Shah Rukh Khan: Something goes wrong with the air that we take for granted. The ill effects are suffered by all, rich and poor, city people and village folks, those inland and those on the coast. Nobody is exempt. So how do we give our children the chance to grow up in a world where the air is clean? Our next speaker addresses this vital question. So join me in giving a wholehearted welcome to the public policy expert and author, the multifaceted Dr. Arunabha Ghosh.
沙魯克罕:我們 垂手可得的空氣出了問題。 我們所有人都會遭受不良的影響, 不論貧富,不論是城裏人還是鄉村人, 不論住在內陸或沿海地區。 沒有人能倖免。 所以,我們要如何 讓我們的孩子有機會 在一個空氣清潔的世界中成長? 下一位講者就在爲我們處理 這個至關重要的問題。 讓我們熱烈歡迎, 公共政策專家及作家, 多才多藝的阿魯納巴·戈許博士。
(Music)
(音樂)
Arunabha Ghosh: Let me tell you a story from China. In 2014, China declared war on pollution. In November that year, there was an international summit there. Presidents and prime ministers from many countries arrived. So industries around Beijing were shut down, half the cars were taken off the road. That week, I took a photograph of the unusually blue sky in Beijing. A few days later, when the summit had ended, the factories were humming again, the sky had again turned light grey. So newspapers started urging the government to make the blue skies permanent. Then in early 2015, a private citizen produced a documentary on air pollution called "Under the Dome." Just within four days, it was viewed 300 million times, and millions more continued discussing it on social media. Eventually, the government acted, and by 2018, the bulk of the Chinese population had witnessed a decline in air pollution by 32 percent on average.
阿魯納巴·戈許:讓我與各位 分享一個發生在中國的故事。 2014 年, 中國向污染宣戰。 同年十一月, 有一場國際峰會在中國舉行。 許多國家的總統和首相抵達中國, 因此,北京的工業被暫停下來, 一半的車被趕下道路。 那週,我拍下了北京 很不尋常的藍天。 幾天後,高峰會結束了, 工廠又開工, 天空再次轉為淡灰色。 所以,報紙開始要求政府 讓藍天成為永久性的。 2015 年初, 一位平凡的中國公民製作了 一部關於空氣污染的紀錄片, 片名叫《穹頂之下》。 四天之內,有三億人次觀賞, 還有數百萬人持續 在社交媒體上討論它。 最終,政府行動了, 到了 2018 年, 衆多的中國人民 見證了空氣污染指數 平均改善了 32%。
When will we demand clean air in India?
在印度,我們何時 才會要求獲得乾淨的空氣?
I have a six-year-old daughter. Every morning, when I drop her to the school bus stop, I have to remind her not to take off her mask. That's the kind of world we live in. One day she pointed me to an advertisement for a face wash, which claimed that the polluting particles lodged deeply in our skin could be miraculously washed off. But what of the particles lodged in our lungs? When it's difficult to make out the difference between the lung of a smoker and the lung of a nonsmoker, we have a real problem, because I can run an air purifier at home, but can I lock up my daughter at home?
我有一個六歲女兒。 每天早上,我送她到 學校公車的車站, 我都得提醒她不要把口罩拿下來。 我們就生活在這樣的世界裡。 有一天,她指著一個 洗面乳的廣告給我看, 廣告聲稱,用這個產品 能奇蹟式地清洗掉 留在我們皮膚深處的污染粒子。 但留在我們肺中的粒子怎麼辦呢? 當我們很難區別出 抽菸者的肺和非抽菸者的肺時, 我們就有真正的麻煩了, 因為我在家可以開啟空氣清淨機, 但我能把我女兒鎖在家裡嗎?
Air pollution is the great leveler. It affects us all, rich and poor, city dweller or village folk, those living inland or those living on the coast, and it's affecting our health, our economic growth, our quality of life. In 2017, more than 1.2 million deaths in India were attributable to air pollution. That's more than those deaths caused by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria or diarrhea.
空氣污染能讓大家變平等。 它會影響所有人,不論貧富, 不論是城裏人或鄉村的人民, 不論住在內陸或沿海地區, 且它會影響我們的健康、 我們的經濟成長、 我們的生活品質。 2017 年, 印度有超過一百二十萬人的死亡 和空氣污染有關。 造成的死亡人數超越了愛滋病、 結核病、瘧疾、痢疾。
At the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, my colleagues find that today, one in two Indians is breathing air that does not meet our air quality standards. And the economic impact of this public health crisis is more than 80 billion dollars every year. At CEEW, my colleagues find that 80 percent of Indians can breathe clean air if we adopted stringent pollution controls.
在「能源,環境 和水理事會 (CEEW)」, 我同事發現,現今, 兩個印度人中就有一個會呼吸到 不合我們空氣品質標準的空氣。 這種公共健康危機對經濟的影響, 每年超過八百億美金。 在 CEEW,我同事發現 如果我們採用嚴格的污染控制, 就有八成的印度人 能呼吸到乾淨的空氣。
So here is my vision for India. In 2027, when we are celebrating our 80th year of independence, can we ensure that, by then, 80 cities in India have reduced air pollution by 80 percent? Let's called this Mission 80-80-80, and this is possible, but the role of citizens is going to be critical. To combat air pollution, we have to create a democratic demand for clean air. We can make this happen.
所以,我對印度的遠景如下。 到 2027 年, 當我們慶祝印度獨立八十週年時, 那時我們是否能確保 印度的八十個城市 都將空氣污染減低 80%? 咱們就把它稱為 「80-80-80 任務」, 這是有可能實現的, 但公民的角色非常關鍵。 要對抗空氣污染, 我們得要針對乾淨的空氣, 做出民主的要求。 我們能讓這個夢成真。
First, we have to educate ourselves. Low-cost sensors give us real-time information about the air quality, but we still need information about how to interpret it and how to act. So we need to target information to schools and children, to resident welfare associations, to the elderly, who are more at risk. You know, when the temperature outside is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees, we know how to dress, we know what to do, what not to do. We need, similarly, information on what precautions to take when the air quality outside is poor, very poor, severe or hazardous.
首先,我們需要教育我們自己, 成本很低的感測器就能讓我們 取得即時的空氣質量資訊, 但我們仍然需要 如何詮釋它及如何行動的資訊。 所以我們得要把資訊的對象 設定為學校和孩童、 居民福利組織、 風險比較高的老人。 當外面的氣溫是三十到四十度時, 我們知道該穿什麼, 知道該做什麼、不該做什麼。 同樣,我們也需要資訊告訴我們, 該採取什麼預防措施來因應 外面的空氣品質很糟、 非常糟、嚴重、有害時的狀況。
Second, we need to become active monitors. Today, most Indian cities and much of rural India have no air quality monitoring at all. So we need to demand that air quality sensors are installed in every constituency. Today, in Parliament, who is going to stand up for us as the air quality warrior? When enforcement agencies land up at polluting sites or dust-spewing construction sites, their whack-a-mole approach doesn't always work, because as soon as their attention turns somewhere else, the offenders go back to business as usual. We citizens have to become the fire alarms. We have to demand emergency call-in numbers and specialized task forces that can respond in real time to pollution sites. So we need not just the authority but the enforcement strength to crack down.
第二, 我們得要主動監視。 現今,印度大部分的城市 以及許多鄉村地區 完全沒有空氣質量監控。 所以我們得去要求 在所有選舉區裝設 空氣質量感測器。 現今,在國會, 有誰會為我們站出來, 扮演空氣質量戰士? 當執法單位到了污染地點 或是釋放塵土的工地時, 他們的「打地鼠」方法 不見得都會有用, 因為只要他們一把 注意力轉到其他地方, 違法者又會變回原形。 我們公民得要成為火警警報器。 我們得要要求設立緊急熱線電話 以及專門工作小組, 能夠即時針對污染地點做出因應。 所以,我們需要 當權者以及執法人員 來取締制裁。
Third, we have to be prepared to pay a price, whether it's for cars using BS6 fuel or for more expensive electricity from cleaner power plants. Last year, just before Diwali, I took a surprise inspection of polluting industries in an unauthorized industrial area just outside of Delhi, and I found polluting firecrackers were being sold. The Supreme Court had mandated only green firecrackers could be sold, but those were nowhere to be found. But the polluting ones were available. Why? Because we were ready to buy. As citizens, we have to reduce the demand for these polluting products or be prepared to pay more for cleaner products.
第三, 我們得要做好付出代價的準備, 不論是用 BS6 燃料的車子, 或者由比較乾淨的電廠 提供更貴的電力。 去年,在排燈節前夕, 我去突襲檢查造成污染的工業, 地點是在德里外面的 未援權工業區, 我發現有人在販售 造成污染的鞭炮。 最高法庭已經下命令, 只能販售綠色鞭炮, 但卻買不到綠色鞭炮。 反而買得到會污染的鞭炮。 為什麼? 因為我們願意購買。 身為公民,我們得要減少 對這些污染性產品的需求, 或者準備好花更多錢 來購買比較乾淨的產品。
Fourth step: let's build some empathy for our fellow citizens. How much does it take to keep a night guard warm rather than force them to burn rubbish to stay warm in winter? Or, let's take farmers. You know, it's very easy to blame them for burning the stubble of the rice paddy crop every winter, which causes air pollution. It's much harder to understand that it's the combination of our agricultural policy and our groundwater crisis that often leaves the farmer with no option but to burn the stubble. So we need to draw in the urban poor laborer or the rural poor farmer into our collective call for clean air. Farmers come and tell us that they want to adopt sustainable agriculture, but they need some help.
第四:我們要建立 對其他公民的同理心。 冬天,要讓夜晚守衛能夠保暖, 不必被迫燃燒垃圾, 要付出多少代價? 或以農夫為例。 我們很輕易可以怪罪他們 每年冬天燃燒稻作殘株 造成空氣污染。 難的是要了解 是因為我們的農業政策 再加上地下水危機, 才會導致農夫沒有選擇, 只能燃燒殘株。 所以,我們得要把都市的貧窮勞工 或鄉村的貧窮農夫也拉進來, 和我們一起要求乾淨的空氣。 農夫會來告訴我們, 他們想要採用永續農業, 但他們需要協助。
And fifth, we have to change our lifestyles. Yes, public transport is often not available, but the choice to buy a cleaner, less polluting private vehicle is ours. The choice to segregate and recycle household waste is ours. You know, in Surat after the 1994 plague, citizens there take pride in keeping their city one of the cleanest in the country. Down south in Mysore, public-private partnerships and citizen-led eco clubs are coming together to reduce, segregate and recycle waste in a manner that landfills can be eliminated altogether. Now I'm not saying that officials have no responsibility here, but it is our collective apathy that takes the pressure off of our parliamentarians, the bureaucrats or the enforcement agencies.
第五, 我們得要改變我們的生活方式。 是的,公共運輸通常不方便, 但我們可以選擇購買較乾淨、 污染較少的私人用車。 我們可以選擇將家庭 廢棄物分類回收。 自 1994 年瘟疫後, 蘇拉特的市民引以為榮, 該市一直保持是 全國最乾淨的城市之一, 在南方的邁索爾, 公私部門間的合作 及公民領導的環保俱樂部 都在同心協力將廢棄物 減量、分類、回收, 並能讓垃圾掩埋場也一併消失。 我的意思並不是官員 在這方面沒有責任, 但,是我們集體的冷淡 才沒有施加壓力給國會議員、 官僚, 或執法單位。
Mission 80-80-80 will only begin when we demand it. We have to create a democratic demand for clean air, because citizens, you and me, can decide what kind of air we breathe.
除非我們要求, 不然 80-80-80 任務就不會開始。 想要乾淨空氣, 我們就得做出民主的要求, 因為你我這些公民 能夠決定我們呼吸什麼樣的空氣。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
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SRK: Thank you so much. Tell me something: India, our country, do we have any advantages? Have we become aware of it earlier because of all the inputs from people like you?
沙:非常謝謝您。 告訴我一件事:我們的國家印度 優勢何在? 是否因為像你 這樣的人所做出的貢獻, 讓我們比較早意識到這個問題?
AG: Our biggest strength: our people and our ability to make change without always necessarily relying only on the government. And that strength of civil society and civil demand for a civilized living condition is, I think, our biggest asset. Then, all of those and more will happen.
阿:我們最大的長處: 我們的人民及我們 做出改變的能力, 我們不見得一定要 仰賴政府才能改變。 用公民社會和公民請求的力量 來爭取文明的生活條件, 在我看來就是我們最大的資產。 那時,這些都會成真,甚至更多。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
SRK: Thank you, Dr. Ghosh. Bless you for coming here. And it's very enlightening. Thank you very much, and all the best with 80-80-80.
沙:謝謝你,戈許博士。 感謝你來這裡。 這場演說非常有啟發性。 非常謝謝你, 也祝 80-80-80 順利。
Dr. Ghosh, everyone. AG: Thank you.
再次謝謝戈許博士。 阿:謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)