I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah. Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists, because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea. These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.
今天,我要跟各位談 一隻虎鲸,叫做塔勒闊。 塔勒闊也就是科學家所知的 J35, 牠和 J 集群在薩利希海中 游在一起,因而得到這個代號。 這些是英屬哥倫比亞省 和華盛頓州外的水域。
Now, last year, in July 2018, she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy, and scientists were very excited because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years. Now, orcas are also known as killer whales. They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings. And scientists are very interested in their behavior, because in their social networks, they share habits, information and even affection. They create true cultures of the ocean. But this pod has been in trouble. The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region, and pollution has been up. But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter, and scientists were so excited by this development. But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth -- the calf died.
去年,2018 年七月, 牠帶著十七個月的身孕, 科學家很興奮, 因為三年來這個集群 都沒有寶寶能存活下來。 虎鯨也就是大家所知的殺人鯨。 牠們是非常社會化 且非常聰明的生物。 科學家對牠們的行為很感興趣, 因為在牠們的社交網路中, 牠們有共同的習慣、 分享資訊,並互有感情。 牠們創造出真正的海洋文化。 但,這集群一直都陷在麻煩中。 在這個區域中,虎鯨 喜愛的帝王鮭大量減少, 且污染越來越嚴重。 但,七月二十四日, 塔勒闊產下了一個女兒, 這項進展讓科學家好興奮。 但,不幸的是,同一天—— 事實上,是才出生後不久—— 幼鯨就死了。
Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers across the world, because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water. She kept it on her body and she swam with it. If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it, and she battled stiff currents to do this. Now, she kept this behavior up for 17 days, and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles. At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.
接下來發生的事, 震驚了全世界熱愛動物的人士, 因為塔勒闊拒絕 讓牠的寶寶滑落水中。 牠游泳時都一直帶著寶寶。 如果寶寶掉下去了, 牠就會潛下去將寶寶救回來, 要做到這一點, 牠還得對抗強大的水流。 她持續這個行為 長達十七天, 在這段期間, 她游了超過一千英里。 那時,牠疲憊到只好放手 讓寶寶滑落水中。
So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod, but her grief still moves me. And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use. I believe that grief is the right word to use for numerous animals who mourn the dead. They may be friends or mates or relatives. Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues, tell us something about an animal's emotional state. Now, for the last seven years, I've been working to document examples of animal grief -- in birds, in mammals, in domesticated animals and in wild animals -- and I believe in the reality of animal grief.
現今,塔勒闊繼續 和 J 集群游在一起, 但她的悲慟感動了我。 我相信「悲慟」是正確的用詞。 我相信,對於許多種 會哀悼死亡的動物, 悲慟都是正確的用詞。 牠們可能是朋友、 另一半,或親戚。 因為這些看得到的線索和行為線索 會告訴我們動物 情緒狀態的相關資訊。 在過去七年間, 我一直努力在記錄 動物悲慟的例子—— 包括鳥類、哺乳類動物、 被馴養的動物,以及野生動物—— 我相信動物會悲慟是真的。
Now, I say it this way because I need to acknowledge to you right up front that not all scientists agree with me. And part of the reason, I think, is because of what I call the "a-word." The a-word is anthropomorphism, and historically, it's been a big deterrent to recognizing animal emotions. So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals our capacities or our emotions. And we can all probably think of examples of this. Let's say we have a friend who tells us, "My cat understands everything I say." Or, "My dog, he's so sweet. he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel, and I know he just wants to play." Well, maybe. Or maybe not. I'm skeptical about claims like those. But animal grief is different, because we're not trying to read an animal's mind. We're looking at visible cues of behavior and trying to interpret them with some meaning.
我用這種方式來說, 是因為我得要在事前 先向大家承認, 並非所有的科學家都認同我。 我認為,有部分是因為我所謂的 「A 開頭的字」。 這個字就是「擬人論」, 在歷史上,一直都有人在強力阻撓 我們認可動物是有情緒的。 所以,擬人論指的就是 人類把自己的能力或情緒 投射到其他動物身上。 我們都可以想得出擬人論的例子。 比如,有位朋友告訴我們: 「我說的話我的貓都聽得懂。」 或「我的狗,牠好可愛。 今天早上牠跑過院子 衝向一隻松鼠, 我知道牠是想要去玩。」 嗯,也許是吧。 也許不是。 對於那樣的說法,我抱持懷疑。 但動物的悲慟不同, 因為我們並不是 在試圖讀動物的心。 我們是在觀察行為中的可見線索, 試圖詮釋這些線索, 賦予它們意義。
Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me, and they'll say, "Ah, look, the animal might be stressed, or maybe the animal's just confused because his or her routine has been disrupted." But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism misses a fundamental point. And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other, maybe they even love each other. And when they do, a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death. Let's face it: if we deny evolutionary continuity, we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves. So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief, and I also think that if we recognize it, we can make the world a better place for animals, a kinder place for animals.
科學家真的常會反對我, 他們會說: 「啊,看哪,這動物 可能受到壓力, 也許牠只是很困惑, 因為牠的日常慣例被打斷了。」 但,我認為這種 對擬人論的過度操心 搞錯了重點。 重點是動物能夠 對彼此有很深的關懷, 也許牠們甚至會愛彼此。 如果牠們有愛, 存活者就有可能 會因為死者而心碎。 咱們要面對現實: 如果我們否認演化的連續性, 我們其實是錯失了我們自己 懂得包容的那一部分。 所以,是的,我相信 動物會悲慟是真的, 我也認為,如果 我們能承認這一點, 我們就能讓世界成為 對動物而言更好的地方, 對動物而言更仁慈的地方。
So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief. I'm going to start in Kenya. You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor who came one day with bruised legs, and she collapsed. You see on the left that another female named Grace came to her right away and, using her own trunk, propped her up, tried to get her up on her feet. And she did succeed, but then Eleanor collapsed again. At this point, Grace became visibly distressed, and she prodded the body, and she vocalized. Eleanor collapsed again, and unfortunately, she did die. What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui, who came after the death, and she stayed at the body. She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress over the body. So the scientists watching the elephants kept close observation on Eleanor's body for seven days. And during those seven days, a parade of elephants came from five different families. Now, some were just curious, but others carried out behaviors that I really believe should be classified as grief.
所以,讓我再跟各位 多談一些動物的悲慟。 我要從肯亞開始。 各位在這裡看到的是 叫做伊莉諾的大象, 有一天,牠出現時腿上都是瘀傷, 牠倒下了。 請看左邊, 另一隻母象葛雷絲 馬上來到牠身邊, 想用牠的鼻子將伊莉諾支撐起來, 好讓伊莉諾再站起來。 牠的確成功了, 但,接著,伊莉諾又倒下了。 此時,看得出來葛雷絲很苦惱, 牠去推伊莉諾的身體, 牠發出了叫聲。 伊莉諾又倒下了, 不幸的是,牠後來的確死了。 各位可以看到,右邊的是 另一個家庭中的母象毛莉, 牠在伊莉諾死後才抵達, 並待在屍體旁。 牠在那裡守夜,甚至圍著屍體, 悲傷地晃動。 所以,科學家看著這些大象 密切觀察著伊莉諾的身體, 長達七天。 在那七天中, 有一大堆大象到來, 牠們來自五個不同的家庭。 有些大象只是好奇, 但其他大象的行為, 我真心認為應該 被歸為悲慟的行為。
So what does grief look like? It can be rocking, as I said, in distress. It can also be social withdrawal, when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends and stays by themselves, or a failure to eat or sleep properly, sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization. It can be very helpful for those of us studying this to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death and after death, because that increases the rigor of our interpretation. And I can explain this to you by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.
所以,悲慟看起來是什麼樣子? 如我之前說的, 可能是悲痛地搖動。 可能會是社會退縮, 也就是遠離其他朋友, 自己獨處, 或是飲食睡眠不正常, 有時會有沮喪的姿勢或叫聲。 這些對我們的研究很有幫助, 我們能夠去比較 在動物死前和死後, 生存者的行為差異, 那就能讓我們的詮釋更精確。 我可以跟各位談談兩隻鴨子, 哈波和柯爾,來解釋這一點。
So we're into birds now. So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory, and they were treated cruelly. Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds. So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either. But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York. And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends. They often took themselves to a small pond on the property. Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs, and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely, and he was. But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing, because they brought Harper to the body to see. And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend, but then he laid himself over it, and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend. And in the weeks after, he had a hard time. He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl, and he didn't want any other friends. And within two months, he died as well.
所以,現在要談鳥類了。 哈波和柯爾在鴨肝醬工廠被養大, 牠們受到的待遇很殘忍。 鴨肝醬的製造涉及強迫餵食。 所以,這麼做會傷害牠們的身體, 牠們的精神也不會在多好的狀態。 但,謝天謝地,紐約北部的 一間農場庇護所拯救了牠們。 四年來,牠們穩定下來, 牠們是很緊密的朋友。 牠們通常會一起去 農場上的一個小池塘。 接著,柯爾的腳開始 出現治不好的疼痛, 庇護所很清楚知道, 必須要將牠人道安樂死, 也確實這麼做了。 但,接著,庇護所的員工 做了一件很棒的事, 因為他們帶哈波去看屍體。 一開始,哈波試著 去戳牠的朋友的屍體, 但接著,牠躺在屍體上, 牠在那裡陪牠的朋友 超過一個小時。 之後的幾週, 牠過得很艱苦。 牠還會回到以前跟柯爾 一起去的那個池塘, 且牠並不想要其他朋友。 在兩個月內,牠也死亡了。
Now, I'm happy to say that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome. Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah. I was with my husband Charlie. I really needed a break from work. But I succumbed, and I checked my work email. You know how that is. And there was a communication about a dejected donkey. Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected, but there it was, and I'm glad I read it. Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary, this one in Alberta, Canada, as the only donkey there, and had trouble making friends for that reason. But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake, and for three years they were inseparable. But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse, had become gravely ill and had to be put down, and this is what was going on. This is Lena standing on Jake's grave. She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food. She didn't want to come in for water. She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress, and there she stood. So we talked and we brainstormed. What do you do for an animal like this? And we talked about the role of time, of extra love and kindness from people and of urging her to make a new friend. And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck, because she did make a new friend, and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.
我很高興能說, 並非所有悲慟的動物 都會有這種悲傷的結果。 去年夏天,我飛到波士頓 拜訪我已經成年的女兒莎菈。 我和我先生查理一起去。 我真的需要從工作中喘口氣。 但我忍不住去查看了 我工作用的電子郵件信箱。 你們能懂的。 信箱中有則和一隻沮喪的驢子 有關的通信內容。 身為人類學者, 這並非在我的預期之中, 但事實擺在眼前, 且我很高興我讀了信。 因為,一隻叫做蓮娜的驢子 去了另一間農場庇護所, 位在加拿大的亞伯達省, 牠是那裡唯一的驢子, 因此很難交朋友。 但,最終,牠和傑克, 一匹較年長的馬,成為朋友, 三年來,牠們形影不離。 但我收到信的原因是 因為傑克在三十二歲時, 這匹馬生了重病,必須要被安樂死, 結果就是這樣: 這是蓮娜,站在傑克的墓旁。 牠晚上也不想進來。 而且不進來吃東西、不進來喝水。 牠用腳拍打墓地, 牠發出悲痛的叫聲, 牠就站在那裡。 所以,我們進行討論,腦力激盪。 我們能為這樣的動物做什麼? 我們談到了時間能療傷、 從人類身上得到更多愛與仁慈, 以及鼓勵牠交新朋友等種種方法。 在這個命運的十字路口, 牠走上了和哈波不同的路, 因為牠交了一位新朋友, 庇護所的員工回信說 一切進行得很順利。
Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation with hormonal analysis. There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana, who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups. The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack and lost someone in that attack, and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack but had not lost someone. And the stress hormones were way up in that first group. But here's the thing: the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons," they called them "bereaved baboons," and in part, that's because of the observations that they made. For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close, and then the daughter was killed by a lion. The mother removed herself from all her friends, from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks -- bereavement -- and she then slowly recovered.
有時,科學家會用荷爾蒙分析 來輔助觀察。 在波札那的一群科學家就是個例子, 他們取得狒狒的糞便, 來比較兩組不同的母狒狒。 第一組的母狒狒曾經 目擊過獵食者攻擊, 且在攻擊中失去過家人或朋友; 第二組中的母狒狒曾經 目擊過獵食者攻擊, 但沒有在攻擊中 失去過家人或朋友。 第一組的壓力荷爾蒙高很多。 但,重點來了: 科學家並不只是稱牠們為 「有壓力的狒狒」, 他們稱牠們為「喪親的狒狒」, 有部分的原因是因為 他們所觀察到的現象。 比如,這對母女非常親密, 女兒被一隻獅子殺害。 母親遠離了牠自己的所有朋友, 遠離了牠相互理毛的群體, 獨處了數星期—— 喪親之痛—— 接著,牠慢慢地恢復。
So we have bereaved baboons. Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees? Will we hear about frogs who mourn? I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen. I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters. I have documented cats and dogs who grieve, our companion animals, but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered because her dog wasn't grieving. She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died. The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog. What is wrong with him?"
所以,我們知道狒狒有喪親之痛。 也許有一天科學會告訴我們 蜜蜂也有喪親之痛。 也許將來會聽說有會哀悼的青蛙? 我不認為,因為動物之間 必須要有一對一的密切關係, 才會發生這種狀況。 我也知道,情境有影響, 個性也有影響。 我曾經記錄過會悲慟的貓和狗, 我們的伴生動物, 但我也曾經遇過一名女子, 她感到極度困擾, 因為她的狗不會悲慟。 她對我說:「家中的 第一隻狗過世了, 第二隻狗似乎毫不關心。 牠有什麼毛病?」
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
And as I listened to her, I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household, and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal. So circumstances matter.
當我聽她說時, 我了解到,現在這隻狗 是家中唯一的動物了, 從牠的角度來看, 這狀況對牠很有利。 所以,情境有影響。
Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve exactly like we do. We have human creativity. We paint our grief, dance our grief, write our grief. We also can grieve for people we've never met, across space and time. I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial. Animals don't grieve exactly like we do, but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real. It is real, and it's searing, and we can see it if we choose.
不論是什麼情況,動物都不會 跟我們用一模一樣的方式悲慟。 我們有人類的創意。 我們會畫出我們的悲慟, 舞出我們的悲慟, 寫出我們的悲慟。 我們也能夠為從未 見過的人感到悲慟, 也能跨越時間和空間地悲慟。 當我去柏林,站在 大屠殺的紀念碑前時, 我能強烈感受到這一點。 動物悲慟的方式和我們不同, 但這並不表示 牠們的悲慟不是真的。 是真的,且心痛如絞, 只要我們願意,我們就能看見。
Now, I've lost both my parents. I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS. I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone. And I have found it a genuine comfort, a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth who feel love and grief. And I think this is important. I also think we can take this a step further, and we can realize that the reality of animal grief can help us be better and do better for animals. This is already happening with Tahlequah, because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency for how to help the orcas, how to restore the Chinook salmon and how to help with the water pollution. We can also see that if grief is real, there's tremendous plausibility to the notion that animals feel a whole range of things. So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope. And if we do that, here's how we can start to think about the world. We can look at orcas and say, we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives, and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks and make them perform for our entertainment.
我已經失去了雙親。 我失去過一位很年輕時 就因為愛滋病而過世的朋友。 在座各位很可能 都有失去過某個人。 我覺得真的很讓人欣慰、 很安慰的一點就是知道 地球上除了人類之外, 還有其他生物能感受到愛和悲慟。 我認為這很重要。 我也認為,我們能夠再進一步, 我們能夠了解到, 動物會悲慟的這個事實, 能協助我們為動物做得更好。 塔勒闊的故事就已經產生效應了, 因為美國和加拿大 重新開始更迫切地關注 如何協助虎鯨、 如何恢復帝王鮭, 以及如何協助處理水污染。 我們也能了解,如果悲慟是真的, 那很可能表示 動物也有各式各樣的感覺。 我們可以去研究喜悅、 悲傷,甚至希望。 如果我們能這麼做, 我們就可以用以下的 方式來看待世界。 我們可以看著虎鯨,說: 我們知道牠們會悲慟, 會感受到牠們的生命, 我們可以拒絕將牠們 關在主題樂園的小水槽中, 為了娛樂人類而表演。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Thank you.
謝謝。
We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve, and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting and against poaching.
我們可以看著大象, 說,是的,牠們會悲慟, 我們可以努力對抗 國際性的戰利品獵殺, 對抗盜獵。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Thank you.
謝謝。
And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes, and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives, so they don't deserve to be confined in highly invasive biomedical experiments year after year.
我們可以看著我們 在動物界的近親:猴子和猿類, 知道牠們確實會悲慟, 會感受到牠們的生命, 所以牠們不應該被關在 有高度侵入性的生物醫學實驗中, 年復一年。
And, you know --
且,你們知道——
(Applause)
(掌聲)
the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too. They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat affects how animals live. And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks. We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms, and we can know. I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too. So every single time we choose a plant-based meal, we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.
鴨子哈波和柯爾, 牠們也告訴了我們一件事。 牠們協助我們將點連起來, 了解到我們所吃的食物 會影響到動物的生活。 不只是鴨肝醬,不只是鴨子。 我們也可以想想看 工廠化農場中的豬、雞、牛, 且我們會懂。 我可以告訴各位,科學證明 動物也有感覺,這是真的。 所以每次我們選擇素食, 就能對減輕動物 所受的苦難盡一份心力。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief. I believe in the reality of animal love, and I think it is time for us humans to recognize that we don't own these things. And when we see that, we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals, a kinder world, a gentler world, and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.
所以,是的,我相信 動物會悲慟是真的。 我相信動物會愛是真的, 且我認為,該是時候了,我們人類 該要承認我們並不擁有牠們了。 當我們能了解這一點, 我們就有機會為動物 把世界變得更美好、 更仁慈、更溫柔, 在這個過程中,說不定 也能拯救我們自己。
Thank you so much.
非常謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
謝謝。謝謝。 (掌聲)