We live in difficult and challenging economic times, of course. And one of the first victims of difficult economic times, I think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration. So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes that that's a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do.
我們生活在這艱難而極具挑戰性的 經濟時代中, 當然 在這樣的情況下 首當其衝受害的一環 莫過於任何種類的公共支出 但明顯地被猛烈抨擊的 是科學領域上的公共支出 尤其是純好奇心驅使的科學 和探索 我希望在接下來的15分鐘內 試著說服大家 削減科研開支是荒謬和不合理的
But I think to set the scene, I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED, but it is a bit of a mess. (Laughter) But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper. And it's actually a beautiful demonstration of how much science costs. Because, if I'm going to make the case for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration, I should tell you how much it costs. So this is a game called "spot the science budgets." This is the U.K. government spend. You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
為我的論述定調 我想給大家看張投影片 -- 我無意播放這TED有史以來最糟的投影片 -- 但它實在是有點混亂 (笑聲) 這是來自英國衛報(The Guardian) 對於科學研究支出 的一個精彩的呈現 因為,如果我要建立 在好奇驅使的科研及探索上繼續投資的論點 我就該解釋其支出佔比 所以來玩個"尋找科研預算"的遊戲 這是英國政府每年總支出 這裡,大概一年6200億英鎊
The science budget is actually -- if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs and then yellow set of blobs. And it's one of the yellow set of blobs around the big yellow blob. It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year out of 620 billion. That funds everything in the U.K. from medical research, space exploration, where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics, engineering, even arts and humanities, funded from the science budget, which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob around the orange blob at the top left of the screen. So that's what we're arguing about. That percentage, by the way, is about the same in the U.S. and Germany and France. R&D in total in the economy, publicly funded, is about 0.6 percent of GDP. So that's what we're arguing about.
其中用於科學的預算是 - 在左手邊,看到那紫色的圓圈團 以及下面黃色的圓圈團 科研的預算是黃色圓圈團中的一小圈 其中大的黃色圓圈 只佔了大約每年33億 是6200億的一小部分 那包括所有英國科學研究支出 由醫療研究、太空探索、 粒子物理 --- 我在日內瓦CERN的工作、 工程學,甚至藝術和人文, 都是由科學研究預算支出的 就只有33億,那小小的黃色圈圈 繞著左上角橘色的圈圈團 這就是我們爭議的焦點 還有,此佔比與其他國家作比較如 美國,德國,法國的 也是差不多 以公共經費支出佔了 約國內生產總額的0.6% 這就是我們爭議的焦點
The first thing I want to say, and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System," is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful. This is a picture that actually was sent back by the Cassini space probe around Saturn, after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System." So it isn't in the series. It's of the moon Enceladus. So that big sweeping, white sphere in the corner is Saturn, which is actually in the background of the picture. And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus, which is about as big as the British Isles. It's about 500 kilometers in diameter. So, tiny moon. What's fascinating and beautiful ... this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say, it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
我想說的第一件事 取自BBC專輯"太陽系的奇蹟" 就是從我們對太陽系和宇宙的探索之中 得知宇宙是筆墨無法形容的那般美麗 這幅照片是 在我們完成"太陽系的奇蹟"的拍攝後 卡西尼(Cassini)太空船才從土星傳回地球的 所以在專輯內沒有 這是土星的土衛二: "恩克拉多斯"(Enceladus) 那又大又白 在左下角的圓圈就是土星 在這幅照片裡面比較像是背景 那邊的彎月就是"恩克拉多斯“ 大概有英倫群島那般大 直徑有五百公里左右 很小的月亮,是吧 他美麗和引人入勝的地方 對了,要提一下,這是一張未經處理的照片 從土星軌道拍下來的黑白照片
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there some faint, sort of, wisps of almost smoke rising up from the limb. This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System." It's a beautiful graphic. What we found out were that those faint wisps are actually fountains of ice rising up from the surface of this tiny moon. That's fascinating and beautiful in itself, but we think that the mechanism for powering those fountains requires there to be lakes of liquid water beneath the surface of this moon. And what's important about that is that, on our planet, on Earth, wherever we find liquid water, we find life. So, to find strong evidence of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon 750 million miles away from the Earth is really quite astounding. So what we're saying, essentially, is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system. Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture. That's one more picture of Enceladus. This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus. So it made a very low pass, just a few hundred kilometers above the surface. And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space, absolutely beautiful.
它最美麗的地方,是在"恩克拉多斯"下方 有一些朦朧的 類似輕煙一般的東西 從彎月下方冒出 這是我們在”太陽系的奇蹟“中,對這冒煙地帶做的一個虛擬影像 很美,是吧。 根據我們的發現,那些輕煙 原來是一個冰噴泉群 從這細小的月亮上冒起 這種景象本身就是美麗和引人入勝 但我們如果想像一下這景象背後的原理 噴泉群背後的動力 需要的是在這個月亮的下面 很多液態水做成的湖泊 重要的是 在地球上 當我們發現有水的地方 便能發現生命 因此 能找到有水的證據 在一距離地球7億5千萬英哩之外 更是從一衛星的地表之下 就是一件令人振奮的事 要強調的是 那可能是在太陽系中另一生命的棲息地 讓我呈現另一張圖片 “恩克拉多斯”的另一張照片 這是當"卡西尼"飛掠過“恩克拉多斯”所攝 它低空掠過 距離地面只有幾百公里 所以這是一個確實的照片 顯示冰泉湧向宇宙 真是美
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system. That's probably this place, which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa. And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system to get any sense that this moon, as most moons, was anything other than a dead ball of rock. It's actually an ice moon. So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa, which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick. But by measuring the way that Europa interacts with the magnetic field of Jupiter, and looking at how those cracks in the ice that you can see there on that graphic move around, we've inferred very strongly that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding the entire surface of Europa. So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon. It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think. We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that there's more water on that moon of Jupiter than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined. So that place, a little moon around Jupiter, is probably the prime candidate for finding life on a moon or a body outside the Earth, that we know of. Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
而這還不是太陽系中,探索生命的主要研究對象 而是這個 是木星系統中的 木衛二"Europa" 再次的 我們得飛進木星系統 去驗證這個衛星 就像大多數的衛星 都只是一個無生命跡象的大石球體 而它實際是個冰凍的月球 現在看到的是木衛二的表面 是幾百公里深的冰原層 根據研究 木衛二與木星的 磁場交互作用下 長期觀察冰原的裂縫 可以見到某些圖案的移動 我們強烈的相信 冰原下方是有流動的海洋 在整個木衛二的表面下! 也就是整個冰凍的衛星表面下 是有流動的海洋 我們猜想 是有幾百公里深 也認為是鹽水 這也說明 木衛二有比地球 還多的海洋 所以那個木星旁的木衛二 就是主要的研究對象 期待發現地球以外的 生命希統 經過了這麼多的探索
Our exploration of the solar system has taught us that the solar system is beautiful. It may also have pointed the way to answering one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask, which is: "Are we alone in the universe?" Is there any other use to exploration and science, other than just a sense of wonder? Well, there is. This is a very famous picture taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve, December 24th, 1968, when I was about eight months old. It was taken by Apollo 8 as it went around the back of the moon. Earthrise from Apollo 8. A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture that saved 1968, which was a turbulent year -- the student riots in Paris, the height of the Vietnam War. The reason many people think that about this picture, and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED, is that this picture, arguably, was the beginning of the environmental movement. Because, for the first time, we saw our world, not as a solid, immovable, kind of indestructible place, but as a very small, fragile-looking world just hanging against the blackness of space.
我們對太陽系的持續探索 顯示我們的太陽系是如此的美麗 也試著回答 你會想問的問題 也就是: "浩瀚的宇宙中, 地球是孤單地有著生命嗎?" 純科學探索的用途 除了好奇心, 還有別的嗎? 還是有的 這是個非常有名的照片 攝於我的第一個聖誕夜 1968年的12月24日 當我約8個月大 由阿波羅8號所攝 當它繞到月球背面 看到地球升起 很多人也說是這張照片 救回了在動盪邊緣的 1968年世界 --- 巴黎的學生暴動、 越戰的高峰期, 這張照片所啟發的 也是高爾(Al Gore)在TED一直強調的 這張照片是 地球環境保護的開始 因為是第一次讓我們 看到我們的世界 不再是堅不可摧 無法動搖的環境 而是一個渺小易碎的星球 掛在漆黑的宇宙當中
What's also not often said about the space exploration, about the Apollo program, is the economic contribution it made. I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful and a tremendous achievement and delivered pictures like this, it cost a lot, didn't it? Well, actually, many studies have been done about the economic effectiveness, the economic impact of Apollo. The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics. And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo, 14 came back into the U.S. economy. So the Apollo program paid for itself in inspiration, in engineering, achievement and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers 14 times over. So exploration can pay for itself.
但卻不會聯想到 是因太空探索或是阿波羅計畫 而帶動的經濟貢獻 我的意思是 我們會讚賞這景象的美麗 以及偉大的成就 傳送的照片等等 但是花費不貲, 不是嗎? 實際上也做了許多 關於經濟上成效的研究 像是阿波羅計畫之成本效益分析 最大規模的是"大通計量經濟預測公司"於1975的研究 顯示花在阿波羅計畫上的每一美元 對美國經濟有著14美元的效益 也就是說阿波羅計畫支撐其所有花費 同時啟發了 工程的成就 我認為,也啟發了年輕的科學家與工程師 以14倍之多的方式 所以科學探索本身就是能打平的
What about scientific discovery? What about driving innovation? Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing. What it is, is a picture of the spectrum of hydrogen. See, back in the 1880s, 1890s, many scientists, many observers, looked at the light given off from atoms. And they saw strange pictures like this. What you're seeing when you put it through a prism is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow like a white light, it just emits light at particular colors, a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones. Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure because the way that's explained is atoms are a single nucleus with electrons going around them. And the electrons can only be in particular places. And when they jump up to the next place they can be, and fall back down again, they emit light at particular colors.
更不用提科學發現的成果 或是刺激更多的創新 這張照片看起來似乎沒什麼重要 它實際是氫原子的 放射光譜 回溯到1880 1890年代 許多科學家觀測家 研究諸多原子的放射光譜 得到許多像這樣的奇怪照片 我們看到的是經由菱鏡折射 得出氫原子加熱所放出的光線 像是白光 但其實是特定顏色的光 紅光 青藍光 與一些深藍光 也得到些對原子結構的理解 是如此解釋的 原子有著單一原子核 另外有電子繞著原子核 而電子只能在特定軌道 當電子跳到更高能階的軌道 也能降回較低軌域 同時方出特定能量(顏色)的光
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up, only emit light at very specific colors, was one of the key drivers that led to the development of the quantum theory, the theory of the structure of atoms. I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable. This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun. And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere absorbing light. And again, they only absorb light at particular colors when electrons jump up and fall down, jump up and fall down. But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum. And the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun because some of those black lines were found that corresponded to no known element. And that's why helium's called helium. It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
所以當加熱的原子是放光線 只有特定的顏色光譜 而這也是當時重要的刺激 引導推展出量子理論 來解釋原子的構造 我也要放出這張特別的照片 這是太陽的放射光譜 假設有一種原子在太陽的大氣層中 吸收光線 所以它只吸收特定顏色 當電子跳上能階又跳下 跳上又跳下 所以從光譜中的黑線比對 早先氦元素便是 如此從太陽光譜中發現 因為這些黑條紋 並未能相對應到當時已知的元素 也就是氦的英文名是"Helium" 源自"helios" --- "太陽的"
Now, that sounds esoteric, and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit, but the quantum theory quickly led to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials like silicon, for example. The way that silicon behaves, the fact that you can build transistors, is a purely quantum phenomenon. So without that curiosity-driven understanding of the structure of atoms, which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics, then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips, we wouldn't have pretty much the basis of our modern economy.
聽起來有些深奧 而當時的確有些難理解 但是量子理論很快的就推導出 電子在物質中的行為 以矽為例 說明矽的特性 之所以能做出電晶體 就純粹是量子效應 因此若沒有好奇心的驅使 想了解原子的結構 就不會提出當時深奧的理論--- 量子理論 就不會有現在的電晶體, 也不會有矽晶片元件 也就不會有現代經濟的 基本建構單元
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale. In "Wonders of the Solar System," we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal. It's one of the most incredible things about the physics and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth, is you can transport it, not only to the planets, but to the most distant stars and galaxies. And one of the astonishing predictions of quantum mechanics, just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that describes transistors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reached the end of their life that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars. You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory, get a telescope, swing it to the sky, and you find that there are no dead stars bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's quite an incredible prediction.
再來一個神奇的故事轉折 在"太陽系的奇蹟"專輯中 我們一直強調物理的基本定理是宇宙通行 這也是物理最不可思議之處 在地球上所學的自然知識 能延伸到不只是行星 可以到最遠的星球與銀河 而最驚人的預測就是 量子力學了 光以原子結構來說 就是那解釋電晶體的理論 能用來預測宇宙中的恆星 當到達它們的生命末日 絕不會有大於1.4倍太陽的質量 也就是恆星質量的上限 這是可用理論在實驗室中計算得出 再拿個天文望遠鏡對準天空 一樣不會找到一個死恆星 會大於太陽質量的1.4倍 這是個令人叫奇的預測
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass? Well, this is a picture of it. This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy with, what, 100 billion stars like our Sun in it. It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe. There are a billion stars in the galactic core, which is why it's shining out so brightly. This is about 50 million light years away, so one of our neighboring galaxies. But that bright star there is actually one of the stars in the galaxy. So that star is also 50 million light years away. It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly as the center of the galaxy with a billion suns in it. That's a Type Ia supernova explosion. Now that's an incredible phenomena, because it's a star that sits there. It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf. It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun. And it has a binary companion that goes around it, so a big star, a big ball of gas. And what it does is it sucks gas off its companion star, until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit, and then it explodes. And it explodes, and it shines as brightly as a billion suns for about two weeks, and releases, not only energy, but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe. In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
那麼假使有一個在臨界點的恆星 會如何? 這張照片就是了 這是銀河的照片, 叫做"花園"銀河系 其中有著1千億個 相當於太陽的恆星 這只是宇宙中十億分之一的銀河系 銀河的核心部分有著10億個恆星 也就是銀河中心總是特別閃亮 這是約5千萬光年之遙 的鄰近銀河系 那個非常閃亮的恆星 就是那銀河系中之一員 所以也是距離了 5千萬光年 只是那銀河系的一個星, 卻有著如 核心團一般的明亮 是10億個太陽的總合 那是個超新星的爆炸 是個令人驚奇的景象 是因為就只是單一個恆星的能量 它被稱為碳-氧白矮星 它存在那裡擁有1.3倍的太陽質量 它還是個雙子星的系統 有著一個巨大恆星與一團星雲 它實際是在以重力吸引 其伴星的沙石 直到它質量達到所謂的"Chandrasekhar"極限 它便進行爆炸 爆炸是如此的明亮 就像10億個太陽般的明亮 持續兩週 釋放出不只能量 也有大量的化學元素到宇宙中 所以知道它是個有碳與氧的白矮星
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe at the Big Bang. And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe throughout the first generation of stars. It was made in stars like that, locked away and then returned to the universe in explosions like that in order to recondense into planets, stars, new solar systems and, indeed, people like us. I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power and beauty and universality of the laws of physics, because we understand that process, because we understand the structure of atoms here on Earth.
但是當宇宙初生成時的大爆炸 是沒有碳與氧的元素 甚至在宇宙第一代的星球 也沒有碳和氧 直到原子 經由一次次的能量爆炸 再結合物質回到宇宙中 才組合成碳氧等元素 才聚集形成新元素 新行星 新恆星, 以及新的太陽系 以及像我們這樣的生物 我想這就是展現 物理的美與力, 以及物理的嚴謹通用性 就因為在地球 我們懂得這些過程 我們懂得 原子的結構
This is a beautiful quote that I found -- we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming: "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic." Now, the explorers of the world of the atom did not intend to invent the transistor. And they certainly didn't intend to describe the mechanics of supernova explosions, which eventually told us where the building blocks of life were synthesized in the universe. So, I think science can be -- serendipity is important. It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things. It can also, I think, finally reveal the most profound ideas to us about our place in the universe and really the value of our home planet.
這是個優美的引述 來自於Alexander Fleming "當我於1928年的9月28日 的清晨醒來, 我當然沒想到那天,我對藥物會有革命性的突破 也就是發現了世上第一個抗生素" 探索原子結構的科學家 並未設想到電晶體 更沒想像能同時 解釋超新星的爆炸 還引導出 生命的建構是 如何合成於宇宙中 所以 我認為科學 是註定的重要 它是美的 是能發現驚奇事物 它也能最終地 揭露最深邃 的理念,也就是 人類在宇宙中的定位 以及地球的真實價值
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet. Now, it doesn't look like our home planet. It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is. It was taken by the Cassini space probe. But it's a famous picture, not because of the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings, but actually because of a tiny, faint blob just hanging underneath one of the rings. And if I blow it up there, you see it. It looks like a moon, but in fact, it's a picture of Earth. It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn. That's our planet from 750 million miles away. I think the Earth has got a strange property that the farther away you get from it, the more beautiful it seems.
這張偉大的照片是關於地球 它卻看不出相似點 它卻像是土星, 而它本就是 由卡西尼號所拍攝 它是個有名的照片, 並不是因為 美麗的土星光環 而是因為這個細小模糊光點 就在光環的下方 讓我放大照片 它優看起來像是個衛星 事實上, 它就是地球 也就是一張從土星角度看到的地球 從遙遠的7億5千萬英哩的行星 我想地球有著奇怪的特性 越遠看它 越覺得它美
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet. It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft. And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale. The Voyager is a tiny machine. It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth, transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts, and we're still in contact with it. But it visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. And after it visited all four of those planets, Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes, had the wonderful idea of turning Voyager around and taking a picture of every planet it had visited. And it took this picture of Earth. Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture, but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light. That's Earth from four billion miles away.
這還不是最遙遠的行星位置 是由航海家太空號所拍攝 我站在它的前面作比例參考 航海家太空號是個小機器 目前它是距離地球100億英哩之外 經由那耗電20瓦的小衛星碟 我們仍然與它保持聯繫 它曾到過木星, 土星 天王星、 海王星 在它經過這四個行星後 Carl Sagan--我的偶像 突發奇想 將航海家轉頭來 找了一張集合所有拜訪過的行星 也包含地球 很難看清楚地球, 我們只能稱它是"淡藍小點" 但地球真的掛在光束上 那是距離40億英哩的地球
And I'd like to read you what Sagan wrote about it, just to finish, because I cannot say words as beautiful as this to describe what he saw in that picture that he had taken. He said, "Consider again that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it, everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of, every human being who ever was lived out their lives. The aggregates of joy and suffering thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there, on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam. It's been said that astronomy's a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known."
我想對大家讀一段 Sagan所寫的段落做結 因為我無法像他能用話語 表達從這張照片 所感受的美 他是這麼說的: "再想想那小點 在那裡 那是家 那是我們 在那之上 有我們所愛的人 有我們所認識的人, 有我們所知道的人 也有那些 曾生活過的人 整合了 歡樂與苦難 數以千計的宗教 意識形態 與 經濟理論 有獵人與搶劫者, 有英雄與懦夫 有文明創造者與毀滅者 有國王與莊稼, 有戀愛中的人 有母親父親與充滿希望的孩童 有發明家與探索者 有道德導師與敗壞政客 有巨星與領袖 有聖人與罪人 就在整個人類歷史中 就活在那小小的砂粒 懸掛在太陽光束中 曾聽過學習天文學是個謙卑 與人格養成的經驗 這張我們渺小的世界影像 最能展現、 說明 人類奇想的愚蠢 對我而言, 它強調了我們的責任 該去仁慈的互相對待 該去保存與珍惜這個淡藍小點 我們唯一的家"
Beautiful words about the power of science and exploration. The argument has always been made, and it will always be made, that we know enough about the universe. You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin. You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor. And it's made today in these difficult economic times. Surely, we know enough. We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
優美的述說了 科學研究的力量 一直以來反對科學研究的立論 錯以為我們已經知道了所有的宇宙大道理 若是這樣就停住, 1920後就不會有抗生素 若是這樣就停住, 1890後就不會有現在的電晶體 這樣的立論 又出現在現今經濟困難的時候 是的, 我們知道夠多了 不需要再去探索我們的太陽系
Let me leave the last words to someone who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine, Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century. He was clearly under assault all the time. "We know enough at the turn of the 19th century. Just exploit it; just build things." He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal to the progress of the human mind than to presume that our views of science are ultimate, that our triumphs are complete, that there are no mysteries in nature, and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
再讓我最後引述一個 我心中的偶像: Humphrey Davy, 在19世紀的轉換時做研究 也常被不支持的論點攻擊 說我們在進入19世紀時就知道足夠了 "就是探索, 就是建構事物" 他說: "對於人類心智的進展 最危險的莫過於 自認為我們對科學的觀點 已是最終版本, 或是我們的成就都已達成、 所有的自然問題都已解決, 或是不再有新奇事物等我們發掘。"
Thank you.
謝謝大家
(Applause)
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