We live in difficult and challenging economic times, of course. And one of the first victims of difficult economic times, I think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration. So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes that that's a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do.
Mi naravno živimo u ekonomski teškim i izazovnim vremenima. A jedna od prvih žrtava ekonomski teških vremena, po mom misljenju, je javna potrošnja bilo koje vrste. ali sigurno na prvoj liniji trenutno je javna potrošnja za nauku, a posebno za nauku koja je vođena radoznalošću i istraživanjem nepoznatog. Tako da ću ja pokušati da vas ubedim u 15 minuta da je to prosto besmisleno i smešno.
But I think to set the scene, I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED, but it is a bit of a mess. (Laughter) But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper. And it's actually a beautiful demonstration of how much science costs. Because, if I'm going to make the case for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration, I should tell you how much it costs. So this is a game called "spot the science budgets." This is the U.K. government spend. You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
Ali kao uvod, hoću da pokažem -- sledeći slajd nije moj pokušaj da pokažem najgori TED slajd u istoriji TED-a, nego je prosto zbrka. (Smeh) Zapravo, to nije moja greška, slajd je preuzet iz novina Guardian. I u stvari je divna demonstracija koliko nauka košta. Jer, ako ću da zagovaram razloge za dalju potrošnju na nauku vođenu radoznalošću i istraživanjem, onda bi trebalo i da kažem koliko to košta. Tako da je ovo igra koja se zove "pronađi budžet za nauku". Ovo je potrošnja britanske vlade Ovde vidite da je to oko 620 milijardi godišnje.
The science budget is actually -- if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs and then yellow set of blobs. And it's one of the yellow set of blobs around the big yellow blob. It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year out of 620 billion. That funds everything in the U.K. from medical research, space exploration, where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics, engineering, even arts and humanities, funded from the science budget, which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob around the orange blob at the top left of the screen. So that's what we're arguing about. That percentage, by the way, is about the same in the U.S. and Germany and France. R&D in total in the economy, publicly funded, is about 0.6 percent of GDP. So that's what we're arguing about.
Budžet za nauku je u stvari .... ako pogledate levo, nalazi se ljubičasta grupa krugova i onda žuta grupa krugova. Traženi je jedan u žutoj grupi smešten oko velikog žutog kruga. Iznosi oko 3.3 milijarde funti godišnje od ukupno 620 milijardi. To je budžet za sve u Britaniji, od medicinskih istraživanja, istraživanje svemira, gde ja radim, u CERN-u u Ženevi, fizika čestica, inžinjerstvo, čak i umetnost i humanitarna pomoć, se finansiraju iz budžeta za nauku, koji iznosi 3.3 milijarde, onaj mali, sitni žuti krug oko narandžastog kruga na gornjoj levoj strani ekrana. Dakle to je to oko čega se raspravljamo. Samo da napomenem da je procenat otprilike isti u SAD-u, Nemačkoj i Francuskoj. Ukupno, istraživanje i razvoj u ekonomiji javno finansirano, iznosi oko 0.6 procenata BDP-a. Dakle to je to oko čega se raspravljamo.
The first thing I want to say, and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System," is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful. This is a picture that actually was sent back by the Cassini space probe around Saturn, after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System." So it isn't in the series. It's of the moon Enceladus. So that big sweeping, white sphere in the corner is Saturn, which is actually in the background of the picture. And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus, which is about as big as the British Isles. It's about 500 kilometers in diameter. So, tiny moon. What's fascinating and beautiful ... this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say, it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
Prva stvar koju hoću da kažem, a to dolazi pravo iz "Čuda sučevog sistema", je to da je naše istraživanje sunčevog sistema i svemira pokazalo da su oni neverovatno lepi. Ovo je slika koju je poslala nazad na zemlju svemirska misija Kasini oko Saturna, ali tek pošto smo završili izradu filma "Čuda sučevog sistema". Tako da to nije u filmu. Napravljena je sa mesaca Enceladus. Dakle ova velika čista, bela kugla u uglu je Saturn, i nalazi se, u stvari, u pozadini slike. A ovo tamo u obliku polumeseca je mesec Enceladus, koji je otprilike po velicini kao Britanska ostrva. Precnik mu je oko 500km. Dakle, sićušni mesec. Ono što je fascinantno i predivno ... a ovo je neobrađena slika, samo da napomenem. Crno bela je, direktno iz orbite Saturna.
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there some faint, sort of, wisps of almost smoke rising up from the limb. This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System." It's a beautiful graphic. What we found out were that those faint wisps are actually fountains of ice rising up from the surface of this tiny moon. That's fascinating and beautiful in itself, but we think that the mechanism for powering those fountains requires there to be lakes of liquid water beneath the surface of this moon. And what's important about that is that, on our planet, on Earth, wherever we find liquid water, we find life. So, to find strong evidence of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon 750 million miles away from the Earth is really quite astounding. So what we're saying, essentially, is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system. Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture. That's one more picture of Enceladus. This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus. So it made a very low pass, just a few hundred kilometers above the surface. And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space, absolutely beautiful.
Ono što je predivno, verovatno ga možete videti u produžetku ovde neki bledi, kao neki pramenovi nečega kao dim koji se dižu sa ispupčenja. Ovo je kako smo to predsatvili vizuelno u "Čudima solarnog sistema". Stvarno je divna grafika. Ono što smo otkrili je da su ti bledi pramenovi u stvari fontane leda koje se dižu sa površine ovog sićušnog meseca. To je već fascinantno i predivno samo od sebe, ali mi mislimo da je mehanizam koji pokreće te fontane takav da su mu potrebna jezera tečne vode ispod površine ovog meseca. I ono što je važno u vezi toga je da na našoj planeti, na Zemlji, gde god nađemo vodu u tečnom stanju, nađemo i život. Dakle, naći jake dokaze za postojanje tečnosti, bazena tečnosti, ispod površine meseca 750 miliona milja udaljenog od zemlje je zaista nešto zapanjujuće. Ono što mi u stvari želimo da kažemo, je da je to možda postojbina života u solarnom sistemu. Ali, samo da napomenem, to je bila grafika. Hoću još da pokažem ovu sliku. To je još jedna slika meseca Enceladusa. Napravljena je kad je Kasini proletela ispod Enceladusa. Kad je prošla jako nisko, samo nekoliko stotina kilometara iznad površine. Prema tome, ponovo realna slika fonatana leda koje se dižu u svemir, apsolutno prekrasno.
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system. That's probably this place, which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa. And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system to get any sense that this moon, as most moons, was anything other than a dead ball of rock. It's actually an ice moon. So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa, which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick. But by measuring the way that Europa interacts with the magnetic field of Jupiter, and looking at how those cracks in the ice that you can see there on that graphic move around, we've inferred very strongly that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding the entire surface of Europa. So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon. It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think. We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that there's more water on that moon of Jupiter than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined. So that place, a little moon around Jupiter, is probably the prime candidate for finding life on a moon or a body outside the Earth, that we know of. Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
Ali ovo nije glavni kandidat za život u solarnom sistemu. Ali ovo mesto verovatno jeste, a to je Evropa, Jupiterov mesec. I ponovo, morali smo da letimo do sistema Jovian, da bi stekli utisak da ovaj mesec, kao i većina meseca, nije samo mrtva kamena lopta. U stvari je ledeni mesec. Ovo što vidite je površima meseca Evropa, a to je debela ledena kora, verovatno stotinu kilometara debela. Ali merenjem uzajamnog dejstva Evrope sa magnetnim poljem Jupitera, i posmatrajući kako se pomeraju ove pukotine u ledu koje možete da vidite na grafici, možemo da dosta pouzdano zaključimo da se tamo nalazi čitav okean tečnosti ispod čitave površinu Evrope. Dakle ispod leda, imamo okean tečnosti oko čitavog meseca. Mislimo da on može biti stotinama kilometara dubok. Smatramo da je to slana voda, a to bi značilo da ima više vode na tom Jupiterovom mesecu nego na svim okeanima na Zemlji zajedno. Dakle to mesto, mali mesec oko Jupitera, je verovatno glavni kandidat za pronalazak života na mesecu ili nebeskom telu van zemlje, za koji znamo. Ogromno i predivno otkriće.
Our exploration of the solar system has taught us that the solar system is beautiful. It may also have pointed the way to answering one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask, which is: "Are we alone in the universe?" Is there any other use to exploration and science, other than just a sense of wonder? Well, there is. This is a very famous picture taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve, December 24th, 1968, when I was about eight months old. It was taken by Apollo 8 as it went around the back of the moon. Earthrise from Apollo 8. A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture that saved 1968, which was a turbulent year -- the student riots in Paris, the height of the Vietnam War. The reason many people think that about this picture, and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED, is that this picture, arguably, was the beginning of the environmental movement. Because, for the first time, we saw our world, not as a solid, immovable, kind of indestructible place, but as a very small, fragile-looking world just hanging against the blackness of space.
Naše istraživanje solarnog sistema, naučilo nas je da je on prelep. Takođe bi moglo da nas uputi u pravcu odgovora na jedno od najznačajnijih pitanja koje uopšte možete da postavite, a to je: "Da li smo sami u svemiru?" Da li postoji ikakva druga korist od istraživanja i nauke, osim pukog osećaja divljenja? Pa, postoji. Ovo je vrlo poznata slika napravljena na moje prvo Badnje Veče, 24. decembra 1968 godine, kad sam imao oko 8 meseci. napravio ju je Apolo 8 kad se kretao oko pozadine meseca. Svitanje zemlje sa Apola 8. Čuvena slika, mnogi ljudi su rekli da je to slika koja je spasila 1968. koja je bila turbulentna godina, studentski nemiri u Parizu, vrhunac vijetnamskog rata. Razlog zašto mnogi ljudi tako misle, a Al Gore je to rekao mnogo puta, u stvari i na bini TED-a, je to da je ova slika verovatno bila sam početak pokreta za životnu sredinu. Jer, po prvi put, smo videli naš svet, ne kao čvrst, nepokretan, ne kao neko neuništivo mesto, nego kao vrlo mali, naizgled lomljivi svet koji samo stoji nasuprot tame svemira u pozadini.
What's also not often said about the space exploration, about the Apollo program, is the economic contribution it made. I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful and a tremendous achievement and delivered pictures like this, it cost a lot, didn't it? Well, actually, many studies have been done about the economic effectiveness, the economic impact of Apollo. The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics. And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo, 14 came back into the U.S. economy. So the Apollo program paid for itself in inspiration, in engineering, achievement and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers 14 times over. So exploration can pay for itself.
Ono što takođe nije tako često rečeno o istraživanju svemira, o programu Apolo, je njegov ekonomski uticaj. Mislim, vi možete da diskutujete da je taj program bio krasno i ogromno dostignuće i da je napravio slike poput ove, ali je i jako mnogo koštao, zar ne? E pa u stvari, mnoge su studije urađene o ekonomskoj efikasnosti, o Apolovom uticaju na ekonomiju. Najveća je urađena 1975., uradio ju je Čejs Ekonometriks. I ona je pokazala da se za svaki dolar potrošen na Apolo, 14 dolara vratilo nazad u ekonomiju SAD-a. Dakle program Apolo se sam otplatio u inspiraciji, u inženejrstvu, dostignuću i, mislim, u inspiraciji za mlade naučnike i inžinjere i to 14 puta. Prema tome, istraživanje može da otplati samo sebe.
What about scientific discovery? What about driving innovation? Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing. What it is, is a picture of the spectrum of hydrogen. See, back in the 1880s, 1890s, many scientists, many observers, looked at the light given off from atoms. And they saw strange pictures like this. What you're seeing when you put it through a prism is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow like a white light, it just emits light at particular colors, a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones. Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure because the way that's explained is atoms are a single nucleus with electrons going around them. And the electrons can only be in particular places. And when they jump up to the next place they can be, and fall back down again, they emit light at particular colors.
Kakva je situacija sa naučnim otkrićem? A šta sa pokretanjem inovacija? Pa, ovo izgleda kao slika bukvalno ničega. U stvari, to je slika spektra hidrogena. Vidite, negde 1880-tih, 1890-tih, mnogi naučnici, mnogi posmatrači, posmatrali su svetlost koju stvaraju atomi. I videli su čudne slike poput ove. Ono što vidite kad propustite ovu sliku kroz prizmu ja da ste zagrejali hidrogen i da on ne samo što svetli kao bela svetlost, nego i emituje svetlost tačno odredjenih boja, crvenu, svetlo plavu, neke tamno plave. A to je dovelo do razumevanja strukture atoma jer je način na koji je to objašnjeno taj da se atomi sastoje od jednog jezgra sa elektronima koji se kreću oko njega. A elektroni mogu biti samo na tačno određenim mestima. I kad skoče uvis na sledeće mesto na kome mogu da budu i kad ponovo padnu nazad, mogu da emituju svetlost tačno određenih boja.
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up, only emit light at very specific colors, was one of the key drivers that led to the development of the quantum theory, the theory of the structure of atoms. I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable. This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun. And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere absorbing light. And again, they only absorb light at particular colors when electrons jump up and fall down, jump up and fall down. But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum. And the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun because some of those black lines were found that corresponded to no known element. And that's why helium's called helium. It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
Prema tome, činjenica da atomi, kad ih zagrejete, emituju svetlost samo na tačno određenim bojama, je bila odlučujući pokretač koji je doveo do razvoja kvantne teorije, i teorije o strukturi atoma. Želeo sam samo da pokažem ovu sliku jer je izvanredna. Ovo je u stari slika spektra sunca. Ali to je i slika atoma u sunčevoj atmosferi koji apsorbuju svetlost. I da ponovim, oni apsorbuju samo svetlost tačno određenih boja kad elektroni skoče i padnu nazad, skoče i padnu nazad. Ali pogledajte broj tamnih linija u tom spektru. A hemijski element helijum je otkriven samo gledajući svetlost sunca jer je pronađeno da neke od tih tamnih linija odgovaraju poznatom hemijskom elementu. I zato se helijum zove helijum. Od "helios" - helios kao sunce.
Now, that sounds esoteric, and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit, but the quantum theory quickly led to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials like silicon, for example. The way that silicon behaves, the fact that you can build transistors, is a purely quantum phenomenon. So without that curiosity-driven understanding of the structure of atoms, which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics, then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips, we wouldn't have pretty much the basis of our modern economy.
Dobro, to zvuči kao nešto usko specijalizovano, to je stvarno i bio usko specijalizovani poduhvat, ali kvantna teorija je brzo dovela do razumevanja kako se ponašaju elektroni u materijalima, kao što je na primer silicijum. Način na koji se silicijum ponaša, činjenica da od njega možete napraviti tranzistor, je čisto kvantni fenomen. Dakle, bez tog radoznalošću pokretanog razumevanja strukture atoma, koje je dovelo do ove prilično usko specijalizovane teorije, kvantne mehanike, ne bismo imali tranzistore, ne bismo imali silicijumske čipove, ne bismo imali praktično osnovu naše moderne ekonomije.
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale. In "Wonders of the Solar System," we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal. It's one of the most incredible things about the physics and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth, is you can transport it, not only to the planets, but to the most distant stars and galaxies. And one of the astonishing predictions of quantum mechanics, just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that describes transistors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reached the end of their life that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars. You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory, get a telescope, swing it to the sky, and you find that there are no dead stars bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's quite an incredible prediction.
Postoji još jedan, po mom mišljenju, divan preokret u toj priči. U "Čudima solarog sistema", smo stalno naglašavali da su zakoni fizike univerzalni. Jedna od najneverovatnijih stvari u vezi fizike i razumevanja prirode koju imate na Zemlji, je da možete da ih primenite, ne samo na planete, nego i na najudaljenije zvezde i galaksije. A jedno od zadivljujućih predviđanja kvantne mehanike samo gledajući strukturu atoma - iste teorije koja objašnjava rad tranzistora - je da ne mogu postojati zvezde u svemiru koje su dosegle kraj svog života a koje imaju masu 1.4 puta veće od mase sunca. To je granica postavljena za masu zvezda. To možete da izvedete na komadu papira u laboratoriji, da zmete teleskop, uperite ga ka nebu i naći ćete da nema niti jedne mrtve zvezde sa masom većom od 1.4 mase sunca. To je stvarno neverovatno predviđanje.
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass? Well, this is a picture of it. This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy with, what, 100 billion stars like our Sun in it. It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe. There are a billion stars in the galactic core, which is why it's shining out so brightly. This is about 50 million light years away, so one of our neighboring galaxies. But that bright star there is actually one of the stars in the galaxy. So that star is also 50 million light years away. It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly as the center of the galaxy with a billion suns in it. That's a Type Ia supernova explosion. Now that's an incredible phenomena, because it's a star that sits there. It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf. It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun. And it has a binary companion that goes around it, so a big star, a big ball of gas. And what it does is it sucks gas off its companion star, until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit, and then it explodes. And it explodes, and it shines as brightly as a billion suns for about two weeks, and releases, not only energy, but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe. In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
Šta se desi kad imate zvezdu koja je tačno na granici mase? E pa, ovo je slika jedne od njih. Ovo je slika galaksije, uobičajene galaksije sa koliko?, recimo 100 milijardi zvezda kao što je naše sunce u njoj. To je samo jedna od milijardi galaksija u svemiru. Ima milijardu zvezda u jezgru galaksije, što je i razlog zašto ono svetli tako jako. Udaljena je oko 50 miliona svetlosnih godina od nas, znači jedna od nama susednih galaksija. Ali ta sjajna zvezda tamo je u stvari samo jedna zvezda u galaksiji. Dakle i ta zvezda je takođe udaljena 50 miliona svetlosnih godina. Ona je deo te galaksije, a svetli toliko jako koliko i centar same galaksije sa oko milijardu zvezda u njemu. To je eksplozija supernova tip 1a. Ovo je neverovatna pojava, jer imamo zvezdu koja se nalazi ovde. Naziva se karbon-oksigen patuljak. Nalazi se tu, sa masom, recimo 1.3 mase sunca. I ima binarnog pratioca koji se kreće oko nje, dakle veliku zvezdu, veliku gasnu kuglu. I dešava se da ona usisava gas sa svoje zvezde pratioca dok ne dostigne tu granicu za masu koj se naziva Čandrasekarova granica, i onda eksplodira. I eksplodira i svetli tako jarko kao i milijardu sunaca i sve to u vremenu od oko 2 nedelje, i oslobađa, ne samo energiju, nego i ogromnu količinu hemijskih elemenata u svemir. Ustvari, ova je karbon-oksigen patuljak.
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe at the Big Bang. And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe throughout the first generation of stars. It was made in stars like that, locked away and then returned to the universe in explosions like that in order to recondense into planets, stars, new solar systems and, indeed, people like us. I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power and beauty and universality of the laws of physics, because we understand that process, because we understand the structure of atoms here on Earth.
Ali nije bilo karbona i oksigena u svemiru kad se desio veliki prasak. A nije bilo karbona ni oksigena u svemiru ni tokom prve generacije zvezda. Napravljeni su u zvezdama kao ova, zaključanih u njima a onda poslatih nazad u svemir u eksplozijama kao što je ova da bi se kondenzovali ponovo u planete, zvezde, nove solarne sisteme, i stvarno u ljude poput nas. Ja mislim da je to izvanredna demonstracija moći i lepote i univerzalnosti zakona fizike, jer mi razumemo taj proces, jer razumemo strukturu atoma ovde na zemlji.
This is a beautiful quote that I found -- we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming: "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic." Now, the explorers of the world of the atom did not intend to invent the transistor. And they certainly didn't intend to describe the mechanics of supernova explosions, which eventually told us where the building blocks of life were synthesized in the universe. So, I think science can be -- serendipity is important. It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things. It can also, I think, finally reveal the most profound ideas to us about our place in the universe and really the value of our home planet.
Ovo je predivan citat koji sam našao - govorimo o slučajnom otkriću - od Aleksandera Felminga. "Kad sam se probudio u zoru 28 septembra 1928. godine, ja sigurno nisam planirao da revolucioniram sve u medicini otkrivanjem prvog svetskog antibiotika". Tako i istraživači sveta atoma nisu nameravali da otkriju tranzistor. A zasigurno nisu nameravali da opišu mehanizam supernova eksplozija koje su nam na kraju ukazale gde se sastavni blokovi života stvaraju u svemiru. Prema tome, ja mislim da nauka može biti - slučajno otkriće je važno. Može biti predivna. Može da otkrije stvarno izvanredne stvari. Konačno, ja mislim da ona može da otkrije i najdublje ideje za nas o našem mestu u svemiru i stvarnu važnost naše planete.
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet. Now, it doesn't look like our home planet. It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is. It was taken by the Cassini space probe. But it's a famous picture, not because of the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings, but actually because of a tiny, faint blob just hanging underneath one of the rings. And if I blow it up there, you see it. It looks like a moon, but in fact, it's a picture of Earth. It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn. That's our planet from 750 million miles away. I think the Earth has got a strange property that the farther away you get from it, the more beautiful it seems.
Ovo je spektakularna slika naše planete. Ali ne liči na nju. Liči na Saturn, jer naravno, to i jeste Saturn. Napravila ju je Kasini svemirska sonda. Ali to je čuvena slika, ne zbog lepote i veličanstvenih Saturnovih prstenova nego u stvari zbog ove sićušne, blede tačke koja leži tu negde ispod jednog od prstenova I ako je uvećam ovde, možete da je vidite. Liči na mesec, ali u stvari je to slika zemlje. To je slika zemlje uhvaćene na slici Saturna. To je naša planeta sa 750 miliona milja udaljenosti. Ja mislim da je zemlja dobila tu čudnu osobinu, da što je gledate sa veće udaljenosti, to ona još lepše izgleda.
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet. It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft. And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale. The Voyager is a tiny machine. It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth, transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts, and we're still in contact with it. But it visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. And after it visited all four of those planets, Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes, had the wonderful idea of turning Voyager around and taking a picture of every planet it had visited. And it took this picture of Earth. Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture, but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light. That's Earth from four billion miles away.
Ali to nije najudaljenija ili najčuvenija slika naše planete koja je ikad snimljena. Nju je napravila ova stvar, koja se naziva svemirski brod Vojadžer. Ovo je slika mene pored njega da uporedite veličinu. Vojadžer je mala mašina. Trenutno je na 10 milijardi milja od zemlje, emitujući sa ovim tanjirom, snage 20 vati, i mi smo i dalje u kontaktu s njim. A on je već posetio Jupiter, Saturn, Uran i Neptun. I pošto je posetio ove sve četiri planete, Karl Sagan, koji je jedan od mojih velikih heroja, došao je na prelepu ideju da se Vojadžer okrene unazad i da snimi sliku svake planete koju je posetio. I on je snimio ovu sliku zemlje. E sad, vrlo je teško videti zemlju ovde, zovu je slika "blede plave tačke", ali zemlja je skrivena u ovom zraku svetlosti. To je zemlja sa udaljenosti od 4 milijarde milja.
And I'd like to read you what Sagan wrote about it, just to finish, because I cannot say words as beautiful as this to describe what he saw in that picture that he had taken. He said, "Consider again that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it, everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of, every human being who ever was lived out their lives. The aggregates of joy and suffering thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there, on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam. It's been said that astronomy's a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known."
A ja bih hteo da vam pročitam šta je Sagan napisao o njoj, i tako i da završim, jer ja ne mogu da iskažem reči tako predivno i da opišem šta je on video u ovoj slici koju je snimio. Rekao je: "Pogledaj ponovo tu tačku. To je ovde. To je dom. To smo mi. Na njoj, svi koje volimo, svi koje poznajemo, svi za koje smo ikada čuli, svako ljudsko biće koje je ikad živelo svoj život. Gomila radosti i patnje hiljade uverljivih religija, ideologija i ekonomskih doktrina, svaki lovac i skupljač hrane, svaki heroj i kukavica, svaki graditelj i rušitelj civilizacija, svaki kralj i seljak, svaki mladi ljubavni par, svaka majka i otac, dete puno nade, pronalazač i istraživač, svaki učitelj morala, svaki korumpirani političar, svaka vodeća zvezda, svaki vodeći lider, svaki svetac i grešnik u istoriji naše vrste, živeo je ovde, na zrnu prašine koje lebdi na sunčevoj svetlosti. Već je rečeno da je astronomija ponižavajuće iskustvo i iskustvo koje izgrađuje karakter. Možda ne postoji bolja demonstracija besmislenosti ljudske uobraženosti nego ova udaljena slika našeg sićušnog sveta. Za mene, ona skreće pažnju na našu odgovornost da se ophodimo pažljivije jedni prema drugima i da čuvamo i pazimo bledu plavu tačku, jedini dom za koji smo ikada znali."
Beautiful words about the power of science and exploration. The argument has always been made, and it will always be made, that we know enough about the universe. You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin. You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor. And it's made today in these difficult economic times. Surely, we know enough. We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
Prelepe reči o snazi nauke i istraživanja. Uvek su se iznosili argumenti i uvek će biti iznošeni, da znamo dovoljno o univerzumu. Mogli smo to zaključiti 1920. godine, ne bismo imali penicilin. Mogli smo zaključiti 1890-tih, ne bismo imali tranzistor. A to se čini i danas u ovim ekonomski teškim vremenima. Naravno, već znamo dovoljno. Ne treba da otkrivamo ništa više o našem univerzumu.
Let me leave the last words to someone who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine, Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century. He was clearly under assault all the time. "We know enough at the turn of the 19th century. Just exploit it; just build things." He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal to the progress of the human mind than to presume that our views of science are ultimate, that our triumphs are complete, that there are no mysteries in nature, and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
Dozvolite mi da završim sa nekim ko brzo postaje moj heroj, Hemfri Dejvi, koji se bavio naukom početkom 19-tog veka. On je bez sumnje bio stalno napadan svo vreme. Već znamo dovoljno na početku 19-tog veka. Samo to iskoristite, samo napravite stvari. On je ovo rekao: "Ništa nije više pogubno za progres ljudskog roda nego pretpostaviti da su naša naučna znanja konačna, da su naši uspesi završeni, da nema više misterija u prirodi i da nema više novih svetova da se osvoje."
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)