I'm going to talk about the power of a word: jihad.
Räägin teile ühe sõna jõust: džihaad.
To the vast majority of practicing Muslims, jihad is an internal struggle for the faith. It is a struggle within, a struggle against vice, sin, temptation, lust, greed. It is a struggle to try and live a life that is set by the moral codes written in the Koran. In that original idea, the concept of jihad is as important to Muslims as the idea of grace is to Christians. It's a very powerful word, jihad, if you look at it in that respect, and there's a certain almost mystical resonance to it. And that's the reason why, for hundreds of years, Muslims everywhere have named their children Jihad, their daughters as much as their sons, in the same way that, say, Christians name their daughters Grace, and Hindus, my people, name our daughters Bhakti, which means, in Sanskrit, spiritual worship.
Suuremale osale tõsiusklikest moslemitest tähendab džihaad sisemist võitlust usu eest. Inimese sisemist võitlust pahede, patu, kiusatuse, himu ja apluse vastu. See on vaeva nägemine selle nimel, et elada nii, nagu sätestavad Koraani moraalireeglid. Oma esialgses tähenduses on džihaad moslemitele sama oluline kui jumala arm on kristlastele. Džihaad on suure väega sõna, kui sellest aspektist vaadata, millel on isegi teatud müstiline alatoon. Sel põhjusel on moslemid juba aastasadu oma lastele nimeks pannud Džihaad, nii tütardele kui poegadele, samuti nagu kristlased panevad tütarde nimeks Grace ja hindud, minu rahvas, panevad tütardele nimeks Bhakti, mis tähendab sanskriti keeles sügavat sisemist usu.
But there have always been, in Islam, a small group, a minority, who believe that jihad is not only an internal struggle but also an external struggle against forces that would threaten the faith, or the faithul. And some of these people believe that in that struggle, it is sometimes okay to take up arms. And so the thousands of young Muslim men who flocked to Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight against the Soviet occupation of a Muslim country, in their minds they were fighting a jihad, they were doing jihad, and they named themselves the Mujahideen, which is a word that comes from the same root as jihad. And we forget this now, but back then the Mujahideen were celebrated in this country, in America. We thought of them as holy warriors who were taking the good fight to the ungodly communists. America gave them weapons, gave them money, gave them support, encouragement.
Aga moslemite seas on alati olnud neid, kes usuvad, et džihaad pole vaid sisemine vaid ka väljapoole suunatud võitlus selliste jõudude vastu, mis ohustavad usku või usklikke. Ja mõned arvavad, et sellises võitluses tohib vahel kasutada ka relva. Sedasi mõtlesid tuhanded noored moslemid, kes suundusid 1980ndatel Afganistani, et võidelda Nõukogude Liidu vastu, kes oli okupeerinud islamiriigi. Nad uskusid, et peavad püha sõda, nende siht oli džihaad ja nad nimetasid end mudžahediinideks, mis on tuletatud samas sõnast kui džihaad. Seda ei mäletata enam, aga tollal peeti mudžahediinidest siin Ameerikas väga lugu. Pidasime neid pühasõdalasteks, kes võitlesid uskmatute kommunistide vastu. Ameerika andis neile relvi, raha, toetas ja julgustas neid. Aga selles grupis oli üks väiksem grupp,
But within that group, a tiny, smaller group, a minority within a minority within a minority, were coming up with a new and dangerous conception of jihad, and in time this group would come to be led by Osama bin Laden, and he refined the idea. His idea of jihad was a global war of terror, primarily targeted at the far enemy, at the crusaders from the West, against America. And the things he did in the pursuit of this jihad were so horrendous, so monstrous, and had such great impact, that his definition was the one that stuck, not just here in the West. We didn't know any better. We didn't pause to ask. We just assumed that if this insane man and his psychopathic followers were calling what they did jihad, then that's what jihad must mean. But it wasn't just us. Even in the Muslim world, his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance.
väiksem vähemus sellest vähemusest, kes käivitas uue vägivaldse versiooni džihaadi kontseptsioonist. Ühel hetkel sai selle grupi juhiks Osama bin Laden, ta arendas seda ideed edasi. Tema tähenduses oli džihaad ülemaailmne terrorisõda kaugemal asuva vaenlase vastu, Lääne ristisõdalaste ja Ameerika vastu. Ja see, mida ta džihaadi nimel tegi oli nii kohutav ja jube ja avaldas sedavõrd suurt mõju, et tema džihaadi versiooni hakatigi pidama selleks tõeliseks. Ja mitte ainult siin Läänes. Ega me teistsugust teadnudki, ega võtnud ka vaevaks asja uurida. Eeldasime, et kui see hull ja tema psühhopaatidest jüngrid nimetavad oma tegevust džihaadiks, siis seda džihaad tähendabki. Ja nii ei mõelnud mitte ainult meie siin. Isegi islamiriikides võeti omaks tema definitsiooni džihaadist.
A year ago I was in Tunis, and I met the imam of a very small mosque, an old man. Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter Jihad, after the old meaning. He hoped that a name like that would inspire her to live a spiritual life. But he told me that after 9/11, he began to have second thoughts. He worried that if he called her by that name, especially outdoors, outside in public, he might be seen as endorsing bin Laden's idea of jihad. On Fridays in his mosque, he gave sermons trying to reclaim the meaning of the word, but his congregants, the people who came to his mosque, they had seen the videos. They had seen pictures of the planes going into the towers, the towers coming down. They had heard bin Laden say that that was jihad, and claimed victory for it. And so the old imam worried that his words were falling on deaf ears. No one was paying attention.
Aasta tagasi kohtusin Tuneesias ühe väga väikese mošee imaamiga, ta oli vana mees. Viisteist aastat tagasi pani ta oma lapselapsele nimeks Džihaad selle sõna algse tähenduse järgi. Ta lootis, et selline nimi inspireerib tüdrukut elama usklikku elu. Aga ta ütles, et pärast 9/11 sündmusi hakkas ta kahtlema. Ta kartis, et kui ta kutsub tüdrukut selle nimega eriti kuskil väljas, avalikus kohas võidakse arvata, et ta toetab bin Ladeni stiilis džihaadi. Reedeste jutluste ajal mošees üritas ta taastada selle sõna algset tähendust, aga koguduse liikmed, kes mošees käisid, olid näinud videoid. Nad olid näinud tornidesse lendavaid lennukeid ja tornide langemist. Nad olid kuulnud bin Ladeni ütlemas, et see ongi džihaad ja end võitjaks kuulutamas. Ja nii oli sel vanal imaamil mure, et ta räägib kurtidele kõrvadele, et keegi ei kuula teda.
He was wrong. Some people were paying attention, but for the wrong reasons. The United States, at this point, was putting pressure on all its Arab allies, including Tunisia, to stamp out extremism in their societies, and this imam found himself suddenly in the crosshairs of the Tunisian intelligence service. They had never paid him any attention before -- old man, small mosque -- but now they began to pay visits, and sometimes they would drag him in for questions, and always the same question: "Why did you name your granddaughter Jihad? Why do you keep using the word jihad in your Friday sermons? Do you hate Americans? What is your connection to Osama bin Laden?"
Ta eksis. Mõni siiski pani tähele, aga valel põhjusel. USA oli tollal ajal avaldamas survet oma araabia liitlastele, ka Tuneesiale, et nad suruksid maha äärmusliikumise oma riigis. Ja see imaam avastas äkki, et ta on sihikule võetud Tuneesia luureteenistuse poolt. Varem ei olnud nad tema vastu huvi tundunud - vana mees, väike mošee - aga nüüd hakkasid nad teda külastama ja vahel veeti teda ülekuulamistele, kus esitati alati sama küsimus: "Miks sa panid oma lapselapsele nimeks Džihaad? Miks sa kasutad jätkuvalt sõna "džihaad" oma reedestel jutlustel? Kas sa vihkad ameeriklasi? Milline on sinu side Osama bin Ladeniga?"
So to the Tunisian intelligence agency, and organizations like it all over the Arab world, jihad equaled extremism, Bin Laden's definition had become institutionalized. That was the power of that word that he was able to do. And it filled this old imam, it filled him with great sadness. He told me that, of bin Laden's many crimes, this was, in his mind, one that didn't get enough attention, that he took this word, this beautiful idea. He didn't so much appropriate it as kidnapped it and debased it and corrupted it and turned it into something it was never meant to be, and then persuaded all of us that it always was a global jihad.
Tuneesia luureteenistusele ja sarnastele organisatsioonidele mujal araabiamaades võrdus džihaad äärmusliikumisega. Bin Ladeni definitsioon oli institutsionaliseeritud. Selle sõna vägi võimaldas tal seda teha. Ja see tegi vana imaami väga kurvaks. Ta ütles, et bin Ladeni arvukate kuritegude seas, oli just see see üks, millele ei pööratud piisavalt tähelepanu Et bin Laden lihtsalt võttis selle sõna, selle kauni mõtte ja mitte niivõrd ei omastanud seda, vaid röövis, moonutas ja rikkus selle ära. ning andis sõnale tähenduse, mida see kunagi polnud tähendanud. ja siis veenis ta kõiki, et see on alati olnud globaalne džihaad.
But the good news is that the global jihad is almost over, as bin Laden defined it. It was dying well before he did, and now it's on its last legs. Opinion polls from all over the Muslim world show that there is very little interest among Muslims in a global holy war against the West, against the far enemy. The supply of young men willing to fight and die for this cause is dwindling. The supply of money — just as important, more important perhaps — the supply of money to this activity is also dwindling. The wealthy fanatics who were previously sponsoring this kind of activity are now less generous.
Aga hea uudis on see, et globaalne džihaad nagu bin Laden seda defineeris, on peaaegi läbi. See hakkas hääbuma ammu enne seda kui ta ise suri ja nüüd on lõpp lähedal. Arvamusuuringud islamimaades näitavad, et moslemid ei ole huvitatud ülemaailmsest pühast sõjast Lääne vastu, selle kauge vaenlase vastu. Meeste hulk, kes on valmis selle nimel võitlema ja surema, kahaneb. Mis sama oluline, rahastamine, sellise tegevuse finantseerimine väheneb samuti. Rikkad fanaatikud, kes varem seesugust tegevust sponsoreerisid, on oma rahakotiraudu koomale tõmmanud.
What does that mean for us in the West? Does it mean we can break out the champagne, wash our hands of it, disengage, sleep easy at night? No. Disengagement is not an option, because if you let local jihad survive, it becomes international jihad. And so there's now a lot of different violent jihads all over the world. In Somalia, in Mali, in Nigeria, in Iraq, in Afghanistan, Pakistan, there are groups that claim to be the inheritors of the legacy of Osama bin Laden. They use his rhetoric. They even use the brand name he created for his jihad. So there is now an al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, there's an al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, there is an al Qaeda in Mesopotamia. There are other groups -- in Nigeria, Boko Haram, in Somalia, al Shabaab -- and they all pay homage to Osama bin Laden. But if you look closely, they're not fighting a global jihad. They're fighting battles over much narrower issues. Usually it has to do with ethnicity or race or sectarianism, or it's a power struggle. More often than not, it's a power struggle in one country, or even a small region within one country. Occasionally they will go across a border, from Iraq to Syria, from Mali to Algeria, from Somalia to Kenya, but they're not fighting a global jihad against some far enemy.
Mida see tähendab meie jaoks siin Läänes? Kas võime avada šampanjapudelid, pesta käed puhtaks, tagasi tõmbuda ja öösiti rahulikult magada? Ei. Tagasitõmbuda ei saa, sest kui lasta püsida kohalikul džihaadil saab sellest rahvusvaheline džihaad. Ja nii ongi üle kogu maailma tekkinud mitmeid vägivaldseid džihaade. Somaalias, Malis, Nigeerias, Iraagis, Afganistanis ja Pakistanis on grupeeringuid, kes nimetavad end bin Ladeni mantlipärijateks. Nad kasutavad tema retoorikat. Nad kasutavad isegi tema loodud džihaadi brändi nime. Nüüd on Al Qaeda kohal islamistlikus Maghrebis, Al Qaeda on kohal Araabia poolsaarel, Al Qaeda on kohal Mesopotaamias. On ka teisi grupeeringuid: Boko Haram Nigeerias, Al Shabaab Somaalias - ja nad kõik kummardavad Osama bin Ladenit. Aga kui vaadata lähemalt, siis selgub, et nende džihaad ei ole globaalne. Nende võitlus toimub palju kitsamate teemade pärast. Tavaliselt on probleem kas rahvuses, rassis või sektis või on tegu lihtsalt võimuvõitlusega. Enamasti ongi see võimuvõitlus ühes riigis või riigi mõnes väiksemas piirkonnas. Vahel minnakse ka üle piiride, Iraagist Süüriasse, Malist Alžeeriasse, Somaaliast Keeniasse, aga see pole üleilmne džihaad mõne kauge vaenlase vastu.
But that doesn't mean that we can relax. I was in Yemen recently, where -- it's the home of the last al Qaeda franchise that still aspires to attack America, attack the West. It's old school al Qaeda. You may remember these guys. They are the ones who tried to send the underwear bomber here, and they were using the Internet to try and instigate violence among American Muslims. But they have been distracted recently. Last year, they took control over a portion of southern Yemen, and ran it, Taliban-style. And then the Yemeni military got its act together, and ordinary people rose up against these guys and drove them out, and since then, most of their activities, most of their attacks have been directed at Yemenis.
Siiski ei tähenda see, et võiksime puhata. Olin hiljuti Jeemenis, kus - seal asub viimane Al Qaeda haru, mis endiselt tahab Ameerikat ja Läänt rünnata. See on vana kooli Al Qaeda. Võib-olla mäletate neid? Nad üritasid siia saata aluspüksi-pommimehe ja õhtuasid internetis vägivalda Ameerika moslemite seas. Aga nad on viimasel ajal tagasi tõmbunud. Mullu võtsid nad kontrolli alla piirkonna Jeemeni lõunaosas ja valitsesid seda Talibani stiilis. Aga peale seda kui Jeemeni sõjavägi end kokku võttis ja kui kohalikud neile vastu hakkasid ja minema lõid, on suurem osa nende tegevusest ja rünnakutest suunatud jeemenlaste vastu.
So I think we've come to a point now where we can say that, just like all politics, all jihad is local. But that's still not reason for us to disengage, because we've seen that movie before, in Afghanistan. When those Mujahideen defeated the Soviet Union, we disengaged. And even before the fizz had gone out of our celebratory champagne, the Taliban had taken over in Kabul, and we said, "Local jihad, not our problem." And then the Taliban gave the keys of Kandahar to Osama bin Laden. He made it our problem. Local jihad, if you ignore it, becomes global jihad again.
Ilmselt ongi nüüd käes see hetk, kus saame öelda, et nii nagu igasugune poliitika, on ka džihaad tegelikult kohalik. Siiski ei anna see õigust end taandada, sest seda filmi oleme juba näinud, Afganistanis. Kui mudžahediinid Nõukogude Liidu üle võidu saavutasid, ei tegelenud me enam sellega. Ja enne veel kui šampanjamullid lahtusid, haaras Taliban Kabulis võimu, mille peale meil öeldi, et kohalik džihaad pole meie probleem. Aga siis Taliban andis Kandahari võtmed Osama bin Ladenile ja tema tegi sellest meie probleemi. Kui kohalikku džihaadi ignoreerida saab sellest globaalne džihaad.
The good news is that it doesn't have to be. We know how to fight it now. We have the tools. We have the knowhow, and we can take the lessons we've learned from the fight against global jihad, the victory against global jihad, and apply those to local jihad.
Nii aga ei pea see tingimata minema. Teame nüüd, kuidas võidelda. On olemas vahendid ja oskused, saame kasutada seniseid kogemusi globaalse džihaadi vastases võitluses, kui võitsime globaalse džihaadi, ning kasutada samu võtteid kohaliku džihaadi lõpetamiseks.
What are those lessons? We know who killed bin Laden: SEAL Team Six. Do we know, do we understand, who killed bin Ladenism? Who ended the global jihad? There lie the answers to the solution to local jihad.
Mis õppetunnid need on? Me teame, kes tappis bin Ladeni: SEAL Team Six. Aga kas teame ja mõistame, kes tegi lõpu binladenismile? Kes tegi lõpu globaalsele džihaadile?
Who killed bin Ladenism? Let's start with bin Laden himself.
See annab ka võtme kohaliku džihaadi seljatamiseks.
He probably thought 9/11 was his greatest achievement. In reality, it was the beginning of the end for him. He killed 3,000 innocent people, and that filled the Muslim world with horror and revulsion, and what that meant was that his idea of jihad could never become mainstream. He condemned himself to operating on the lunatic fringes of his own community. 9/11 didn't empower him; it doomed him.
Kes tegi lõpu binladenismile? Alustame bin Ladenist endast. Ta ilmselt uskus, et 9/11 terrorirünnak oli tema suurim saavutus. Tegelikult oli see tema lõpu algus. Ta tappis 3000 süütut inimest, see täitis islamimaailma õuduse ja vastumeelsusega, mis tähendas, et tema tüüpi džihaad ei võinud iial saada peavooluks. Ta taandas end ise marginaalseks hulluks omaenda kogukonnas. 9/11 mitte ei tõstnud teda troonile vaid kukutas ta.
Who killed bin Ladenism? Abu Musab al-Zarqawi killed it. He was the especially sadistic head of al Qaeda in Iraq who sent hundreds of suicide bombers to attack not Americans but Iraqis. Muslims. Sunni as well as Shiites. Any claim that al Qaeda had to being protectors of Islam against the Western crusaders was drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.
Kes tappis binladenismi? See oli Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Ta oli Iraagi Al Qaeda erakordselt sadistlik liider, saates sadu enesetaputerroriste ründama mitte ameeriklasi vaid iraaklasi, moslemeid, nii sunnisid kui ka šiiite. Pilt, mille Al Qaeda oli maalinud endast kui islami kaitsjaist Lääne ristirüütlite vastu uputati iraagi moslemite verre.
Who killed Osama bin Laden? The SEAL Team Six. Who killed bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera did, Al Jazeera and half a dozen other satellite news stations in Arabic, because they circumvented the old, state-owned television stations in a lot of these countries which were designed to keep information from people. Al Jazeera brought information to them, showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion, exposed the hypocrisy of Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda, and allowed them, gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclusions.
Kes tappis Osama bin Ladeni? SEAL Team Six. Kes tappis binladenismi? Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera ja mitmed araabiakeelsed satelliit uudistekanalid, sest nad muutusid palju vaadatavamaks kui vanad riiklikud telekanalid, mille eesmärk oli pigem info tõkestamine. Al Jazeera levitas infot ja näitas inimestele, mida religiooni sildi all tegelikult räägiti ja tehti paljastas Osama bin Ladeni ja Al Qaeda silmakirjalikkuse ja pakkus infot, mis võimaldas inimestel teha oma järeldused. Kes tappis binladenismi? Araabia kevad,
Who killed bin Ladenism? The Arab Spring did, because it showed a way for young Muslims to bring about change in a manner that Osama bin Laden, with his limited imagination, could never have conceived.
sest see näitas noortele moslemitele võimalusi, kuidas algatada muutusi viisil, mida Osama bin Laden oma limiteeritud kujutlusvõimega poleks iial osanud ettekujutada.
Who defeated the global jihad? The American military did, the American soldiers did, with their allies, fighting in faraway battlefields. And perhaps, a time will come when they get the rightful credit for it.
Kes alistas globaalse džihaadi? Ameerika sõjavägi, Ameerika sõdurid koos oma liitlastega, võideldes kaugetel lahinguväljadel. Ehk kunagi saavad nad selle eest ka väljateenitud tunnustuse.
So all these factors, and many more besides, we don't even fully understand some of them yet, these came together to defeat a monstrosity as big as bin Ladenism, the global jihad, you needed this group effort.
Kõik need faktorid ja veel mitmed teised - praegu ei pruugi neid täielikult mõistagi, kõikide nende faktorite summa tõi kaasa koletisliku binladenismi nurjamise, globaalsele džihaadile lõpu tegemine nõudis ühist pingutust.
Now, not all of these things will work in local jihad. The American military is not going to march into Nigeria to take on Boko Haram, and it's unlikely that SEAL Team Six will rappel into the homes of al Shabaab's leaders and take them out.
Kõik ei pruugi samuti toimida kohaliku džihaadi alistamisel. Ameerika sõjavägi ei lähe Nigeeriasse, Boko Haramit hävitama. Samuti on ebatõenäoline, et SEAL Team Six tungib al Shabaabi liidrite kodudesse ja lööks nad maha.
But many of these other factors that were in play are now even stronger than before. Half the work is already done. We don't have to reinvent the wheel. The notion of violent jihad in which more Muslims are killed than any other kind of people is already thoroughly discredited. We don't have to go back to that. Satellite television and the Internet are informing and empowering young Muslims in exciting new ways. And the Arab Spring has produced governments, many of them Islamist governments, who know that, for their own self-preservation, they need to take on the extremists in their midsts. We don't need to persuade them, but we do need to help them, because they haven't really come to this place before.
Aga mitmed teised faktorid, mis aitasid kaasa, on nüüdseks tugevamadki kui varem. Pool tööd on juba tehtud. Pole vaja hakata jalgratast leiutama. Vägivaldne džihaad, mis on surmanud rohkem moslemeid kui teisi, on pälvinud täieliku hukkamõistu. Seda juurde pole vaja tagasi minna. Satelliittelevisioon ja internet pakuvad noortele moslemitele palju põnevaid uusi võimalusi. Tänu Araabia kevadele on võimule tulnud uued valitsused, mitmed neist islamistlikud valitsused, kes teavad, et püsimajäämiseks tuleb neil enda äärmuslased ette võtta. Neid pole vaja veenda, kuid neid tuleb aidata, sest neil puudub sarnane kogemus.
The good news, again, is that a lot of the things they need we already have, and we are very good at giving: economic assistance, not just money, but expertise, technology, knowhow, private investment, fair terms of trade, medicine, education, technical support for training for their police forces to become more effective, for their anti-terror forces to become more efficient. We've got plenty of these things.
Hea uudis aga on taas, et meil on see juba olemas mis neil vaja oleks. Ja me oskame seda jagada: majanduslikku abi - mitte ainult raha vaid ka teadmisi, tehnoloogiat, oskusteavet, erainvesteeringud, aus kaubandus, meditsiin, haridus, tehniline abi politsei väljaõppeks, et muuta politseid efektiivsemaks ja terrorivastaseid üksusi tõhusamaks. Meil on seda kõike küllaga.
Some of the other things that they need we're not very good at giving. Maybe nobody is. Time, patience, subtlety, understanding -- these are harder to give. I live in New York now. Just this week, posters have gone up in subway stations in New York that describe jihad as savage.
On ka teisi asju, mida nad vajaksid, aga mida me ei oska pakkuda. Võib-olla ei oska seda mitte keegi. Aeg, kannatlikkus, delikaatsus, mõistmine, neid on palju raskem anda. Ma elan praegu New Yorgis. Just sel nädalal on New Yorgi metroosse ilmunud plakatid, mis näitavad džihaadi kui metsikust.
But in all the many years that I have covered the Middle East, I have never been as optimistic as I am today that the gap between the Muslim world and the West is narrowing fast, and one of the many reasons for my optimism is that, because I know there are millions, hundreds of millions of people, Muslims like that old imam in Tunis, who are reclaiming this word and restoring to its original, beautiful purpose. Bin Laden is dead. Bin Ladenism has been defeated. His definition of jihad can now be expunged. To that jihad we can say, "Goodbye. Good riddance." To the real jihad we can say, "Welcome back. Good luck." Thank you. (Applause)
Siiski ei ole ma nende aastate jooksul, mil olen Lähis-Ida sündmusi kajastanud, olnud niivõrd lootusrikas kui praegu, et lõhe islami- ja läänemaailma vahel kahaneb kiiresti. Üks minu optimismi paljudest põhjustest on teadmine, et on miljoneid, sadu miljoneid inimesi, selliseid moslemeid nagu too vana imaam Tuneesias kes annavad sellele sõnale tagasi selle esialgse ülla tähenduse. Bin Laden on surnud. Binladenism on võidetud. Tema versiooni džihaadist võib välja visata. Sellele džihaadile saab öelda: "Hüvasti. Head teed sul minna." Ja päris džihaadile saame öelda: "Tere tulemast tagasi. Palju edu!" Aitäh.