My mom has always reminded me that I have the same proportions as a LEGO man.
我媽老是打趣我, 說我形似樂高人。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And she does actually have a point. LEGO is a company that has succeeded in making everybody believe that LEGO is from their home country. But it's not, it's from my home country. So you can imagine my excitement when the LEGO family called me and asked us to work with them to design the Home of the Brick. This is the architectural model -- we built it out of LEGO, obviously.
她真的有抓到一個重點。 樂高這家公司已經成功地 讓每個人相信樂高 來自他們自己的國家。 但不是,樂高來自我的家鄉。 所以各位可以想像, 當樂高公司找我時,我有多開心, 他們邀請我們一起設計「積木之家」。 很顯然地,這是我們用樂高積木 建造的建築模型。
This is the final result. And what we tried to do was to design a building that would be as interactive and as engaging and as playful as LEGO is itself, with these kind of interconnected playgrounds on the roofscape. You can enter a square on the ground where the citizens of Billund can roam around freely without a ticket. And it's probably one of the only museums in the world where you're allowed to touch all the artifacts.
這是最後的成果。 我們試著去設計一棟 可以與之互動並讓你 沉浸在玩樂中的建築物, 就像你在玩樂高一樣, 在屋頂上,有這些互相連結的遊樂場。 而在地面上,有一個廣場, 比隆小鎮的居民可以在這裡 自在地閒逛,而不用買票。 這可能是世界上唯一一個 允許你觸摸所有手工藝品的博物館。
But the Danish word for design is "formgivning," which literally means to give form to that which has not yet been given form. In other words, to give form to the future. And what I love about LEGO is that LEGO is not a toy. It's a tool that empowers the child to build his or her own world, and then to inhabit that world through play and to invite her friends to join her in cohabiting and cocreating that world. And that is exactly what formgivning is. As human beings, we have the power to give form to our future.
但在丹麥語裡,「設計」這個概念 被表達為「型式賦予」, 意即「為尚未成型的事物賦予型式」。 換句話說,就是「型塑未來」。 我會喜歡樂高的原因 是因為樂高不僅僅是玩具。 它還是一種工具,賦予 孩子們創造自己的世界的力量, 讓孩子們可以透過玩樂 棲身于自己的世界, 並邀請他們的朋友 一同加入並創造他們的世界。 這正是丹麥語「型式賦予」的含義。 身為人類,我們有型塑未來的力量。
Inspired by LEGO, we've built a social housing project in Copenhagen, where we stacked blocks of wood next to each other. Between them, they leave spaces with extra ceiling heights and balconies. And by gently wiggling the blocks, we can actually create curves or any organic form, adapting to any urban context. Because adaptability is probably one of the strongest drivers of architecture.
受樂高的啟發, 我們已經在哥本哈根 完成一棟社會福利住宅專案, 我們把木製的方格屋 一個一個相鄰堆疊起來。 在它們之間,有預留 天花板與陽台的高度。 只要稍微「扭動」一下方格屋, 我們就可以創造出具有弧線 或任意自然形狀的建築, 並與周圍環境相適應。 因為建築學的最強驅動力之一 就是建築要與周圍環境相適應。
Another example is here in Vancouver. We were asked to look at the site where Granville bridge triforks as it touches downtown. And we started, like, mapping the different constraints. There's like a 100-foot setback from the bridge because the city want to make sure that no one looks into the traffic on the bridge. There's a park where we can't cast any shadows. So finally, we're left with a tiny triangular footprint, almost too small to build. But then we thought, like, what if the 100-foot minimum distance is really about minimum distance -- once we get 100 feet up in the air, we can grow the building back out. And so we did.
溫哥華這裡有另一個例子。 我們受邀調查一塊地皮, 格蘭維爾橋的三岔口 在這裏與市中心連接。 一開始,我們先把不同的 法規限制標示出來。 例如,建築退縮線 從橋身起算,要距離 100 英尺, 因為市政府要保證 在橋上的視野會比較開闊。 還有建築物的影子 不能遮到旁邊的公園。 所以最後,我們的建築面積 只剩下一個小三角形, 幾乎小到沒辦法蓋。 但是,後來我們在想, 如果最短的距離是 100 英尺, 真的只是一個最短距離, 那麼在空中的高度超過 100 英尺後 就可以對建築物進行「擴建」。 所以我們就這樣設計。
When you drive over the bridge, it's as if someone is pulling a curtain aback, welcoming you to Vancouver. Or a like a weed growing through the cracks in the pavement and blossoming as it gets light and air. Underneath the bridge, we've worked with Rodney Graham and a handful of Vancouver artists, to create what we called the Sistine Chapel of street art, an art gallery turned upside down, that tries to turn the negative impact of the bridge into a positive. So even if it looks like this kind of surreal architecture, it's highly adapted to its surroundings.
當你從橋上經過, 像是有人拉開窗簾般,向你招手說: 「歡迎你來到溫哥華」。 或者也可說它就像是人行道上 縫隙裡的一株草, 受陽光與空氣的滋養, 向天際茁壯成長。 在橋下,我們與羅尼 · 葛拉漢 以及一群溫哥華藝術家合作, 創造了名叫 《 西斯汀小教堂》的街頭藝術, 這條藝術走廊在頭頂之上, 將橋的負面影響轉變成正面影響。 所以即使它看起來是個 超現實主義建築物, 它也是與周遭環境高度融合的。
So if a bridge can become a museum, a museum can also serve as a bridge. In Norway, we are building a museum that spans across a river and allows people to sort of journey through the exhibitions as they cross from one side of a sculpture park to the other. An architecture sort of adapted to its landscape.
所以如果橋可以變成博物館, 那麼博物館也可以變成橋。 在挪威,我們搭建了一座 跨越河流的博物館, 讓人們從雕塑公園的 這一端走到另一端時, 透過欣賞展覽品經歷一段旅程。 這就是一種能與當地景致 交互相映的建築。
In China, we built a headquarters for an energy company and we designed the facade like an Issey Miyake fabric. It's rippled, so that facing the predominant direction of the sun, it's all opaque; facing away from the sun, it's all glass. On average, it sort of transitions from solid to clear. And this very simple idea without any moving parts or any sort of technology, purely because of the geometry of the facade, reduces the energy consumption on cooling by 30 percent. So you can say what makes the building look elegant is also what makes it perform elegantly. It's an architecture that is adapted to its climate.
我們在中國為一家能源公司 建造一棟總部, 我們的外觀設計走的是 三宅一生的風格。 漣漪狀的建築外觀, 主建築物直面太陽的部分 全都是不透明的建材; 沒有面對太陽的部分 則全是玻璃的。 整體而言,有點像是 剛硬轉透明的漸層式風格。 而這個簡單的概念 完全沒有任何移動式套件 或任何科技。 純粹只用外牆的幾何形狀 就可以降低 30% 的能源消耗。 所以你也可以說,是優雅的建築外觀 造就了優雅的節能表現。 這是一棟與當地氣候 相呼應的建築物。
You can also adapt one culture to another, like in Manhattan, we took the Copenhagen courtyard building with a social space where people can hang out in this kind of oasis in the middle of a city, and we combined it with the density and the verticality of an American skyscraper, creating what we've called a "courtscraper."
你也可以根據不同的文化做設計, 像是在曼哈頓的哥本哈根花園大樓, 我們在大樓之間設計社交的空間, 讓人們可以在這裡聊天, 徜徉在市中心的綠洲中, 我們結合了美國摩天大樓的 密集度與天際線的美, 創造了這座名為 《金字塔摩天院落》的大樓。
From New York to Copenhagen. On the waterfront of Copenhagen, we are right now finishing this waste-to-energy power plant. It's going to be the cleanest waste-to-energy power plant in the world, there are no toxins coming out of the chimney. An amazing marvel of engineering that is completely invisible. So we thought, how can we express this? And in Copenhagen we have snow, as you can see, but we have absolutely no mountains. We have to go six hours by bus to get to Sweden, to get alpine skiing. So we thought, let's put an alpine ski slope on the roof of the power plant. So this is the first test run we did a few months ago. And what I like about this is that it also show you the sort of world-changing power of formgivning. I have a five-month-old son, and he's going to grow up in a world not knowing that there was ever a time when you couldn't ski on the roof of the power plant.
從紐約到哥本哈根, 我們在哥本哈根的河岸邊, 正在幫這座廢物能源發電廠 做最後的裝修。 它是全世界最乾淨的 廢物能源發電廠, 煙囪無毒物的排放。 是棟不起眼的非凡建築工程。 我們在想,我們要如何 突現它的特色? 各位都知道,在哥本哈根會下雪, 但我們完全沒有山脈。 我們要搭六小時的巴士 到瑞典的高山上滑雪。 所以我們就在想, 在發電廠屋頂建造一座滑雪道。 這是我們幾個月前拍的測試影片。 我很開心的是, 這也是一種改變世界 空間設計的能力展現。 我有一個五個月大的兒子, 他會生長在一個世界裡, 完全無法理解我們這一輩的 發電廠屋頂竟沒有滑雪道。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So imagine for him and his generation, that's their baseline. Imagine how far they can leap, what kind of wild ideas they can put forward for their future.
幫他和他們的世代想像一下, 這是他們的底線, 想像一下,他們能跳多高, 他們的狂野想法, 能創造出什麼樣的未來。
So right in front of it, we're building our smallest project. It's basically nine containers that we have stacked in a shipyard in Poland, then we've schlepped it across the Baltic sea and docked it in the port of Copenhagen, where it is now the home of 12 students. Each student has a view to the water, they can jump out the window into the clean port of Copenhagen, and they can get back in. All of the heat comes from the thermal mass of the sea, all the power comes from the sun. This is the first 12 units in Copenhagen, another 60 on their way, another 200 are going to Gothenburg, and we're speaking with the Paris Olympics to put a small floating village on the Seine. So very much this kind of, almost like nomadic, impermanent architecture.
眼前這個是我們目前正在 建造的最小專案。 基本上由九個貨櫃組成, 我們在波蘭的造船場搭建, 然後跨過波羅的海拖過來, 在哥本哈根港,接舶組裝起來, 裡面現在住了 12 位學生。 每個學生都有自己的水景, 他們打開窗戶就可以 跳到乾淨的哥本哈根港裡, 然後再游回來。 所有的暖氣來自大海裡的熱能, 所有的電力來自太陽。 在哥本哈根第一批有 12 個單位, 還有 60 個準備到港, 另外還有 200 個會拖到哥德堡, 我們目前還在跟 巴黎奧林匹克協會洽談, 準備在塞纳河 放置一個小型的漂浮村落。 幾乎非常像游牧型、 非永久性的建築種類。
And the waterfronts of our cities are experiencing a lot of change. Economic change, industrial change and climate change. This is Manhattan before Hurricane Sandy, and this is Manhattan after Sandy. We got invited by the city of New York to look if we could make the necessary flood protection for Manhattan without building a seawall that would segregate the life of the city from the water around it. And we got inspired by the High Line. You probably know the High Line -- it's this amazing new park in New York. It's basically decommissioned train tracks that now have become one of the most popular promenades in the city.
我們城市的水岸線 正在經歷大型的變革。 包括經濟、產業、氣候的變革。 這是在珊迪颶風前的曼哈頓, 這是珊迪颶風後的曼哈頓。 我們受紐約市之邀, 請我們設計出保護曼哈頓 避免洪水災的必要設施, 但不能蓋海堤, 那會把城市周圍的 海洋生物阻擋在外面。 我們從高線公園得到靈感。 各位可能認識高線公園, 這座驚奇的新公園坐落在紐約。 它基本上是一座廢棄的鐵軌道, 現在已經變成市中心 最受歡迎的走廊之一。
So we thought, could we design the necessary flood protection for Manhattan so we don't have to wait until we shut it down before it gets nice? So we sat down with the citizens living along the waterfront of New York, and we worked with them to try to design the necessary flood protection in such a way that it only makes their waterfront more accessible and more enjoyable. Underneath the FDR, we are putting, like, pavilions with pocket walls that can slide out and protect from the water. We are creating little stepped terraces that are going to make the underside more enjoyable, but also protect from flooding. Further north in the East River Park, we are creating rolling hills that protect the park from the noise of the highway, but in turn also become the necessary flood protection that can stop the waves during an incoming storm surge. So in a way, this project that we have called the Dryline, it's essentially the High Line --
所以我們在思考, 我們可否幫曼哈頓設計出 必要的防洪設施, 而且不用等到交通停擺就設計出來? 我們坐下來與居住在 水岸旁的紐約市民對談, 我們試著一起和他們 設計出必要的防洪設施, 透過這樣的溝通方式, 才能讓設計出來的水岸 更親民、更舒適。 我們在 FDR 主幹道的橋下, 搭建了類似涼亭的設施, 它的隱藏式滑動牆面可以防洪。 我們還創造了小型踏階平台, 這可以讓橋下的區域更舒適, 但同時保有防洪功能。 往北的河東公園, 我們設計了連綿起伏的小山丘, 來保護公園免受高速公路噪音的干擾, 而內部蜿蜒的地方 就變成了必要防洪區, 可以阻擋颶風掀起的巨浪。 這樣的設計方式, 我們稱這專案叫《乾線》, 本質上是《高線》
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
The High Line that's going to keep Manhattan dry.
這樣的高線公園 就可以保持曼哈頓的乾燥。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
It's scheduled to break ground on the first East River portion at the end of this year. But it has essentially been codesigned with the citizens of Lower Manhattan to take all of the necessary infrastructure for resilience and give it positive social and environmental side effects.
預計今年年末, 會在河東的第一區舉行破土典禮。 但讓曼哈頓下城區的居民 一起參與進來設計很有必要, 如此可以讓所有必要的設施 保持良好狀態, 而且可以為整個社會與環境 帶來正面的邊際效應。
So, New York is not alone in facing this situation. In fact, by 2050, 90 percent of the major cities in the world are going to be dealing with rising seas. In Hamburg, they've created a whole neighborhood where the bottom floors are designed to withstand the inevitable flood. In Sweden, they've designed a city where all of the parks are wet gardens, designed to deal with storm water and waste water. So we thought, could we perhaps --
紐約不是唯一個 要面臨海水位上升的城市。 實際上,到 2050 年之前, 全球有 90% 的主要城市, 都要處理海平面上升的問題。 在德國漢堡, 他們創建了一個社區, 社區的樓底板有抗洪水設計。 在瑞士,他們設計了一個 水花園的公園城市, 它的花園有處理暴雨和汙水的設計。 所以我們在想,我們有沒有可能......
Actually, today, three million people are already permanently living on the sea. So we thought, could we actually imagine a floating city designed to incorporate all of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations into a whole new human-made ecosystem. And of course, we have to design it so it can produce its own power, harvesting the thermal mass of the oceans, the force of the tides, of the currents, of the waves, the power of the wind, the heat and the energy of the sun. Also, we are going to collect all of the rain water that drops on this man-made archipelago and deal with it organically and mechanically and store it and clean it. We have to grow all of our food locally, it has to be fish- and plant-based, because you won't have the space or the resources for a dairy diet. And finally, we are going to deal with all the waste locally, with compost, recycling, and turning the waste into energy.
實際上,現今, 已經有 300 萬人口長期住在海上。 所以我們思考可否設計出漂浮城市, 設計出符合 聯合國所有永續發展目標的城市, 一個全新的人造生態系統。 當然,我們必須設計出 能自產電力的城市, 它能收集海洋的熱能、 潮汐、水流、海浪的能量, 風能、 太陽的熱能與電能。 還有,我們要收集所有 降到這個人造群島的雨水, 並有機地、機械化地處理 存水、淨水方面的工作。 我們要在當地種植所有的食物, 必須以魚和植物的概念為基礎, 因為空間不足,否則 每日的飲食來源會不足。 最後, 我們要在當地處理掉垃圾, 要堆肥、回收還有把垃圾變能量。
So imagine where a traditional urban master plan, you typically draw the street grid where the cars can drive and the building plots where you can put some buildings. This master plan, we sat down with a handful of scientists and basically started with all of the renewable, available natural resources, and then we started channeling the flow of resources through this kind of human-made ecosystem or this kind of urban metabolism. So it's going to be modular, it's going to be buoyant, it's going to be designed to resist a tropical storm. You can prefabricate it at scale, and tow it to dock with others, to form a small community. We're designing these kind of coastal additions, so that even if it's modular and rational, each island can be unique with its own coastal landscape. The architecture has to remain relatively low to keep the center of gravity buoyant. We're going to take all of the agriculture and use it to also create social space so you can actually enjoy the permaculture gardens. We're designing it for the tropics, so all of the roofs are maximized to harvest solar power and to shade from the sun. All the materials are going to be light and renewable, like bamboo and wood, which is also going to create this charming, warm environment. And any architecture is supposed to be able to fit on this platform. Underneath we have all the storage inside the pontoon, almost like a mega version of the student housings that we've already worked with. We have all the storage for the energy that's produced, all of the water storage and remediation. We are sort of dealing with all of the waste and the composting. And we also have some backup farming with aeroponics and hydroponics. So imagine almost like a vertical section through this landscape that goes from the air above, where we have vertical farms; below, we have the aeroponics and the aquaponics. Even further below, we have the ocean farms and where we tie the island to the ground, we're using biorock to create new reefs to regenerate habitat.
想像有一張傳統的都市計畫圖, 基本上就在上面畫 可以開車的街道圖, 建地上放些大樓。 這張規劃圖,我們坐下來 與一群科學家規劃, 基本上一開始就全部要用再生的、 天然的可用資源, 然後我們開始規劃 資源的流向通道, 來貫穿整個人工生態系統、大都會, 所以它會是模組化的, 可以漂浮的, 設計出來的模組 可以抵擋熱帶風暴。 你可以大量地預先生產, 拖到碼頭,與其它模組併起來, 變成一個小社區。 我們正在設計這類 海岸小島的副加產品, 所以即使它是模組化的, 每一個島都有它獨特的海岸風景。 建築物必須保持在非常低的位置, 才能維持中心浮點的穩定。 我們會在島上種農產品, 然後利用它創造社交的空間, 讓你可以真正地享受 這個永續農業的花園。 我們的設計要適應熱帶氣候, 讓所有的屋頂極大化地收集太陽能, 同時還保有遮陽功能。 所有的材質都要是輕穎且再生的, 像是竹子和木頭, 這樣才能創造出迷人、溫暖的環境。 任何建築物都要能放到這個平台上。 島的下面,在平底船內部 有全部的儲藏空間, 幾乎像是一個 我們之前已經有合作過的 超大版本學生宿舍。 產出的能量我們都可以儲藏起來, 還有全部的儲水槽與修復設施。 我們要處理所有的廢物與堆肥。 我們還有一些備案的耕種方法, 有無土栽種技術與水耕法。 想像一下,幾乎就會像 這張景觀垂直剖面圖, 上空有垂直農場; 下面有水耕植物與魚菜共生系統。 再往深一點,我們有海洋農場, 我們會把島嶼與海底綁起來, 運用生態石創造新的珊瑚礁 來重生棲息地。
So think of this small island for 300 people. It can then group together to form a cluster or a neighborhood that then can sort of group together to form an entire city for 10,000 people. And you can imagine if this floating city flourishes, it can sort of grow like a culture in a petri dish.
想像一下,這個 300 人 的小島。 它可以拼起來, 形成一個聚落或鄰里, 然後把每個聚落連接起來 變成一個萬人城市。 你可以想像如果這個漂浮城市 繁榮起來的樣子, 會有點像培養皿裡面 微生物的生長狀態。
So one of the first places we are looking at placing this, or anchoring this floating city, is in the Pearl River delta. So imagine this kind of canopy of photovoltaics on this archipelago floating in the sea. As you sail towards the island, you will see the maritime residents moving around on alternative forms of aquatic transportation. You come into this kind of community port. You can roam around in the permaculture gardens that are productive landscapes, but also social landscapes. The greenhouses also become orangeries for the cultural life of the city, and below, under the sea, it's teeming with life of farming and science and social spaces. So in a way, you can imagine this community port is where people gather, both by day and by night. And even if the first one is designed for the tropics, we also imagine that the architecture can adapt to any culture, so imagine, like, a Middle Eastern floating city or Southeast Asian floating city or maybe a Scandinavian floating city one day.
所以,我們第一個關注的地方, 或把漂浮城市落腳的地方, 就是珠江三角洲。 想像這天篷般的太陽能板群島, 漂浮在這片海上。 當你航向這些島嶼, 你將可以看到這些海上居民, 正在利用替代的水上交通工具 在島嶼間穿梭。 一旦你進入到這樣的社區港。 你就可以在永續花園裡逛逛, 欣賞豐富的花園景觀, 但同時也是社交的好地方。 溫室也變成各類果園 孕育城市生命的地方, 下面,海面下, 充滿了各種養殖與科學的生命, 還有社交空間。 所以有了這樣的設計, 你可以想像,這個社區港 人們日夜都可以相聚在一起。 即使第一個是為熱帶地區設計, 我們也想像過,這類的建築 也可以適應各類的文化, 想像中東的漂浮城市, 或東南亞的漂浮城市, 或許,有一天,也可以設計成 北歐風的漂浮城市。
So maybe just to conclude. The human body is 70 percent water. And the surface of our planet is 70 percent water. And it's rising. And even if the whole world woke up tomorrow and became carbon-neutral over night, there are still island nations that are destined to sink in the seas, unless we also develop alternate forms of floating human habitats. And the only constant in the universe is change. Our world is always changing, and right now, our climate is changing. No matter how critical the crisis is, and it is, this is also our collective human superpower. That we have the power to adapt to change and we have the power to give form to our future.
或許我該總結了。 人體有 70% 是水分。 我們的地球表面 70% 也是水分。 而且還在上升。 即使明天全世界都覺醒, 一夕之間地球變成了碳中和, 但仍有命中注定 會沉到海裡的島嶼國家存在, 除非我們也有開發出替代方案的 漂浮棲息地來給他們居住。 宇宙唯一不變的就是萬變。 我們的世界一直在變, 現在,我們的氣候在變。 不論地球狀況多麼危急、嚴峻, 都會是我們人類的共業。 我們有能力適應改變, 我們也有能力可以形塑未來。
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