It's Christmas Eve, 1968. The Apollo 8 spacecraft has successfully completed its first three orbits around the moon. Launched from Cape Canaveral three days before, this is the first time that humans have ever traveled beyond low Earth orbit. On the vessel's fourth pass, the Earth slowly comes into view and reveals itself above the Moon's horizon. Astronaut Bill Anders frantically asks his crewmates where their camera is, grabs the Hasselblad, points it towards the window, presses the shutter, and takes one of the most important photographs of all time: "Earthrise."
在 1968 年的聖誕夜, 阿波羅八號太空船 已成功圍繞月球軌道飛行三圈。 它是三天前從卡納維爾角發射的, 這是頭一回 人類遠離低軌道去旅行。 當太空船繞行第四圈時, 地球緩緩出現在視線中, 浮出月球的地平線。 太空人比爾安德斯瘋狂地 問他的組員照相機在哪裡, 一把抓起哈蘇相機,對著窗戶, 按下快門, 拍下了有史以來最重要的照片之一: 「地出。」
When the crew was safely home a few days later, they were asked about the mission. Anders famously replied, "We went to the moon, but we actually discovered Earth."
幾天後,組員安全返家, 他們被問及了這次任務。 安德斯著名的回覆是: 「我們去了月球, 但事實上我們發現了地球。」
What did he and his fellow crewmates feel in this incredible moment? In a study released just this past year, a team of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania examined the testimonies of hundreds of astronauts who had the opportunity to view the Earth from space. Their analysis uncovered three common feelings: first, a greater appreciation for Earth's beauty; second, an increased sense of connection to all other living beings; and third, an unexpected, often overwhelming sense of emotion. The researchers believe that seeing the Earth from a great distance provokes someone to develop new cognitive frameworks to understand what they are seeing. They believe these astronauts were forever changed by this new view, this new perspective, this new visual truth. This feeling is commonly referred to as the "overview effect."
在這不凡的一刻,他和同組伙伴 是什麼感覺? 在去年刊出的一篇研究中, 賓州大學的一組研究者 探究了數百名有機會從太空 看地球的太空人的說詞。 他們的分析發現了三種共同的感受: 第一,更欣賞地球之美; 第二,對其他所有生物的 連結感增加了; 第三,生起意外強烈的情感。 研究者相信,從遠距離看地球 能激發一個人發展出新的認知框架, 來了解他們所看見的景象。 他們相信,這些太空人被新景象、 新視角、 新的透視遠景 給永遠改變了。 這種感覺通常被稱為「總觀效應」。
Only 558 people have ever been to outer space. 558 people had the opportunity to gaze down in awe, to wonder at our planet floating in an infinite sea of darkness. But what if that number were bigger?
只有 558 人曾去過外太空。 558 人有機會 能懷著敬畏心向下凝視 我們星球的奇觀, 看它漂浮在無盡的黑暗之海中。 但如果更多人看見這視野呢?
Three years ago, I set off on my own mission: to see if I could bring this feeling of overwhelming scale and beauty to many more people just by using one small computer in my small New York City apartment. It was then, in 2013, that I launched "Daily Overview." Every day, I have used satellite imagery to create one expansive overhead view of our planet. More than 1,000 of these images have been created thus far, and more than 600,000 people tune in for this daily dose of perspectives. I create the imagery by curating photos from the massive archive of a satellite company called Digital Globe. They operate a constellation of five satellites, each roughly the size of an ambulance, that is constantly taking pictures of the Earth as they orbit at 28,000 kilometers per hour.
三年前,我開始自己的任務: 嘗試看能否把這規模驚人的美麗感受 帶給更多人, 只用我紐約小公寓中的一台小電腦。 我在 2013 年推出了 「每日總觀」。 每天,我用衛星影像 製作一張我們星球的遼闊俯視圖。 目前已經製作出超過一千張影像, 有超過六十萬人 收看這每日透視遠景。 我把「數位全球」這家衛星公司的 大量照片策劃製成影像。 他們旗下一共有五個衛星在運行, 每個的尺寸大約是救護車的大小, 這些衛星不斷拍攝地球的照片, 同時以時速兩萬八千公里繞行地球。
Now, what does this mean? Each of these satellites is equipped with a camera that has a focal length of 16 meters, so that's roughly 290 times greater than a DSLR camera equipped with a standard 55 millimeter lens. So if were able to attach one of their satellites to the roof of this theater in Oxford, we could take a picture of a football, clearly, on the pitch at the stadium in Amsterdam. That's 450 kilometers away. That's incredibly powerful technology. And I decided at the beginning of this project that I would use that incredible technology to focus on the places where humans have impacted the planet.
這是什麼意思? 每一個衛星都裝有照相機, 相機焦距是 16 公尺, 大約是配備標準 55mm 鏡頭的 數位單眼相機的 290 倍。 如果我們把其中一顆衛星 裝在牛津這家劇院的屋頂上, 我們就能清楚拍到阿姆斯特丹 體育場中足球比賽的照片。 那是 450 公里以外的比賽。 那是威力非常強大的技術。 在這個專案開始時, 我決定要把這不可思議的技術 專注在人類衝擊這星球的地方。
As a species, we dig and scrape the Earth for resources, we produce energy, we raise animals and cultivate crops for food, we build cities, we move around, we create waste. And in the process of doing all of these things, we shape landscapes and seascapes and cityscapes with increasing control and impunity. So with that in mind, I would like to share a few of my overviews with you now.
我們人類物種 靠著挖掘和刮削地球來取得資源, 我們產生能源, 我們養育動物並耕作作物來當食物, 我們建立城市,我們四處移動, 我們產生廢物。 在做這些事情的過程中, 我們越來越掌控和塑造 地景、海景、和城市景, 且還能免於受罰。 考量到那一點, 我現在想與各位分享一些我的總觀。
Here we see cargo ships and oil tankers waiting outside the entry to the port of Singapore. This facility is the second-busiest in the world by terms of total tonnage, accounting for one-fifth of the world's shipping containers and one half of the annual supply of crude oil.
這裡我們看到的是貨輪和油輪, 在新加坡的港口入口外等待。 就船舶總噸數來看, 這是世界上第二忙碌的港口, 佔全世界運輸貨櫃的五分之一, 以及原油年供應量的一半。
If you look closely at this overview, you'll see a lot of little specks. Those are actually cows at a feedlot in Summerfield, Texas, in the United States. So once cows reach a particular weight, roughly 300 kilograms, they are moved here and placed on a specialized diet. Over the next three to four months, the cows gain an additional 180 kilograms before they are shipped off to slaughter. You're also probably wondering about this glowing pool at the top there. That gets its color from a unique combination of manure, chemicals and a particular type of algae that grows in the stagnant water.
如果你近看這張總觀圖, 你會看到很多小斑點。 它們其實是飼育場中的牛隻, 位在美國德州的薩莫菲爾德。 一旦牛隻達到了一定的重量, 大約 300 公斤, 牠們就會被遷到這裡, 給予特殊飲食。 在接下來的三到四週, 這些牛隻會再增加 180 公斤, 然後才會被送去宰殺。 你們可能在想上面 這個發光的池子是什麼。 它的顏色這麼獨特, 是因為結合了糞肥、化學物質、 及一種只生長在靜水中的水藻。
This is the Mount Whaleback iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, a beautiful yet scary scar on the face of the Earth. Of the world's mined iron ore, 98 percent is used to make steel and is therefore a major component in the construction of buildings, automobiles or appliances such as your dishwasher or refrigerator.
這是惠爾巴克山的鐵礦, 位在澳洲西部的皮爾巴拉地區, 是地表一道美麗又可怕的疤痕。 世界上被開採出來的鐵礦中, 有 98% 被用來做鋼鐵, 是建築建設、汽車、電器── 如洗碗機或冰箱──的主要成份。
This is a solar concentrator in Seville, Spain. So this facility contains 2,650 mirrors which are arrayed in concentric circles around an 140-meter-tall tower at its center. At the top of the tower, there is a capsule of molten salt that gets heated by the beams of light reflected upwards from the mirrors below. From there, the salt circulates to a storage tank underground, where it produces steam, which spins turbines and generates enough electricity to power 70,000 homes and offsets 30,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions every year.
這是西班牙塞維亞的太陽能聚光器。 這個設施包含了 2,650 面鏡子, 以同心圓的方式擺放在 設施中心的一座 140 公尺 高塔上。 在塔頂 有個熔鹽容器, 它會被下面鏡子 向上反射的光線加溫。 鹽就會從那裡循環到地下的儲存槽, 在那裡產生蒸氣, 讓渦輪轉動, 產生的電力足以供給七萬個家庭, 並抵消掉每年三萬噸的 二氧化碳排放量。
This overview shows deforestation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia immediately adjacent to untouched tracts of rainforest. Deforestation in the country has primarily been driven by the expansion of mechanized agriculture and cattle ranching, so as the country tries to meet the demand of its growing population and feed them, the sacrificial destruction of its rainforest has taken place to do so. It is estimated that the country lost 4.5 million acres of rainforest in one decade alone from 2000 until 2010.
這張總觀圖是玻利維亞 聖克魯斯的森林砍伐, 緊鄰著還未受影響的大片雨林。 砍伐該國森林的動機主要來自於 擴張的機械化農業和養牛牧場, 試圖滿足該國人口成長的糧食需求。 這麼做的代價就是雨林 被犧牲、被摧毀。 估計該國僅僅在 2000 年 到 2010 年的十年間, 就損失了450 萬英畝的雨林。
This is the Eixample district in Barcelona, Spain. So the overview perspective can be incredibly helpful to help us understand how cities function and how we can devise smarter solutions for urban planning, and this will become only more relevant as it is expected that 4.9 billion people will live in cities around the world by the year 2030. This area of Barcelona is characterized by its strict grid pattern, apartments with communal courtyards and these octagonal intersections which allow for more sunlight, better ventilation and additional parking at street level.
這是西班牙巴賽隆納的擴展區。 總觀的視角是很有幫助的, 能讓我們了解城市如何運作, 及如何能為都市計畫 想出更聰明的解決方案, 且這將來只會變得更重要, 因為預期到 2030 年時, 全世界會有 49 億人 住在城市中。 巴賽隆納這個區域的特色 包括工整的格狀排列、 公寓配有社區公有的庭院、 以及八角形的交叉口, 這種設計能帶進更多陽光、 更流通的空氣、 以及更多的街邊停車位。
And here we see that grid pattern but under much different circumstances. This is the Dadaab Refugee Camp in northern Kenya, the largest such facility of its kind in the world. To cope with the influx of refugees who are fleeing Somalia, where there is famine and conflict, the UN has built this area gridded out at left called the LFO extension to house more and more refugees who are arriving and occupying these white dots, which are actually tents which will slowly fill up the area over time.
我們在這張圖裡看到那種格狀模式, 但狀況卻很不同。 這是肯亞北部的達達阿布難民營, 是世上同類型設施中規模最大的。 為要處理逃離索馬利亞的難民 湧入所造成的饑荒與衝突問題, 聯合國建立了左邊的這個區域, 稱為難民法令 (LFO) 延伸區, 來讓更多的難民居住, 他們到達之後就佔據了這些白點, 其實就是帳篷, 隨時間,它們緩緩地佔滿整個區域。
So if you have one of these overviews, you have a moment in time. If we have two overviews, however, we are able to tell stories about changes in time. I call that feature of the project "Juxtapose," and we'll share a few examples of it with you now.
因此,一張這樣的總觀圖 顯示一個時刻; 如果有兩張總觀圖, 我們就能述說隨著時間改變的故事。 我稱專案的這項特徵為 「並列 (Juxtapose)」, 現在我們就來看幾個例子。
So the tulip fields in Netherlands bloom every year in April. So we take an image captured in March a few weeks before and contrast it to one taken a few weeks later. We're able to watch the flowers bloom in this magnificent cascade of color. It is estimated that the Dutch produce 4.3 billion tulip bulbs every year.
荷蘭的鬱金香田每年四月會綻放。 我們取得開花前幾週,三月的照片, 把它和幾週後拍的照片做比對。 我們就能觀賞花朵綻放 壯觀的顏色變化。 估計荷蘭每年生產 43 億個鬱金香球莖。
In 2015, two dams collapsed at an iron ore mine in southeastern Brazil, causing one of the worst environmental disasters in the history of the country. It is estimated that 62 million cubic meters of waste were released when the dams broke, destroying numerous villages in the process, including Bento Rodrigues, seen here before ... and after the flood. Ultimately, 19 people were killed in this disaster. Half a million people did not have access to clean drinking water for an extended period of time, and the waste soon entered into the Doce River, extended for 650 kilometers all the way into the sea, killing unknowable amounts of plant and animal life along the way.
2015 年,有兩個水壩倒塌了, 地點在巴西東南部的鐵礦區, 造成該國史上最慘烈的 環境災難之一。 估計有六千兩百萬立方公尺的廢棄物 在水壩毀壞時被釋放出來, 過程中摧毀了眾多村落, 包括班托羅德里格斯, 這張圖是潰堤之前, 以及潰堤之後。 最終,有 19 人死於這場災難。 後續很長一段時間, 有五十萬人無法取得乾淨飲用水, 廢棄物很快就進入多西河, 漫延了 650 公里長, 一路到入海處, 過程中害死了無法計數的 植物與動物。
And lastly, here is a story related to the crisis in Syria, a conflict which has claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and displaced millions. So this patch of desert is seen in Mafraq, Jordan in 2011, the year the conflict started, and when we compare it to an image captured just this year in 2017, we see the construction of the Zaatari refugee camp.
最後,這個故事和敘利亞危機有關, 一場衝突奪走了成千上百條人命, 迫使百萬人離開家園。 2011 年可以看見 約旦馬弗拉克的這塊沙漠, 衝突也是這年開始的, 我們將它與 2017 年的 影像做比對, 可以看見扎泰里難民營的興建。
So just as the astronauts of Apollo 8 watched the Earth rising above the lunar landscape for the first time, there is no way that you could have imagined what the places I just showed you look like from outer space. And while you may enjoy the aesthetics of an image, once you learn exactly what it is you're seeing, you may struggle with the fact that you still like it. And that's the tension I want to create with my work, because I believe it is that contemplation, that internal dialogue that will lead to greater interest in our planet and more awareness of what we're doing to it.
所以,就像阿波羅八號的太空人 初次看著地球從月亮的地景升起, 你想像不到 我剛剛展示的那些地方 從外太空看起來是什麼樣子。 你可能欣賞影像的美感, 一旦你了解看到的是什麼, 可能就會陷入 是否仍然喜歡的天人交戰了。 那是我希望能造出的有張力的作品。 因為我相信沉思、內在的對話, 會使我們對這星球更感興趣, 並且更能意識到 我們加諸於這星球的種種。
I believe that viewing the Earth from the overview perspective is more important now than ever before. Through the incredible technology of these high-flying cameras, we can see, monitor and expose the unprecedented impact that we are having. And whether we are scientists or engineers or policymakers or investors or artists, if we can adopt a more expansive perspective, embrace the truth of what is going on and contemplate the long-term health of our planet, we will create a better and safer and smarter future for our one and only home.
我相信,從總觀的視角來看地球, 當下遠比以前更為重要。 透過這些高空相機的驚人科技, 我們得以看見、監控、並揭露出 我們所造成的史無先例之影響。 不論我們是科學家、 工程師、決策者、 投資者或藝術家, 如果我們能採用更廣闊的視角, 擁抱發生的真相, 並思忖我們星球的長期福祉, 我們就能創造一個更美好、 更安全、更聰明的未來, 為了我們唯一的家園。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)