We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children. If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve. They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them.
Ono najbolje što imamo stvarno trebamo učiniti dostupnim našoj djeci. Ako to ne napravimo, dobit ćemo generaciju kakvu zaslužujemo. Oni će učiti iz onoga što im je dostupno.
And we, as now the elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is, a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can. I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone. One is what's on the Boston Public Library. Carved above their door is, "Free to All." It's kind of an inspiring statement, and I'll go back at the end of this. I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge to as many people as want to read it. And the idea of using technology is perfect for us. I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks. It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians, they were able to build the Library of Alexandria -- the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world. The problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it. On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened. I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something. And I'm going to try to argue only one point today: that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp. So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking, yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published, everything that was ever meant for distribution, available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it.
I mi, sada kao elita, roditelji, knjižničari, profesionalci, što god je točno, grupa naših aktivnosti, zapravo pokušavamo ono najbolje što imamo za ponuditi napraviti u dohvatu ljudi oko nas ili što šire možemo. Počet ću i završiti ovaj govor s nekoliko stvari isklesanih u kamenu. Jedna je ono što je na bostonskoj javnoj knjižnici. Urezano je iznad vrata „Slobodno za sve“. To je inspirirajuća izjava i vratit ću joj se na kraju ovoga. Ja sam knjižničar i ono što pokušavam jest skupiti sve radove znanja za što više ljudi koji ih hoće pročitati. I ideja korištenja tehnologije savršena je za nas. Mislim da imamo mogućnost izjednačiti se s Grcima. Nije lagano izjednačiti se s Grcima. Ali s industrijalizacijom Egipćana koji su uspjeli izgraditi knjižnicu u Aleksandriji – ideja o kopiji svake knjige svim ljudima na svijetu. Problem je bio što se moralo stvarno otići u Aleksandriju kako bi ju se moglo posjetiti. S druge strane, ako ste to napravili, sjajne stvari bi se dogodile. Mislim da možemo dostići Grke i postići nešto. Danas ću pokušati dokazati samo jednu stvar: univerzalni pristup sveukupnom znanju u našem je dohvatu. Ako budem uspješan, tada ćete zapravo otići misleći kako stvarno možemo postići veliku viziju da će sve što je ikada izdano i sve što je ikada bilo namijenjeno distribuciji biti dostupno bilo kome na svijetu tko je ikada htio pristup tome.
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed, and that's still being refigured out. But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand, so we can actually achieve that. But I'm going to go over the technological, social and sort of where are we as a whole, trying to get to that particular vision. And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website, the books, music, video and just go step -- media type by media type, just go and say, all right, how're we doing on this?
Da, postoje problemi oko toga kako bi novac trebao biti distribuiran i to se još uvijek pokušava utvrditi. Ali bih rekao kako ima mnogo novca i kako ima mnogo potražnje, tako da to možemo i postići. No prijeći ću tehnološki i društveni dio i gdje smo pokušavajući postići ovu određenu viziju. Način preko kojeg ću pokušati to napraviti je poput Amazon.com stranice -- knjige, glazba, video i samo napraviti korak, vrsta medija preko medija, samo dođite i recite, u redu, kako napredujemo s ovim?
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we? Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it? If you wanted to put all of the published works online so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it? Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes, 26 million volumes. It is, by far and away, the largest print library in the world. And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte, so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word. So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes -- it goes mega-, giga-, tera-. 26 terabytes. 26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big, on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars. So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage -- you can put, you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress. That's pretty neat.
Znači, ako krenemo s knjigama, znate, gdje stojimo? Prvo morate, kao inženjer, procijeniti problem. Koliko je velik? Ako biste htjeli objaviti sva izdana djela na Internetu, tako da svakome mogu biti dostupna, eto, koliki je to problem? Ne znamo zapravo, ali najveća je knjižnica izdanih djela na svijetu Kongresna knjižnica – ima 26 milijuna svezaka, 26 milijuna svezaka. To je daleko najveća knjižnica na svijetu. I knjiga, ako imate knjigu koja je oko jedan megabajt, tako – znate, ako biste ju imali u Microsoft Wordu. Znači, jedan megabajt, 26 milijuna megabajta jest 26 terabajta, ide mega, giga, tera, 26 terabajta. 26 terabajta odgovara sustavu računala koji je otprilike ovoliko velik na Linux sustavu i stoji oko 60.000 dolara. Znači, za cijenu kuće – ili ovdje, garaže – možete staviti – možete pokrenuti sve riječi iz Kongresne knjižice. To je prilično zgodno.
Then the question is, what do you get? You know, is it worth trying to get there? Do you actually want it online? Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun. And you can download these things, and look around them in new and different ways. And you can get at them remotely, if you happen to have a laptop. There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-y interfaces that look a whole lot like books in certain ways, and you can search them, make little tabs, and it's kind of cute -- still very book-like -- on your laptop. But I don't know, reading things on a laptop -- whenever I pull up my laptop, it always feels like work. I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great. I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle. It's starting to be a little bit more specified. But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like. I like the physical book. And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things, put them on the Net, and then download, print them and bind them, and end up with books again.
Sljedeće je pitanje: što dobijete? Znate, isplati li se truditi oko toga? Želimo li to uistinu na internetu? Jedna od prvih stvari koju ljudi naprave jesu čitači knjiga koji dopuštaju traženje unutar knjige, što je ustvari zabavno. I možete preuzeti te stvari i proučavati ih na nove i različite načine; možete ih nabaviti na daljinu, u slučaju da imate prijenosno računalo. Počinju se praviti sučelja na kojima se mogu okretati stranice i koja jako sliče knjigama na određeni način, i možete ih pretraživati, praviti male kartice, što je slatko na određen način – još uvijek jako slično knjigama – na svom prijenosnom računalu. Ali ne znam, čitati knjige na prijenosnom računalu – svaki put kad upalim prijenosno računalo, osjećam se kao da radim. Mislim da je to jedan od razloga zašto je Kindle tako odličan. Ne moram se osjećati kao da sam na poslu čitajući Kindle; počinje biti malo više određen. Ali moram reći da postoje i starije tehnologije koje volim. Volim materijalnu knjigu. I mislim da možemo koristiti tehnologiju za digitalizaciju stvari – staviti ih na internet i zatim preuzeti, ispisati ih i uvezati i opet završiti imajući knjigu.
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this? And it turns out to not be very hard. We actually went off to make a bookmobile. And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books. It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal, old book. And they actually come out kind of nice looking. You can actually get really good-looking books for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this.
I već smo rekli: koliko je to zapravo teško? Ispada da nije toliko teško. Zapravo smo krenuli s pravljenjem vozila knjiga. I vozilo knjiga – veličine kombija sa satelitskom antenom, ispisivačem, knjigovezačem i rezačem i djeca prave svoje knjige. Stoji tri dolara za preuzimanje, ispis i uvezivanje normalne stare knjige. Zapravo ispadnu čak i lijepog izgleda. Možete dobiti stvarno lijepe knjige za prosjek od jednog penija po stranici; recimo da je to cijena dijelova da bismo mogli to napraviti.
So the idea of -- this technology actually may end up putting books back in people's hands again. There are some other bookmobiles running around. This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond -- Thoreau's works. This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services, for competing with the bookstore there. In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around. And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria, the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt. It was quite popularly attended. And kids starting to make their own books, and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned. So the idea of being able to use this technology to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro, but I think it still has its place. And being from the Silicon Valley, sort of utopian sort of world, we thought, if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda, we might have something. So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out. And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley, fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first Internet connection at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted, and get a program going making books in rural Uganda. And it actually -- so technologically, it works.
Ideja o tehnologiji zapravo može vratiti knjige natrag ljudima u ruke. Postoje još neka vozila knjiga. Ovo je Eric Eldred praveći knjige u Walden Pondu, Thoreauova djela. To je trenutak prije nego je izbačen od strane Parks Service-a jer je bio konkurencija lokalnoj knjižari. U Indiji postoji još nekoliko vozila knjiga. Ovo je dan otvorenja knjižnice u Aleksandriji, nove knjižnice u Aleksandriji, Egipat. Bila je dosta posjećena. I djeca počinju praviti svoje knjige i sretno dijete s prvom knjigom koju je ikad posjedovalo. I tako ideja o mogućnosti korištenja tehnologije koja bi se vratila papiru zvuči malo zastarjelo, ali mislim da još ima svoje mjesto. Budući da sam iz Silikonske doline, utopije na neki način, i – svijeta, mislimo da, ako uspijemo u ruralnoj Ugandi, možda imamo nešto ovdje. Čak smo dobili i nešto sredstava od Svjetske banke kako bismo to probali. Otkrili smo kako u 30-ak dana možemo uzeti i doletjeti s nekoliko ljudi iz Silikonske doline, kupiti automobil, postaviti prvu internetsku mrežu u Naciolnoj knjižnici Ugande, otkriti što žele i pokrenuti program praveći knjige u ruralnoj Ugandi. I to stvarno – tehnološki, radi.
What we found out of this is we didn't have the right books. So the books were in the library. We could get it to people, if they're digitized, but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized. Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China. And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment. There are some newer technologies for delivering that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well. One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine. We have one of these things now. It's completely cool. It's all conveyor belt, and it makes a book. And it's called the "Espresso Book Machine," and in about 10 minutes, you can press a button and make a book.
Što smo otkrili jest da nismo imali prave knjige. Knjige su bile u knjižnici. Možemo ih približiti ljudima ako su digitalizirane, ali nismo znali kako ih digitalizirati. Svi su mislili da je odgovor poslati ih u Indiju i Kinu. I tako smo pokušali to i obradit ću to za par trenutaka. Postoje novije tehnologije za dostavu onog što se dogodilo, koje su, zapravo, isto uzbudljive. Jedna je 'ispis-na-zahtjev stroj' koji izgleda kao Rube Glodbergov stroj. Imamo jedan takav sada. Stvarno je super. To je pojas transportera i radi knjige. Zove se 'Espresso stroj za knjige' i u roku od 10 minuta možete pritisnuti dugme i napraviti knjigu.
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain, beyond these sort of kiosk-y things where you can get books on demand, is some of these new little screens that are coming out. And one of my favorites in this is the $100 laptop. And I don't mean to steal any thunder here, but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader. So here's one of the beta units and you can -- it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader. And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it, and it turns out that 200 dots per inch means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good. At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300 dot print laser printer. We're in good enough shape. You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily.
Još nešto zbog čega sam jako uzbuđen u ovom posebnom području, osim ovih kiosku nalik strojeva gdje možete nabaviti knjigu na zahtjev, neki su od ovih malih ekrana koji izlaze na tržište. I jedan od meni omiljenih prijenosno je računalo po 100 dolara. Ne želim privući pozornost na sebe, ali uzeli smo i koristili te naprave kao čitače e-knjiga. Ovdje je jedna od beta jedinica i možete – ispada zapravo dosta lijep čitač e-knjige. Napravili smo kratak pokušaj i stavili smo jednu od naših knjiga na njega i ispada da 200 točaka po inču znači da možete staviti sve knjige na njega i da to dobro izgleda. 200 točaka po inču, to je na neki način ekvivalent laserskom ispisivaču od 300 točaka. U dobroj smo formi. Možete otići i čitati skenirane knjige dosta jednostavno.
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about. But how do you go about doing all this scanning? So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing. And there was a project with, funded by the National Science Foundation -- sent a bunch of scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books. Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send their books. So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India. And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India. The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books. If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better, especially if they're valuable books. If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them, because you could just buy another one, that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning. But do things that you love. But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books -- about 300,000 now -- doing very well. The Chinese did over a million, and the Egyptians are about 30,000.
I tako se pojavila ideja elektronskih knjiga. Ali kako skenirati sve to? Tako smo pomislili, u redu, eto, isprobajmo poslati sve knjige u Indiju. Tamo je bio projekt s – financiran od Nacionalne znanstvene zaklade, poslana je hrpa skenera i američke knjižnice su trebale poslati knjige. Ali nisu – nisu htjele poslati svoje knjige. I tako smo kupili 100.000 knjiga i poslali ih u Indiju. Onda smo naučili zašto ne treba slati knjige u Indiju. Lekcija koju smo naučili jest: skenirajte vlastite knjige. Ako vam je stvarno stalo do knjiga, skenirat ćete ih bolje, posebno ako su vrijedne. Ako su to nove knjige i ako ih možete samo, znate, iskasapiti jer možete kupiti novu, onda to nije nešto posebno u smislu visoko kvalitetnog skeniranja. Ali radite stvari koje volite. Indijci su skenirali dosta svojih knjiga – oko 300.000 zasad – napreduju dosta dobro. Kinezi su skenirali njih milijun, a Egipćani 30.000.
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library. How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down so that it's a cost point that we could afford? And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page. If it's basically the cost of xeroxing to basically digitize, OCR, package it up, make it so that you could download, print and bind it -- the whole shebang -- we would have achieved something. So we started out trying to figure out. How do we get to 10 cents? And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well -- sort of these auto-page-turning things. If we can have Mars Rovers, you'd think you could turn pages. But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there. So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner, and with two digital, high-grade, professional digital cameras, controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book, you can go and get the proper intonation. So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job. This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job as you're going through these libraries. And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume. This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto. And actually, it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage. People seem to love it. Yes, it's a little boring, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it. (Laughter) And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about, in languages that you can read. We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this, at getting 10 cents a page. So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book. The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing -- 26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right? But a million books, I think, actually would be a pretty good start, and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill.
Poslali smo – pomislih, u redu, ako ćemo morati napraviti ovo, napravimo to u knjižnici. Kako ćemo krenuti s tim i napraviti to i kako ćemo završiti s tim, a da si možemo to priuštiti? I tako smo izabrali cijenu od 10 centa po stranici. Ako je u osnovi trošak kopiranja i digitaliziranja, OCR, pakiraj ga, napravi tako da ju možemo preuzeti, ispisati i uvezati cijeli paket, tada bismo nešto postigli. Tako smo počeli, pokušavajući shvatiti kako doći do 10 centi? I probali smo različite robote, koji su radili dosta dobro – otprilike automatsko okretanje stranica. Ako možemo imati Mars Rovers, pomislili biste da možete okretati stranice. Ali ispada kako je prilično teško okretati stranice i tu nema volumena. I tako – na kraju smo sami napravili svoj skener s dvije digitalne visoko kvalitetne profesionalne kamere, kontroliranim muzejskim osvjetljenjem -- i tako, iako je crno-bijela knjiga, možete dobiti odgovarajuću intonaciju. Tako ste u stvari napravi lijep posao koji se poštuje. Ovo nije faks-uređaj, ovo je – ideja je napraviti lijep posao kako idemo duž ove knjižnice. I uspjeli smo postići 10 centi po stranici, ako vodimo stvari u volumenima. Ovako to izgleda na Sveučilištu u Torontu. I zapravo ispada da isplaćuje svoju plaću. Čini se da ljudi to vole. Da, malo je dosadno, ali neki ljudi jednostavno uđu u Zen s tim. (Smijeh) Posebno ako su to zanimljive knjige do kojih vam je stalo, u jezicima koje znate čitati. Uspjeli smo, zapravo, napraviti dosta dobar posao s postizanjem 10 centi po stranici. 10 centi po stranici, 300 stranica normalne knjige u prosjeku, 30 dolara po knjizi. Kongresna knjižnica, ako napravite cijelu tu stvar – 26 milijuna knjiga – to je oko 750 milijuna dolara, točno? Ali milijun knjiga – mislim da je to prilično dobar početak koji bi stajao 30 milijuna dolara. To nije toliko velik budžet.
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries. We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries, and libraries are up for having their books scanned. The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA, which is where we have one these scanning centers, and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous. So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility. The thing we're missing is the 10 cents. If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows. We've scanned about 200,000 books. Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month, and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there.
Što smo uspjeli napraviti jest prodrijeti u knjižnice. Sada imamo osam centara za skeniranje u tri zemlje i knjižnice su za skeniranje njihovih knjiga. Getty, ovdje, seli svoje knjige u UCLA, gdje imamo jedan od tih centara za skeniranje, i skenira svoje knjige kojima su istekla autorska prava, što je sjajno. Počinjemo imati odgovornost institucije. Ono što nam nedostaje jest 10 centi. Ako možemo dobiti 10 centi, sve ostalo proći će lako. Skenirali smo oko 200.000 knjiga. Sada skeniramo oko 15.000 knjiga mjesečno i počinje se pripremati još jedan čimbenik od dva navedena.
So all in all, that's going very well. And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright into the out-of-print world. So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright, library stuff, and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world. And I think we'll meet in the middle some place, and have the classic thing that you have, which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel. And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them. Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure. But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries that are starting to participate in this program, to try out this model of where does a library stop and where does the bookstore take over. So all in all, it's possible to do this in large scale. We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online. So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month and we've got about 250,000 books online, counting all the other projects that are starting to add in. So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp. The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal. Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions, but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online. And then, there's business model issues about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people. But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise, at least for the out of print and out of copyright, we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online.
Tako, sve u svemu, to ide dosta dobro. Na taj način počinjemo se micati s knjiga kojima su istekla autorska prava prema svijetu izvan tiska. Mislim o – mičemo se s autorskih prava knjižnica i Amazon.com dolazi iz tiskanog svijeta te mislim kako ćemo se sresti u sredini nekog mjesta i imati klasičnu stvar koju imate, a to je sustav izdavaštva i sustav knjižnica koji rade paralelno. Tako počinjemo raditi na programu koji bi radio neispisana djela, ali posuđujući ih. Što točno znači posuđivanje, nisam siguran. Ali svejedno, posuđivanje neispisanih djela od bostonske javne knjižnice, Woods Hole oceanografskog instituta i još nekoliko knjižnica koje počinju sudjelovati u tom programu, isprobavajući taj model gdje knjižnice prestaju, a knjižare preuzimaju. Tako, sve u svemu, to je moguće u velikim razmjerima. Isto tako, obrađujemo mikrofilm i stavljamo ga na Internet. Potrošimo 10 centi po stranici, skeniramo 15.000 knjiga mjesečno i imamo oko 250.000 knjiga na Internetu, brojeći sve ostale projekte koje počinjemo dodavati. Što želim naglasiti jest: knjige su na dohvatu ruke. Ideja obrade svih djela ne zvuči tako veliko. Da, dođe desetke milijune dolara, niske stotine milijuna, ali s jednim pokušajem imamo u osnovi cijelu povijest ispisane literature na Internetu. Zatim dolaze problemi poslovnog modela: kako ga pokušati učinkovito promovirati i približiti ljudima. No na dohvatu nam je ruke i, što se tiče zakona, barem za izvan tiska i bez autorskih prava, savjetujemo kako to treba biti dostupno i da se cijela stvar stavi na internet.
Now let's go for audio, and I'm going to go through these. So how much is there? Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs -- or at least that's the largest archives of published materials we've been able to sort of point at. It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk and put it online, if you're doing things in volume. But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny. This is a fairly heavily litigated area, so we've found that there are niches in the music world that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system. And we've been starting to make these available by going and offering shelf space on the Net. In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right? If you give something to a charity or to the public, you get a pat on the back and a tax donation -- except on the Net, where you can go broke. If you put up a video of your garage band, and it starts getting heavily accessed, you can lose your guitars or your house.
Sada krenimo na glazbu i obradimo to. Koliko je ima? Najbolje što možemo reći jest da postoji oko dva do tri milijuna diskova ikad objavljenih – 78-ice, dugačke ploče i CD-ovi – ili je to barem najveća arhiva objavljenog materijala koju smo dosad uspjeli razvrstati. Uzeti disk i staviti ga na Internet stoji oko 10 dolara po komadu, ako radite stvari u volumenima. Ali otkrili smo da su problemi oko autorskih prava dosta upitni. To je dosta teško pravno područje; tako smo našli niše u glazbenom svijetu koje nisu poslužene katastrofalno dobro od strane sustava komercijalnog izdavaštva. Počeli smo ih praviti dostupnima odlazeći i nudeći slobodan prostor na Internetu. U SAD-u ništa ne košta dati nekome nešto. Jesam li u pravu? Ako date nešto dobrotvornoj udruzi ili javnosti, dobijete tapkanje po leđima i oslobođenje od plaćanja poreza – osim na Internetu gdje možete bankrotirati. Ako postavite video svog benda i počne biti često posječen, možete izgubiti svoje gitare ili svoju kuću.
This doesn't make any sense. So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free, to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library. And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock 'n' rollers. The rock 'n' rollers had a tradition of sharing, as long as nobody made any money. You could -- concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings, but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead. And we get about two or three bands a day signing up. They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day. We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did, up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material. So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny. We've got a lot of collections now -- a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time.
To nema nikakvog smisla. Tako smo ponudili neograničenu pohranu i neograničenu propusnost zauvijek, besplatno, svakome tko ima nešto za podijeliti što priprada knjižnici. Dobili smo dosta članova. Jedni su rokeri. Rock and roll bendovi imaju tradiciju dijeljenja dok god nitko ne zarađuje ništa. Možete – koncertne snimke, to nisu komercijalne snimke, nego koncertne, počinjući s Grateful Dead. I svaki dan prijave se dva ili tri benda. Daju dopuštenje i tako dobijemo oko 40 ili 50 koncerata na dan. Imamo oko 40.000 koncerata, sve što je Grateful Dead ikad napravio, stavljeno na Internet kako bi ih ljudi mogli vidjeti i slušati njihov materijal. Znači, audio je moguć za postavljanje, ali problemi s autorskim pravima dosta su problematični. Zasda imamo dosta kolekcija -- nekoliko stotina tisuća predmeta – i raste s vremenom.
Moving images: if you think of theatrical releases, there are not that many of them. As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many. But half of those were Indian. But anyway, it's doable, but we've only found about a thousand of these things that -- to be out of copyright. So we've digitized those and made those available. But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films. We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films, all sorts of things that are basically needing a home, a permanent home. So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular. We're not quite a YouTube. We tended towards longer-term things and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies, which has just been great fun.
Pokretne slike: ako mislite na filmove, njih nema toliko puno. Najbolje što možemo procijeniti jest da postoji oko 150.000 do 200.000 ikad napravljenih filmova za veliku kino distribuciju. To nije toliko puno, ali pola njih jesu indijski. Svejedno, to se može napraviti, ali smo našli samo oko tisuću njih koji nemaju autorska prava. Digitalizirali smo ih i napravili dostupnima. Ali otkrili smo da postoje i druge vrste filmova koji još nisu vidjeli svjetlo dana – filmovi u arhivu. Našli smo i dosta političkih filmova, amaterskih filmova i svakakvih vrsta kojima je potreban dom, stalni dom. Tako smo ih počeli praviti dostupnima i počeli su biti dosta popularni. Nismo baš YouTube; naginjali smo dugoročnijim stvarima i, također, stvarima koje ljudi mogu ponovno iskoristiti i napraviti od njih nove filmove, što bi bilo jako zabavno.
Television comes quite a bit larger. We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day. It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen. It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television -- Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC -- 24 hours a day. We only put one week up, which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11, sort of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world see? CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets. Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out. How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote and being able to compare what happened in the past? And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable, except by Jon Stewart, who does a fabulous job. So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp. So 15 dollars per video hour, and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour, we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively and have them up on the Net. And we've got, now, a lot of these materials. So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there. So books, music, video, software. There's only 50,000 titles of it. Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections. But we've worked through some of those, but we've still got real problems in Washington.
Televizija predstavlja nešto veće. Počeli smo snimati 20 programa televizije 24 sata na dan. To je, na neki način, najveći TiVo koji ćete ikada vidjeti. To je oko jedan petabajt dosad svjetske televizije – ruske, kineske, japanske, iračke, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC – 24 sata na dan. Stavili smo – postavili smo samo jedan tjedan, što je većinom zbog razloga troškova, što je 11.9., recimo od 11.9.2001.: jedan tjedan, što je svijet vidio? CNN govorio je da su Palestinci plesali na ulicama. Jesu li? Pogledajmo palestinsku televiziju i saznajmo. Kako možemo imati kritično mišljenje, bez da budemo u mogućnosti citirati i usporediti što se dogodilo u prošlosti? Televizija je grozno nesnimljena i nemoguća za citiranje, osim Jon Stewarta koji radi odličan posao. Uostalom, televizija je, ja predlažem, izvan našeg dosega. 15 dolara po jednom satu videa i još oko 100 dolara do 150 dolara po celuloidnom satu; u mogućnosti smo nabaviti materijale dosta jeftino i staviti ih na Internet. Sada imamo dosta tog materijala. Imamo oko 100.000 komada postavljenih tamo. Znači, knjige, glazba, video, programi – ima samo 50.000 naslova. Najveći su problemi pravni i kršenje autorskih prava. Ali razradili smo neke od njih, iako još uvijek imamo prilično stvarne probleme u Washingtonu.
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web. We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996. We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months. And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet, which donates this collection to the Internet Archive. And it's been growing along for the last 11 years, and it's a fantastic resource. And we've made a Wayback Machine that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were. If you go and search on something -- this is Google.com, the different versions of it that we have, this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release, and this is what it looked like at Stanford. So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from. Mostly, people want to see their old stuff out of this. If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one, which is probably best known for burning, is, don't just have one copy. So we've started to -- we've made another copy of all of this and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria. So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria. And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam. So, we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco, flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East. Right, so anyway ... so we're hedging our bets here. If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape.
Najbolje smo poznati kao World Wide Web. Arhivirali smo World Wide Web od 1996. Uzmemo snimak svake web-stranice i svih stranica na njoj svaka dva mjeseca. Zapravo, to je osmislio Alexa internet, koji donira tu kolekciju internetskom arhivu. Rastao je prošlih 11 godina i to je fantastičan izvor. Napravili smo stroj za povratak u prošlost s kojim se mogu vidjeti stare web-stranice onakve kakve su bile. Ako odete i pretražujete nešto, to je Google.com, različite verzije koje imamo, tako je izgledao Alpha kad je pušten u javnost i tako je izgledao na Stanfordu. Uostalom, dobijete ideju odakle su stvari došle. Većinom ljudi na tom žele vidjeti njihove stare stvari. Ako jednu stvar želimo naučiti od prve verzije knjižnice u Aleksandriji, koja je najpoznatija po tome što je spaljena, to je: nemojte imati samo jednu kopiju. I tako smo počeli – počeli smo praviti još jednu kopiju svega toga i zapravo smo ju stavili u knjižnicu u Aleksandriji. Ovo je slika internetske arhive u knjižnici u Aleksandriji. Sada pravimo novu kopiju u Amsterdamu. Trebamo ju staviti u San Andreas Fault Line u San Franciscu, zoni poplava u Amsterdamu i na Bliskom Istoku. Tako da... se zaštitimo. Ako ih stavimo u još nekoliko mjesta, mislim da smo u dobru stanju.
There's a political and social question out of this. Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private? There's some large companies that have seen this vision, that are doing large-scale digitization, but they're locking up the public domain. The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in? What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward? How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up? So universal access to all knowledge -- I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind, like the man on the moon, or the Gutenberg Bible, or the Library of Alexandria. It could be something that we're remembered for, for millennia, for having achieved. And as I said before, I'll end with something that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library. Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country -- carved above his legacy, "Free to the People." Thank you very much.
Postoji političko i društveno pitanje iza svega ovoga. Hoće li sve ovo, ako napravimo digitalizaciju, biti javno ili privatno? Postoje neka velika poduzeća koje su vidjele ovu viziju, koje rade digitalizaciju velikih razmjera, ali isključuju javno područje. Pitanje jest: je li to svijet u kojem želimo živjeti? Koja je uloga javnosti nasuprot privatnosti, s obzirom da stvari napreduju? Kako napredujemo i imamo svijet u kojem postoje knjižničari, ali i izdavaštvo u budućnosti, koje smo i mi koristili kad smo odrastali? Znači, univerzalan pristup sveukupnom znanju – mislim da bi to bilo jedno od najvećeg postignuća čovječanstva, kao čovjek na Mjesecu ili Gutenbergova Biblija ili knjižnica u Aleksandriji. To bi moglo biti nešto čega bismo se sjećali cijelog tisućljeća. I, kao što sam rekao i ranije, završit ću s nečim što je urezano iznad vrata Carnegiove knjižnice – Carnegie – jedan od najvećih kapitalista ove zemlje – urezao je iznad svog nasljedstva: „Slobodno za ljude“. Puno hvala.