omaette taastuma. Nagu Susan Cain ütles oma raamatus “Vaikus", peatükis, mis rääkis ühest veidrast Kanada professorist, kes sellel ajal õpetas Harvardis, et teinekord läheb ta meeste tualetti, et pääseda märatsevate ekstravertide noolerahe eest.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
I remember one particular day when I was retired to a cubicle, trying to avoid overstimulation. And a real extrovert came in beside me -- not right in my cubicle, but in the next cubicle over -- and I could hear various evacuatory noises, which we hate -- even our own, that's why we flush during as well as after.
Ma mäletan selgelt seda päeva, kui olin eraldunud ühte kabiini üritades vältida liigset stimulatsiooni. Ja üks tõeline ekstrovert tuli minu kõrvale. Mitte minu kabiini, vaid minu kõrvalkabiini. Ja ma kuulsin mitmeid soolestikku puhastavaid helisid, mida me kõik vihkame, isegi oma enda omasid, selle pärast tõmbame vett nii peale lõpetamist kui ka poole peal.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
And then I heard this gravelly voice saying, "Hey, is that Dr. Little?"
Ja siis ma kuulsin üht ragisevat häält küsimas: "Kas see on Dr Little?"
(Laughter)
(Naer)
If anything is guaranteed to constipate an introvert for six months, it's talking on the john.
Kui miski suudab tekitada introverdil kuueks kuuks kõhukinnisuse, siis on see poti peal vestlemine.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
That's where I'm going now. Don't follow me.
Sinna lähen ma ka praegu. Ärge tulge mulle järgi.
Thank you.
Aitäh.
(Applause)
(Aplaus)