We live in difficult and challenging economic times, of course. And one of the first victims of difficult economic times, I think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity-led science and exploration. So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes that that's a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do.
Živimo u teškim i izazovnim ekonomskim vremenima, naravno. I jedna od prvih žrtvi teških ekonomskih vremena, mislim da je javna potrošnja bilo koje vrste, ali sigurno je u prvom redu trenutno javna potrošnja za znanost, a posebno radoznalošću vođena znanost i istraživanje. Stoga, želim vas u ovih 15 minuta pokušati uvjeriti da je to smiješna i bedasta stvar koju činimo.
But I think to set the scene, I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED, but it is a bit of a mess. (Laughter) But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper. And it's actually a beautiful demonstration of how much science costs. Because, if I'm going to make the case for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration, I should tell you how much it costs. So this is a game called "spot the science budgets." This is the U.K. government spend. You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
Ali da bih postavio scenu, želim pokazati - sljedeći slajd nije moj pokušaj da prikažem najgori TED slajd u povijesti TED-a, već je mala zbrka. (Smijeh) Ali zapravo, nije mojom krivicom, to je iz novina Guardian. I to je zapravo prelijepa demonstracija koliko znanost košta. Jer, ako želim od ovoga napraviti razlog, da se nastavi trošiti na znanost i istraživanje vođene radoznalošću trebao bih vam reći koliko sve to košta. Ovo je igra zvana "uoči znanstvene budžete" Ovo je potrošnja vlade UK-a. Vidite ondje, to je otprilike 620 milijardi na godinu.
The science budget is actually -- if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs and then yellow set of blobs. And it's one of the yellow set of blobs around the big yellow blob. It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year out of 620 billion. That funds everything in the U.K. from medical research, space exploration, where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics, engineering, even arts and humanities, funded from the science budget, which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob around the orange blob at the top left of the screen. So that's what we're arguing about. That percentage, by the way, is about the same in the U.S. and Germany and France. R&D in total in the economy, publicly funded, is about 0.6 percent of GDP. So that's what we're arguing about.
Znanstveni budžet je zapravo - ako pogledate na vaše lijevo, tamo je set ljubičastih gruda pa onda set žutih gruda. I to je jedna od žutih gruda oko velike žute grudve. To je oko 3.3 milijarde funti na godinu od ukupno 620 milijardi. To financira sve u UK-u od zdravstvenog istraživanja, istraživanja svemira, gdje ja radim, u CERN-u u Ženevi, fiziku čestica, inžinjering, čak umjetnost i društvene znanosti, sve se financira iz znanstvenog budžeta koji je onaj od 3.3 milijarde, ona mala, žuta grudica oko velike narančaste grude lijevo gore na zaslonu. To je ono oko čega raspravljamo. Taj postotak, usput, jednak je u SAD-u, Njemačkoj i Frnacuskoj. I&R ukupno u ekonomiji javno financirani, čine oko 0.6 posto BDP-a. To je ono oko čega mi raspravljamo.
The first thing I want to say, and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System," is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful. This is a picture that actually was sent back by the Cassini space probe around Saturn, after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System." So it isn't in the series. It's of the moon Enceladus. So that big sweeping, white sphere in the corner is Saturn, which is actually in the background of the picture. And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus, which is about as big as the British Isles. It's about 500 kilometers in diameter. So, tiny moon. What's fascinating and beautiful ... this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say, it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
Prvo što želim reći, i to je izravno iz "Čuda solarnog sustava" jest da nam je naše istraživanje solarnog sustava i svemira pokazalo da je on neopisivo lijep. Ovo je slika koja je poslana sa Cassini svemirske sonde oko Saturna, nakon što smo završili snimanje "Čuda solarnog sustava." Zato nije u serijalu. To je slika mjeseca Enceladus. Ta velika, jureća, bijela sfera u kutu je Saturn, koji je zapravo u pozadini slike. A onaj polumjesec tamo je mjesec Enceladus, koji je veliki poput britanskog otočja. Promjera je oko 500 km. Znači, maleni mjesec. Ono što je fascinantno i lijepo... usput, trebam dodati da je ovo neobrađena slika Crno bijela je, izravno iz Saturnove orbite.
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there some faint, sort of, wisps of almost smoke rising up from the limb. This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System." It's a beautiful graphic. What we found out were that those faint wisps are actually fountains of ice rising up from the surface of this tiny moon. That's fascinating and beautiful in itself, but we think that the mechanism for powering those fountains requires there to be lakes of liquid water beneath the surface of this moon. And what's important about that is that, on our planet, on Earth, wherever we find liquid water, we find life. So, to find strong evidence of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon 750 million miles away from the Earth is really quite astounding. So what we're saying, essentially, is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system. Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture. That's one more picture of Enceladus. This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus. So it made a very low pass, just a few hundred kilometers above the surface. And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space, absolutely beautiful.
Ono što je prelijepo, možete vjerojatno vidjeti onom ekstremitetu poput nejasnog, pramena dima koji se uzdiže iz ekstremiteta. Tako mi to vizualiziramo u "Čudima solarnog sustava" To je prekrasna grafika. Ono što smo pronašli jest da oni nejasni pramenovi su zapravo fontane leda koje se uzdižu sa površine malog mjeseca. To je samo po sebi fascinantno i prelijepo, ali smatramo da mehanizam za pokretanje tih fontana zahtijeva postojanje jezera tekuće vode ispod površine tog mjeseca. I što je važno, jest da, na našem planetu, Zemlja, gdjegod da pronađemo tekuću vodu, pronađemo život. Znači, pronaći čvrsti dokaz tekućine, bezene tekućine, ispod površine mjeseca 750 milijuna milja daleko od Zemlje zapravo je zapanjujuće. Što govorimo, zapravo, jest da je ono možda stanište života u solarnom sustavu. Dozvolite mi da kažem, ono je bila grafika. Želim samo pokazati ovu fotografiju. To je još jedna fotografija Enceladusa. Ovo je kada je Cassini preletjela ispod Enceladusa. Učinila je vrlo nizak let, samo nekoliko stotina kilometara iznad površine. I tako, još jednom, stvarna fotografija ledene fontane koja se uzdiže u svemir, apsolutno prelijepo.
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system. That's probably this place, which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa. And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system to get any sense that this moon, as most moons, was anything other than a dead ball of rock. It's actually an ice moon. So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa, which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick. But by measuring the way that Europa interacts with the magnetic field of Jupiter, and looking at how those cracks in the ice that you can see there on that graphic move around, we've inferred very strongly that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding the entire surface of Europa. So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon. It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think. We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that there's more water on that moon of Jupiter than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined. So that place, a little moon around Jupiter, is probably the prime candidate for finding life on a moon or a body outside the Earth, that we know of. Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
Ali to nije primarni kandidat za život u solarnom sustavu. Vjerojatno je to ovo mjesto, jupiterov mjesec, Europa. I ponovo, morali smo letjeti u Jovianski sustav da bismo shvatili da ovaj mjesec, kao i većina mjeseca, jest sve samo ne mrtva kamena kugla. To je zapravo ledeni mjesec. Ono što gledate jest površina mjeseca Europe, koja je debeli sloj leda, vjerojatno stotinu kilometara debeli. Ali prema mjeri kako Europa međusobno djeluje sa magnetskim omotačem Jupitera i promatrajući kako one pukotine u ledu koje možete vidjeti kako se pomiču na grafici, čvrsto smo zaključili da postoji jedan ocean tekućine koji opasuje čitavu površinu Europe. Ispod leda, nalazi se ocean tekućine oko cijelog mjeseca. Smatramo da bi mogao biti stotine kilometara dubok. Vjerujemo da je slanovodan, a to bi značilo da ima više vode na jupiterovom mjesecu nego što je ima u svim oceanima na Zemlji. Ono mjesto, mali mjesec oko Jupitera je vjerojatno primarni kandidat za pronalaženje života na mjesecu ili tijelu izvan Zemlje, a kojega mi poznajemo. Strašno i prelijepo otkriće.
Our exploration of the solar system has taught us that the solar system is beautiful. It may also have pointed the way to answering one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask, which is: "Are we alone in the universe?" Is there any other use to exploration and science, other than just a sense of wonder? Well, there is. This is a very famous picture taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve, December 24th, 1968, when I was about eight months old. It was taken by Apollo 8 as it went around the back of the moon. Earthrise from Apollo 8. A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture that saved 1968, which was a turbulent year -- the student riots in Paris, the height of the Vietnam War. The reason many people think that about this picture, and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED, is that this picture, arguably, was the beginning of the environmental movement. Because, for the first time, we saw our world, not as a solid, immovable, kind of indestructible place, but as a very small, fragile-looking world just hanging against the blackness of space.
Naše istraživanje solarnog sustava naučilo nas je da je solarni sustav prelijep. Također nam je možda ukazalo na odgovor na najtemeljnije pitanje koje si možemo postaviti, a to je "Jesmo li sami u svemiru?" Postoji li bilo koja druga svrha znanosti i istraživanja, osim čuđenja? E, pa ima. Ovo je vrlo popularna fotografija snimljena, zapravo, na moj prvi Božić 24. prosinca 1968., kada sam imao otprilike osam mjeseci. Snimio ju je Apollo 8 dok je prolazio iza mjeseca. Uspon Zemlje iz Apolla 8. Famozna fotografija; mnogi ljudi kažu da je to fotografija koja je spasila 1968. turbulentnu godinu - pobune studenata u Parizu, vrhunac Vijetnamskog rata. Razlog zbog kojega ljudi misle tako o toj fotografiji a Al Gore je to mnogo puta rekao, zapravo, ovdje na pozornici TED-a, jest to da je ova slika, pravo rečeno, bila početak pokreta za okoliš. Jer, po prvi puta, vidjeli smo naš svijet, ne kao čvrsto, nepomično, gotovo neuništivo mjesto, nego poput malog, krhkog svijeta koji stoji nasuprot tami svemira.
What's also not often said about the space exploration, about the Apollo program, is the economic contribution it made. I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful and a tremendous achievement and delivered pictures like this, it cost a lot, didn't it? Well, actually, many studies have been done about the economic effectiveness, the economic impact of Apollo. The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics. And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo, 14 came back into the U.S. economy. So the Apollo program paid for itself in inspiration, in engineering, achievement and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers 14 times over. So exploration can pay for itself.
Ono što se često ne kaže o istraživanju svemira, o programu Apollo, jest njegov ekonomski doprinos. Mislim, možete dokazivati kako je to čudesno i strašno postignuće koje je omogućilo slike poput ovih, ali to je i koštalo, zar ne? Pa, zapravo, napravljene su mnoge studije o ekonomskoj efektivnosti, ekonomskom utjecaju Apolla. Najveći je bio 1975. prema Chase Econometricsu. Pokazalo se da za svaki dolar potrošen na Apollo, 14 ih se vratilo u ekonomiju SAD-a. Znači Apollov program se isplatio u inspiraciji, u inženjerstvu, postignuću i, mislim, u nadahnuću mladih znanstvenika i inženjera svih 14 puta. Istraživanje može biti isplativo.
What about scientific discovery? What about driving innovation? Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing. What it is, is a picture of the spectrum of hydrogen. See, back in the 1880s, 1890s, many scientists, many observers, looked at the light given off from atoms. And they saw strange pictures like this. What you're seeing when you put it through a prism is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow like a white light, it just emits light at particular colors, a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones. Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure because the way that's explained is atoms are a single nucleus with electrons going around them. And the electrons can only be in particular places. And when they jump up to the next place they can be, and fall back down again, they emit light at particular colors.
Što je sa znanstvenim otkrićima? Što je sa usmjeravanjem inovacija? Pa, ovo izgleda poput fotografije gotovo ničega. To je slika spektra vodika. Vidite, 1880-ih, 1890-ih godina mnogo znanstvenika, mnogo promatrača gledalo je svjetlost koju isijavaju atomi. I vidjeli su čudne stvari poput ovih. Ono što vidite kada svjetlost pustite kroz prizmu i kada zagrijete vodik on neće samo isijavati bijelu svjetlost, već emitira svjetlost posebnih boja, crvenu, svjetlo plavu, tamno plavu. To je dovelo do razumijevanja strukture atoma jer način na koji je to objašnjeno jest da je atom jedinstvena jezgra sa elektronima koji kruže nje. A elektroni mogu biti samo na posebnim mjestima. I kada oni poskoče na slijedeće mjesto na kojem mogu biti i pasti opet natrag, oni stvaraju svjetlost osebujnih boja.
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up, only emit light at very specific colors, was one of the key drivers that led to the development of the quantum theory, the theory of the structure of atoms. I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable. This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun. And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere absorbing light. And again, they only absorb light at particular colors when electrons jump up and fall down, jump up and fall down. But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum. And the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun because some of those black lines were found that corresponded to no known element. And that's why helium's called helium. It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
I činjenica da atomi, kada ih zagrijete, emitiraju svjetlost samo specifičnih boja, bila je jedna od ključnih vodilja koja je dovela do razvoja kvantne teorije teorije atomske strukture. Ovu sam fotografiju htjeo pokazati zato što je izvanredna. Ovo je zapravo fotografija sunčevog spektra. A sada, ovo je slika atoma u sunčevoj atmosferi koji apsorbiraju svjetlost. I opet, oni apsorbiraju samo svjetlost posebnih boja kada elektroni poskoče i opet padnu. poskoče i padnu dolje. Ali pogledajte broj crnih linija u tom spektru. Kemijski element Helij otkriven je samo zureći u svjetlost sunca iz razloga što su pronađene crne linije koje nisu odgovarale niti jednom poznatom elementu. I zato je Helij nazvan Helij. Zove se "helios" - helios sa sunca.
Now, that sounds esoteric, and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit, but the quantum theory quickly led to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials like silicon, for example. The way that silicon behaves, the fact that you can build transistors, is a purely quantum phenomenon. So without that curiosity-driven understanding of the structure of atoms, which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics, then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips, we wouldn't have pretty much the basis of our modern economy.
Sada, to zvuči ezoterično, i bila je to ezoterična potjera ali je kvantna teorija brzo dovela do razumijevanja ponašanja elektrona u raznim materijalima poput npr. silicija. Način na koji se silicij ponaša, činjenica da možete izrađivati tranzistore jest čisti kvantni fenomen. Stoga, bez radoznaslošću-pobuđenog razumijevanja strukture atoma koja je dovela do prilično ezoterične teorije, kvantne mehanike, ne bismo imali tranzistore, silicijske čipove, ne bismo imali temelj naše moderne ekonomije.
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale. In "Wonders of the Solar System," we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal. It's one of the most incredible things about the physics and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth, is you can transport it, not only to the planets, but to the most distant stars and galaxies. And one of the astonishing predictions of quantum mechanics, just by looking at the structure of atoms -- the same theory that describes transistors -- is that there can be no stars in the universe that have reached the end of their life that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars. You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory, get a telescope, swing it to the sky, and you find that there are no dead stars bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. That's quite an incredible prediction.
Ima još jedan prekrasan zaokret u toj priči. U "Čudima solarnog sustava" naglašavali smo univerzalnost zakona fizike. To je jedna je od najnevjerojatnijih stvari u fizici i razumijevanje prirode koje steknete na Zemlji možete transportirati, ne samo na planete, već i na najdalje zvijezde i galaksije. Jedno zapanjujuće predviđanje kvantne mehanike, samo gledajući strukturu atoma - jedna te ista teorija koja opisuje tranzistore - jest da u svemiru ne mogu postojati zvijezde koje su dostigle kraj svojeg života a da su, specifično, 1.4 puta veće od mase Sunca. To je limit koji je nametnut masi zvijezda. Možete to izračunati na komadiću papira u laboratoriju, uzmite teleskop, okrenite ga ka nebu i vidjeti ćete da nema mrtvih zvijezda većih od 1.4 puta mase Sunca. To je nevjerojatno predskazanje.
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass? Well, this is a picture of it. This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy with, what, 100 billion stars like our Sun in it. It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe. There are a billion stars in the galactic core, which is why it's shining out so brightly. This is about 50 million light years away, so one of our neighboring galaxies. But that bright star there is actually one of the stars in the galaxy. So that star is also 50 million light years away. It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly as the center of the galaxy with a billion suns in it. That's a Type Ia supernova explosion. Now that's an incredible phenomena, because it's a star that sits there. It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf. It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun. And it has a binary companion that goes around it, so a big star, a big ball of gas. And what it does is it sucks gas off its companion star, until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit, and then it explodes. And it explodes, and it shines as brightly as a billion suns for about two weeks, and releases, not only energy, but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe. In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
Što se dogodi kada imate zvijezdu koja je na rubu te mase? Pa, ovo je fotografija jedne takve zvijezde. Ovo je fotografija galaksije, uobičajena "iz našeg vrta" galaksija sa, koliko?, 100 milijardi zvijezda poput našeg sunca. Samo je jedna od milijardu galaksija u svemiru. Ima miijardu zvijezda u središtu galaksije i zato tako jako blješte. To je otprilike 50 milijuna svjetlosnih godina udaljena, pa je jedna od naših susjednih galaksija. Ali ona svijetla zvijezda tamo jest zapravo jedna od zvijedza u galaksiji. I ta zvijezda je također udaljena 50 milijuna svjetlosnih godina. Dio je one galaksije, i sjaji žarko kao i centar galaksije sa svojih milijardu sunca. Ono je vrsta 1a supernova eksplozije. To je nevjerojatan fenomen, jer to je zapravo zvijezda. zove se patuljak od ugljika i kisika. On je, recimo, 1.3 puta veći od mase Sunca. I ima binarnog druga koji se kreće oko njega, velika zvijezda, velika lopta plina. I ono što čini jest isisuje plin iz svog druga, dok ne dostigne limit nazvan Chandrasekarov limit, i onda eksplodira. Eksplodira, i sjaji tako žarko poput milijarde sunca gotovo dva tjedna, i otpušta, ne samo energiju, već veliku količinu kemijskih elemenata u svemir. Zapravo, to je patuljak od ugljika i kisika.
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe at the Big Bang. And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe throughout the first generation of stars. It was made in stars like that, locked away and then returned to the universe in explosions like that in order to recondense into planets, stars, new solar systems and, indeed, people like us. I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power and beauty and universality of the laws of physics, because we understand that process, because we understand the structure of atoms here on Earth.
Sada, nije bilo ugljika i kisika u svemiru za vrijeme Big Banga. I nije bilo ugljika i kisika u svemiru kroz prvu generaciju zvijezdi. Stvoreni su u zvijezdama poput ovih, zaključani, pa onda vraćeni svemiru u takvim eksplozijama da bi se opet zgusnuli u planete, zvijezde, nove solarne sustave, i, zapravo, u ljude poput nas. Smatram to izvanrednom demonstracijom moći, ljepote i univerzalnosti zakona fizike, jer mi smo taj proces razumijeli zato što razumijemo strukturu atoma ovdje na Zemlji.
This is a beautiful quote that I found -- we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming: "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic." Now, the explorers of the world of the atom did not intend to invent the transistor. And they certainly didn't intend to describe the mechanics of supernova explosions, which eventually told us where the building blocks of life were synthesized in the universe. So, I think science can be -- serendipity is important. It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things. It can also, I think, finally reveal the most profound ideas to us about our place in the universe and really the value of our home planet.
Ovo je lijepi citat kojeg sam pronašao- ovdje je govor o slučajom otkriću - Aleksandra Fleminga. "Kada sam se probudio odmah nakon sumraka 28 rujna 1928., svakako nisam planirao preokrenuti medicinu pronalaskom prvog svjetskog antibiotika." Istraživači svijeta atoma nisu namjeravali izumiti tranzistor. I sigurno nisu naumili opisati mehaniku supernova eksplozije, koja nam je na kraju pokazala gdje su se temelji života sintetizirali u svemiru. Smatram da znanost može biti - slučajna otkrića su važna. može biti lijepa. može razotkriti zapanjujuće stvari. Može također, u konačnici otkriti najvažnije ideje o našem mjestu u svemiru i stvarnu vrijednost našeg rodnog planeta.
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet. Now, it doesn't look like our home planet. It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is. It was taken by the Cassini space probe. But it's a famous picture, not because of the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings, but actually because of a tiny, faint blob just hanging underneath one of the rings. And if I blow it up there, you see it. It looks like a moon, but in fact, it's a picture of Earth. It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn. That's our planet from 750 million miles away. I think the Earth has got a strange property that the farther away you get from it, the more beautiful it seems.
Ovo je spektakularna fotografija nešeg rodnog planeta. Ne izgleda poput našeg planeta. Već izgleda poput Saturna, jer zapravo, to i jest. Snimljena je svemirskom sondom Cassini. Ali popularna je fotografija, ne zbog ljepote i veličanstva Saturnovih prstena, ali zapravo zbog sičušne, naprimjetne grudice koja stoji ispod jednog prstena. I ako uvećam, vidite ga. Izgleda poput mjeseca, ali zapravo, to je fotografija Zemlje. Bila je to fotografija Zemlje snimljena u Saturnovom okruženju. To je naš planet na udaljenosti od 750 milijuna milja. mislim da Zemlja ima čudnu osobitost da što se više od nje udaljite sve je ljepša.
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet. It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft. And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale. The Voyager is a tiny machine. It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth, transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts, and we're still in contact with it. But it visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. And after it visited all four of those planets, Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes, had the wonderful idea of turning Voyager around and taking a picture of every planet it had visited. And it took this picture of Earth. Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture, but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light. That's Earth from four billion miles away.
Ali to nije najdalja i najpopularnija fotografija našeg planeta. Snimljena je ovom svemirskom letjelicom, koja se zove Voyager. A ovo je fotografija mene ispred nje, radi usporedbe. Voyager je mali stroj. Trenutno je 10 milijardi milja udaljen od Zemlje, odašiljajući sa onim tanjurom, snage 20 wata, i još smo u kontaktu s njim. A posjetio je Jupiter, Saturn, Uran i Neptun. Nakon što je posjetio sva četiri ta planeta, Carl Sagan, koji je jedan od mojih heroja, ima je fantastičnu zamisao da okrene Voyager natrag i da snimi fotografije svakog planeta kojega je posjetio. I snimio je ovu fotografiju Zemlje. Teško je vidjeti Zemlju, fotografija se zove "Neprimjetna plava točka", ali to je Zemlja uzdignuta u onom svjetlosnom stupu. To je Zemlja sa udaljenosti od četiri milijarde milja.
And I'd like to read you what Sagan wrote about it, just to finish, because I cannot say words as beautiful as this to describe what he saw in that picture that he had taken. He said, "Consider again that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it, everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of, every human being who ever was lived out their lives. The aggregates of joy and suffering thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there, on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam. It's been said that astronomy's a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known."
I želio bih vam pročitati što je Sagan o njoj napisao, za kraj, jer ja neznam izreći riječi lijepe poput ovih da bih opisao što smo vidjeli u fotografiji koju smo snimili. Rekao je "Razmotrite ponovo onu točku. To je ovdje. To je doma. To smo mi. Na njoj, svi koje volite, svi koje poznajete, svi o kojima ste čuli, svako ljudsko biće koje je ikada živjelo svoj život. Gomile radosti i patnje tisuće pouzdanih religija, ideologija i ekonomskih doktrina, svaki lovac i tragač za hranom, svaki heroj i kukavica, svaki stvaraoc i razarač civilizacije, svaki kralj i seljak, svaki mladi zaljubljeni par, sve majke i očevi, nadobudna djeca, izumitelj i istraživač, svaki učitelj morala, svaki korumpirani političar, svaka "zvijezda", svaki vrhunski vođa, svaki svetac i griješnik u povijesti naše vrste, živjeli su ondje, na čestici prašine, uzdignutoj zrakom sunca. Rečeno je da je astronomija ponižavajuće i iskustvo koje gradi karakter. Možda nema bolje demonstracije za glupost ljuske uobraženosti od ove daleke fotografije našeg sičušnog svijeta. Za mene, to podcrtava našu odgovornost da se što ljubaznije odnosimo jedni prema drugima i da očuvamo i njegujemo blijedu plavu točku jedini dom kojega znamo."
Beautiful words about the power of science and exploration. The argument has always been made, and it will always be made, that we know enough about the universe. You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin. You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor. And it's made today in these difficult economic times. Surely, we know enough. We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
Lijepe riječi o snazi znanosti i istraživanja. Zagovara se da, i uvijek će, da mi već dovoljno znamo o svemiru. Mogli se tako u 1920-ima; i nebiste imali penicilin. Mogli ste tako u 1890-ima; i nebiste imali tranzistor. A i danas se tako misli, u ovim teškim ekonomskim vremenima. Sigurno, znamo dovoljno. Ne moramo otkriti ništa više o svemiru.
Let me leave the last words to someone who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine, Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century. He was clearly under assault all the time. "We know enough at the turn of the 19th century. Just exploit it; just build things." He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal to the progress of the human mind than to presume that our views of science are ultimate, that our triumphs are complete, that there are no mysteries in nature, and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
Dozvolite da zadnje riječi ostavim nekome tko ubrzano postaje mojim herojem, Humphrey Davy, koji je svoju znanost istraživao na kraju 19-og stoljeća. Jasno da je stalno bio napadan. Mi znamo dovoljno na kraju 19-og stoljeća. Samo iskorištavajte, gradite stvari. Rekao je to, rekao je, "Ništa nije toliko fatalno za razvoj ljudskog uma od pretpostavke da su naši pogledi na znanost konačni, da su naše pobjede završene, da nema misterija u prirodi, i da nema novih svjetova za osvojiti."
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)