What do you guys think? For those who watched Sir Ken's memorable TED Talk, I am a typical example of what he describes as "the body as a form of transport for the head," a university professor.
你们觉得怎么样? 看过罗兵逊爵士那场 难忘的TED演讲的人 都知道,我就是 他说的那种典型的例子 作为一个大学教授 认为“身体只是运输头脑的工具”
You might think it was not fair that I've been lined up to speak after these first two talks to speak about science. I can't move my body to the beat, and after a scientist who became a philosopher, I have to talk about hard science. It could be a very dry subject. Yet, I feel honored. Never in my career, and it's been a long career, have I had the opportunity to start a talk feeling so inspired, like this one.
你可能会想,这实在太不公平了 因为我被排在这两个人之后 来进行关于科学的演讲 我既不会随着音乐翩翩起舞 还居然排在一位 从科学家变成哲学家的人后面 我要谈论一下硬科学 这真是个很枯燥的话题 但是,我仍然感到十分荣幸 在我非常漫长的 职业生涯中 从没有过像这次这样 在演讲之前就感到心潮澎湃
Usually, talking about science is like exercising in a dry place. However, I've had the pleasure of being invited to come here to talk about water. The words "water" and "dry" do not match, right? It is even better to talk about water in the Amazon, which is the splendid cradle of life. Fresh life. So this is what inspired me. That's why I'm here, although I'm carrying my head over here. I am trying, or will try to convey this inspiration. I hope this story will inspire you and that you'll spread the word.
通常,谈论科学 就如同在干燥的地表运动一样 然后,我非常荣幸 被邀请到这里来谈一谈“水” “水”和“旱”这两个词 完全凑不到一块儿,对吧? 来谈谈亚马逊的水更好 那是孕育着丰富生命的地方 新的生命 这启发了我 也就是我在这儿演讲的原因 虽然我其实是顶着大头来的 我正尝试着, 或者说我会尝试着表达我的感动 我希望这个故事也会给你启发, 进而传播我的观点
We know that there is controversy. The Amazon is the "lung of the world," because of its massive power to have vital gases exchanged between the forest and the atmosphere. We also hear about the storehouse of biodiversity. While many believe it, few know it. If you go out there, in this marsh, you'll be amazed at the -- You can barely see the animals. The Indians say, "The forest has more eyes than leaves." That is true, and I will try to show you something.
我们都知道有一个争议的存在 那就是“亚马逊是世界之肺” 因为它强大的功能, 在森林和大气之间 交换着我们赖以生存的气体 我们也听过 亚马逊是物种多样性的宝库 虽然很多人都相信这样的说法 却很少有人真正地了解它 如果你去到了那里, 在这片沼泽地 你会惊讶地发现 其实你看不到太多的动物 印第安人说: “森林里的眼睛要比树叶还多。” 那倒是真的, 我会试着证明给你看
But today, I'm going to use a different approach, one that is inspired by these two initiatives here, a harmonic one and a philosophical one. I'll try to use an approach that's slightly materialistic, but it also attempts to convey that, in nature, there is extraordinary philosophy and harmony. There'll be no music in my presentation, but I hope you'll all notice the music of the reality I'm going to show you. I'm going to talk about physiology — not about lungs, but other analogies with human physiology, especially the heart.
但是今天, 我要从不同的角度来看 这个角度是被两个倡议所激发的 也就是“和谐”与”哲学“ 我要试着用些唯物论的方法 但也会试着表达出 在自然界的确有非凡的哲学与和谐存在 我的演讲中没有音乐伴奏 但我希望你们能注意到 我给你们看的现实中的音乐 我要跟各位谈谈生理学,不是肺 而是一些与人类生理类似的推论 特别是心脏
We'll start by thinking that water is like blood. The circulation in our body distributes fresh blood, which feeds, nurtures and supports us, and brings the used blood back to be renewed. In the Amazon, things happen similarly. We'll start by talking about the power of all these processes. This is an image of rain in motion. What you see there is the years passing in seconds. Rains all over the world. What do you see? The equatorial region, in general, and the Amazon specifically, is extremely important for the world's climate. It's a powerful engine. There is a frantic evaporation taking place here.
首先,我们把水 想象成是血液 我们体内循环输送着的 新鲜血液 供养并支持着我们 并把用过的血液带回去重生 在亚马逊, 也有很类似的情况 我们从这些过程的能量开始谈起 这是降雨的影像示意 你在这看到的是以秒计的多年数据 全世界的降雨情况 你观察到了什么? 一般而言,赤道一带 尤其亚马逊地区 对全球气候的影响甚为深远 这是个强有力的引擎 超多蒸发作用都在那里发生 如果我们看下这张图
If we take a look at this other image, which shows the water vapor flow, you have dry air in black, moist air in gray, and clouds in white. What you see there is an extraordinary resurgence in the Amazon. What phenomenon -- if it's not a desert, what phenomenon makes water gush from the ground into the atmosphere with such power that it can be seen from space? What phenomenon is this? It could be a geyser. A geyser is underground water heated by magma, exploding into the atmosphere and transferring this water into the atmosphere. There are no geysers in the Amazon, unless I am wrong. I don't know of any. But we have something that plays the same role, with much more elegance though: the trees, our good old friends that, like geysers, can transfer an enormous amount of water from the ground into the atmosphere.
上面显示出水蒸气的流向 黑的代表干空气 灰的则是湿气 而白的是云 你在上面看到的 是亚马逊地区超大的回潮 如果这不是沙漠 是什么现象能让水从地面涌向大气 力量如此之大,连在太空中都能观察到? 这是什么现象呢? 可能是间歇泉 间歇泉是地下的水经岩浆加热 被喷射到大气中 并将水分转移至大气 亚马逊里并没有间歇泉, 除非我弄错了 但据我所知是没有的 但是有种东西扮演者很类似的角色 只不过更为优雅 那就是“树”,我们熟络的伙伴 它就像间歇泉一般 可以从地面将巨量水分转移至大气中
There are 600 billion trees in the Amazon forest, 600 billion geysers. That is done with an extraordinary sophistication. They don't need the heat of magma. They use sunlight to do this process. So, in a typical sunny day in the Amazon, a big tree manages to transfer 1,000 liters of water through its transpiration -- 1,000 liters. If we take all the Amazon, which is a very large area, and add it up to all that water that is released by transpiration, which is the sweat of the forest, we'll get to an incredible number: 20 billion metric tons of water. In one day.
亚马逊森林里有六千亿棵树木 也就是六千亿个间歇泉 在被相当复杂的机制操控着 他们不需要岩浆的热气 而是用日光来完成这个过程 所以,在亚马逊某一个 阳光璀璨的普通日子里 一颗大叔通过它的蒸发作用 能转移一千公升的水-- 整整一千公升的水 如果我们把整个亚马逊 这么一个硕大的地方 里面所有经过蒸发作用的水 都集合起来 那也就是森林流下的汗水 我们会得到一个很吓人的数字: 两百亿公吨水 这只是一天的量
Do you know how much that is? The Amazon River, the largest river on Earth, one fifth of all the fresh water that leaves the continents of the whole world and ends up in the oceans, dumps 17 billion metric tons of water a day in the Atlantic Ocean. This river of vapor that comes up from the forest and goes into the atmosphere is greater than the Amazon River. Just to give you an idea. If we could take a gigantic kettle, the kind you could plug into a power socket, an electric one, and put those 20 billion metric tons of water in it, how much power would you need to have this water evaporated? Any idea? A really big kettle. A gigantic kettle, right? 50 thousand Itaipus. Itaipu is still the largest hydroelectric plant in the world. and Brazil is very proud of it because it provides more than 30 percent of the power that is consumed in Brazil. And the Amazon is here, doing this for free. It's a vivid and extremely powerful plant, providing environmental services.
你知道这到底是多大的量吗? 亚马逊河,全球最大河流 占了全球五分之一的淡水 就是从各个大陆流入海洋的淡水 每天有十七亿公吨的水流入大西洋 而这源于森林排入大气的 水汽之河 要比亚马逊河还大 给你一点概念 假设我们拿一个巨大的水壶 能直接插电的那种电热壶 把那二百亿公吨的水倒进去 你要花多少电力才能让这些水蒸发掉呢? 有概念吗?一个很大的水壶 超大的水壶,对吧? 五万座伊泰普水电站 那仍是世界上最大的水力发电站 巴西十分引以为豪 因为它提供的电力 超过巴西总用电量的30% 亚马逊就在这里免费做这个事情 这是个充满生机又极其强大的发电站 提供着环境服务
Related to this subject, we are going to talk about what I call the paradox of chance, which is curious. If you look at the world map -- it's easy to see this -- you'll see that there are forests in the equatorial zone, and deserts are organized at 30 degrees north latitude, 30 degrees south latitude, aligned. Look over there, in the southern hemisphere, the Atacama; Namibia and Kalahari in Africa; the Australian desert. In the northern hemisphere, the Sahara, Sonoran, etc. There is an exception, and it's curious: It's the quadrangle that ranges from Cuiabá to Buenos Aires, and from São Paulo to the Andes. This quadrangle was supposed to be a desert. It's on the line of deserts. Why isn't it? That's why I call it the paradox of chance. What do we have in South America that is different?
与这个主题有关 我们要谈谈我称之为“机会的悖论” 这很奇特 如果你看到这幅世界地图 你很容易看到 在赤道带有片片森林 而沙漠则聚集在北纬30° 以及南纬三十°,排成了一条线 看这儿,在南半球,阿塔卡马沙漠 非洲的纳米比亚和克拉哈利, 澳洲的沙漠 在北半球,撒哈拉、 索诺兰沙漠,等等 只有一个例外, 这很奇特 这是个四边形, 从库亚巴到布宜诺斯艾利斯 从圣保罗到安第斯 这个四边形本应是一座沙漠 它就位于沙漠带上 但为什么事实并非如此? 这就是为何我称之为“机会的悖论” 我们在南美有什么不一样的东西呢?
If we could use the analogy of the blood circulating in our bodies, like the water circulating in the landscape, we see that rivers are veins, they drain the landscape, they drain the tissue of nature. Where are the arteries? Any guess? What takes -- How does water get to irrigate the tissues of nature and bring everything back through rivers? There is a new type of river, which originates in the blue sea, which flows through the green ocean -- it not only flows, but it is also pumped by the green ocean -- and then it falls on our land. All our economy, that quadrangle, 70 percent of South America's GDP comes from that area. It depends on this river. This river flows invisibly above us. We are floating here on this floating hotel, on one of the largest rivers on Earth, the Negro River. It's a bit dry and rough, but we are floating here, and there is this invisible river running above us.
如果我们能拿 我们体内的血液循环 就像是水在大地的循环 我们就能视河流为静脉 它们耗尽大地, 耗尽自然的组织 那么动脉又在哪里? 猜到了吗? 什么能够-- 水如何能灌溉大自然的组织 然后把所有东西经河流带回去? 有一种新型河流 发源于蓝色大海 流过绿色的林海 不只是流过而已, 绿色的林海还要抽取它 然后掉落在我们的土地上 我们所有的经济,那片四边形 70%南美的国内生产毛额 都从那面四边形地区而来 它依赖着这条河 这条河也在我们头顶无形地流过 我们就漂在一条河上方, 这旅馆也漂流在上方 漂在全世界最大河流之一, 尼罗河上方 现在是有点干, 但我们是在其上方漂浮着 而且还有这条看不见的河流 在我们上方流过
This river has a pulse. Here it is, pulsing. That's why we also talk about the heart. You can see the different seasons there. There's the rainy season. In the Amazon, we used to have two seasons, the humid season and the even more humid season. Now we have a dry season. You can see the river covering that region which, otherwise, would be a desert. And it is not.
这条河流有脉搏 就在这儿,跳动着 这就是为什么我们也要谈谈心脏 你们可以看见那些有季节变迁 这里有雨季,在亚马逊 我们习惯于两种季节 湿季和更潮湿的湿季 现在我们居然有干季了 你可以看见流经那片区域的河流 那片地区本应是沙漠, 但却并没有成为沙漠
We, scientists -- You see that I'm struggling here to move my head from one side to the other. Scientists study how it works, why, etc. and these studies are generating a series of discoveries, which are absolutely fabulous, to raise our awareness of the wealth, the complexity, and the wonder that we have, the symphony we have in this process. One of them is: How is rain formed? Above the Amazon, there is clean air, as there is clean air above the ocean. The blue sea has clean air above it and forms pretty few clouds; there's almost no rain there. The green ocean has the same clean air, but forms a lot of rain. What is happening here that is different?
我们科学家... 你看,我在这儿挣扎着 要把头从这边转向那边 (注,罗兵逊爵士的演讲) 科学家研究这如何运作, 为何发生等等 而这些研究会产生一系列 美妙非凡的发现 提高我们对财富、复杂性、 以及我们所有用奇迹的意识 我们在这过程中所拥有的和谐上 其中之一的研究是: “雨是如何形成的?” 在亚马逊之上是干净的空气 就像海洋上有干净的空气一样 蔚蓝的海洋上方有着干净的空气 很少有云形成 那里几乎没有雨 绿色的林海一样有着干净的空气, 但会形成很多雨 是什么导致了不一样的结果?
The forest emits smells, and these smells are condensation nuclei, which form drops in the atmosphere. Then, clouds are formed and there is torrential rain. The sprinkler of the Garden of Eden. This relation between a living thing, which is the forest, and a nonliving thing, which is the atmosphere, is ingenious in the Amazon, because the forest provides water and seeds, and the atmosphere forms the rain and gives water back, guaranteeing the forest's survival.
森林排放气味 这些气味是云凝结核 在大气中形成雨滴 云因此形成, 产生暴雨 伊甸园的湿气机 生物,即森林 与无生物,即大气, 两者之间的关系 在亚马逊是无比奇妙的 因为森林提供水和种子 而大气形成雨, 再把水输送回来 保障了森林的存活
There are other factors as well. We've talked a little about the heart, and let's now talk about another function: the liver! When humid air, high humidity and radiation are combined with these organic compounds, which I call exogenous vitamin C, generous vitamin C in the form of gas, the plants release antioxidants which react with pollutants. You can rest assured that you are breathing the purest air on Earth, here in the Amazon, because the plants take care of this characteristic as well. This benefits the very way plants work, which is another ingenious cycle.
还有其他的因素 我们谈了谈心脏 现在我们谈谈另一个器官:肝脏 当湿空气、高湿度和辐射 与这些有机化合物结合到一起 我称之为外生的维他命C, 大量的维他命C以气体形式存在 植物就释放抗氧化剂 和污染物相互作用 你大可放心 你在亚马逊这儿吸入的 是世界上最纯净的空气 因为植物也照顾了这一特性 这对植物本身的工作也非常有益 而这又是另一个巧妙的循环
Speaking of fractals, and their relation with the way we work, we can establish other comparisons. As in the upper airways of our lungs, the air in the Amazon gets cleaned up from the excess of dust. The dust in the air that we breathe is cleaned by our airways. This keeps the excess of dust from affecting the rainfall. When there are fires in the Amazon, the smoke stops the rain, it stops raining, the forest dries up and catches fire. There is another fractal analogy. Like in the veins and arteries, the rain water is a feedback. It returns to the atmosphere. Like endocrinal glands and hormones, there are those gases which I told you about before, that are formed and released into the atmosphere, like hormones, which help in the formation of rain. Like the liver and the kidneys, as I've said, cleaning the air. And, finally, like the heart: pumping water from outside, from the sea, into the forest. We call it the biotic moisture pump, a new theory that is explained in a very simple way.
说道分形学 以及它们与身体运作方式的关联 我们还能做出其他的比较 就像我们肺的上呼吸道 亚马逊也要清除空气中过量的粉尘 我们的气道会清除吸入的空气粉尘 如此一来,过量的粉尘才不会影响降雨 亚马逊发生火灾时 烟雾灰阻挡降雨, 就无法成雨了 森林会干枯,起火 还有一个分形类比 雨水就像静脉和动脉一样 也是一种反馈 它回到大气 就像内分泌腺与荷尔蒙 我刚刚提到过,有一些气体 会在大气中形成、释放, 就像荷尔蒙一样 它们会帮助成雨 又好比肝与肾,像我之前说的, 会净化空气 而最后,就像心脏, 从外面,也就是海洋,泵水 注入森林 我们称它为生物性水气泵 是一种新的理论, 可以用非常简单的方法解释
If there is a desert in the continent with a nearby sea, evaporation's greater on the sea, and it sucks the air above the desert. The desert is trapped in this condition. It will always be dry. If you have the opposite situation, a forest, the evaporation, as we showed, is much greater, because of the trees, and this relation is reversed. The air above the sea is sucked into the continent and humidity is imported. This satellite image was taken one month ago — that's Manaus down there, we're down there — and it shows this process. It's not a common little river that flows into a canal. It's a mighty river that irrigates South America, among other things. This image shows those paths, all the hurricanes that have been recorded. You can see that, in the red square, there hardly are any hurricanes. That is no accident. This pump that sucks the moisture into the continent also speeds up the air above the sea, and this prevents hurricane formations.
如果大陆上有一片沙漠 那附近有一片海洋 海面上的蒸发作用会比较大 并且会从沙漠上方的空气吸水 困在这种情况下的沙漠 永远都很干燥 假设情况相反, 森林的蒸发作用来得更大 正如我们之前展示的, 因为这些树木的关系 那么这种关系就会反过来 海洋上方的空气会被吸入大陆 湿气从外部输入 这张卫星图是一个月前拍摄的 下面那个是玛瑙斯市, 我们就在下方那儿 这张照片显示了这个过程 这可不是一条流入渠道的普通小河流 这是条大河,灌溉着整个南美洲 当然还有别的(原因) 这张照片显示了所有 已被记录的飓风路径 你可以看到在这个红框内, 几乎没有飓风 这可不是什么巧合 这个泵吸水气进入大陆 同时加快了海洋上方的空气流动 这会阻挡飓风的形成
To close this part and sum up, I'd like to talk about something a little different. I have several colleagues who worked in the development of these theories. They think, and so do I, that we can save planet Earth. I'm not talking only about the Amazon. The Amazon teaches us a lesson on how pristine nature works. We didn't understand these processes before because the rest of the world is messed up. We could understand it here, though. These colleagues propose that, yes, we can save other areas, including deserts. If we could establish forests in those other areas, we can reverse climate change, including global warming.
要结束并总结这一部分 我想讲一点不太一样的东西 我有几个同事 从事这些理论的发展和研究 他们认为,我也这么认为 我们能够拯救地球 我不只是在说亚马逊 亚马逊给我们上了堂课 那就是,原始大自然是如何运作的 我们之前并不了解这些过程 因为世界上其他地方乱七八糟的 我们本来是能在这儿搞明白的 这些同事建议,没错 我们可以拯救其他地区 包括沙漠 假如我们可以在其他地区造林 我们就能扭转气候变迁 包括全球变暖
I have a dear colleague in India, whose name is Suprabha Seshan, and she has a motto. Her motto is, "Gardening back the biosphere," "Reajardinando a biosfera" in Portuguese. She does a wonderful job rebuilding ecosystems. We need to do this. Having closed this quick introduction, we see the reality that we have out here, which is drought, this climate change, things that we already knew.
我在印度有个关系很好的同事 她的名字是希珊,她有句格言 格言说道: “Gardening back the biosphere.” 葡萄牙语里的意思就是 “在生物圈内重新造园。” 她在重建生态系统方面表现突出 我们需要做这个 要结束这段简单的介绍 我们看到了在那里的现实 就是干旱,这一气候变迁 是我们早就知道的事
I'd like to tell you a short story. Once, about four years ago, I attended a declamation, of a text by Davi Kopenawa, a wise representative of the Yanomami people, and it went more or less like this: "Doesn't the white man know that, if he destroys the forest, there will be no more rain? And that, if there's no more rain, there'll be nothing to drink, or to eat?" I heard that, and my eyes welled up and I went, "Oh, my! I've been studying this for 20 years, with a super computer, dozens, thousands of scientists, and we are starting to get to this conclusion, which he already knows!" A critical point is the Yanomami have never deforested. How could they know the rain would end? This bugged me and I was befuddled. How could he know that?
我想跟你说一个小故事 有一次,在大约四年前 我参加了大卫·柯本那瓦起草的宣言 他是位有智慧的亚诺玛米代表 宣言的内容大致是: “难道白人不知道 如果他毁掉了森林,就不再会有降雨? 如果不再有降雨, 就没有东西可供吃喝?” 我听了以后,眼里噙着泪水 我说,“哦!天哪! 我花了20年时间研究这个, 用超级电脑, 成千上万的科学家都在研究 然后我们才开始得出这样的结论, 可他早就知道了!” 重点是亚诺玛米族人从不毁林 他们怎么知道毁林后就不再有雨? 这个问题困扰着我,我大惑不解 他是怎么知道的?
Some months later, I met him at another event and said, "Davi, how did you know that if the forest was destroyed, there'd be no more rain?" He replied: "The spirit of the forest told us." For me, this was a game changer, a radical change. I said, "Gosh! Why am I doing all this science to get to a conclusion that he already knows?" Then, something absolutely critical hit me, which is, seeing is believing. Out of sight, out of mind. This is a need the previous speaker pointed out: We need to see things -- I mean, we, Western society, which is becoming global, civilized -- we need to see. If we don't see, we don't register the information. We live in ignorance.
几个月前,我在另一场活动上 遇到他,我问: “大卫,你怎么知道森林一旦毁了, 就不再有雨?” 他答到:“森林的精灵告诉我们的。” 对我而言,这改变了我的想法 彻彻底底的改变了 我说:“天哪! 为什么我搞了半天的科学研究 只得到他早就知道的事情?” 然后我突然想到一件很关键的事 那就是 眼见为信 眼不见为净 上一位演讲者指出了这件事的必要性 我们必须亲眼见到... 我是说,我们西方社会 越来越全球化、文明程度更高 我们非得亲眼见到 如果我们没有亲眼见到, 就不会注意这些资讯 我们生活在无知之中
So, I propose the following -- of course, the astronomer wouldn't like the idea -- but let's turn the Hubble telescope upside down. And let's make it look down here, rather than to the far reaches of the universe. The universe is wonderful, but we have a practical reality, which is we live in an unknown cosmos, and we're ignorant about it. We're trampling on this wonderful cosmos that shelters us and houses us. Talk to any astrophysicist. The Earth is a statistical improbability. The stability and comfort that we enjoy, despite the droughts of the Negro River, and all the heat and cold and typhoons, etc., there is nothing like it in the universe, that we know of.
所以,我要提出以下-- 当然,天文学家不会喜欢这个想法-- 但让我们把哈勃望远镜倒过来 倒过来往下看看这儿 不是望向远处的宇宙 宇宙是很奇妙的 但我们还有现实要面对 就是我们住在未知的小宇宙里 去对此置之不理 我们蹂躏着这片奇妙的小宇宙 庇护着我们,让我们安居的小宇宙 去问问任何一位天文物理学家 地球的存在在统计学上是不可能的 我们所享受的安定与舒适, 尽管有尼罗河的干旱 还有那些冷热飓风 但地球是我们所知的宇宙里 绝无仅有的一个星球
Then, let's turn Hubble in our direction, and let's look at the Earth. Let's start with the Amazon! Let's dive, let's reach out the reality we live in every day, and look carefully at it, since that's what we need. Davi Kopenawa doesn't need this. He has something already that I think I missed. I was educated by television. I think that I missed this, an ancestral record, a valuation of what I don't know, what I haven't seen. He is not a doubting Thomas. He believes, with veneration and reverence, in what his ancestors and the spirits taught him. We can't do it, so let's look into the forest. Even with Hubble up there -- this is a bird's-eye view, right? Even when this happens, we also see something that we don't know. The Spanish called it the green inferno. If you go out there into the bushes and get lost, and, let's say, if you head west, it's 900 kilometers to Colombia, and another 1,000 to somewhere else. So, you can figure out why they called it the green inferno.
所以,让我们把哈勃转向自己 让我们看看地球 让我们从亚马逊开始看 让我们潜心钻研 让我们面对每天生活的现实 仔细看,因为那才是我们所需要的 大卫·柯本那瓦不需要这些 他早就有了我未曾想到的东西 我的知识来自于电视 我想我从没想过这个 先人代代相传的记录 是我不知道,从未见过的评估 他不是圣经中多疑的托马斯 他以崇敬和敬畏之心,单纯地相信 他的祖先和精灵教给他的事 我们做不到这一点, 所以让我们深入地看森林 即使有哈勃在上面看 这只是个鸟瞰图,对吧? 即使只是个鸟瞰图 我们仍能看到我们不知道的事 西班牙人称它为绿色地狱 如果你去哪里深入森林迷路了 然后,随便一说,如果你向西走 你要走900公里才能到达哥伦比亚 还要再走1000公里才能到别的地方 所以你知道为什么 西班牙人称亚马逊为绿色地狱了吧
But go and look at what is in there. It is a live carpet. Each color you see is a tree species. Each tree, each tree top, has up to 10,000 species of insects in it, let alone the millions of species of fungi, bacteria, etc. All invisible. All of it is an even stranger cosmos to us than the galaxies billions of light years away from the Earth, which Hubble brings to our newspapers everyday.
但是去看看那里面究竟有什么 那是一张活地毯 你看到的每一种颜色 都代表一个树种 每棵树,每支树梢 都有多达一万种昆虫在里面 更别说数都数不清的真菌、细菌等等 那都是看不见的 这些对我们而言是更奇怪的宇宙 比离地球是百万年元的银河更奇怪 而哈勃每天在报纸上带来新消息
I'm going to end my talk here -- I have a few seconds left -- by showing you this wonderful being. When we see the morpho butterfly in the forest, we feel like someone's left open the door to heaven, and this creature escaped from there, because it's so beautiful. However, I cannot finish without showing you a tech side. We are tech-arrogant. We deprive nature of its technology. A robotic hand is technological, mine is biological, and we don't think about it anymore.
我就此打住 因为我只剩几秒钟 要给你们看看这奇妙的生物 当我们在森林里看到闪蝶 我们就觉得好像 有人打开了通往天堂的大门 这个生物是从天堂逃出来的 因为它太美了 但我实在无法就这样 没让你们看到它的科技面 就结束演讲 我们以科技挂帅 我们剥夺了大自然的科技 机械手是科技 我的手则是生物体 所以就不值得再去深入研究了
Let's then look at the morpho butterfly, an example of an invisible technological competence of life, which is at the very heart of our possibility of surviving on this planet, and let's zoom in on it. Again, Hubble is there. Let's get into the butterfly's wings. Scholars have tried to explain: Why is it blue? Let's zoom in on it. What you see is that the architecture of the invisible humiliates the best architects in the world. All of this on a tiny scale. Besides its beauty and functioning, there is another side to it. In nature, all that is organized in extraordinary structures has a function. This function of the morpho butterfly — it is not blue; it does not have blue pigments. It has photonic crystals on its surface, according to people who studied it, which are extremely sophisticated crystals. Our technology had nothing like that at the time. Hitachi has now made a monitor that uses this technology, and it is used in optical fibers to transmit -- Janine Benyus, who's been here several times, talks about it: biomimetics. My time's up.
让我们再来看看闪蝶吧 极微小的生物 却是个充满科技潜能的例子 是让我们能在这星球上 继续生存的最佳机会 让我们拉近焦距放大来看, 再来看,哈勃在这儿 让我们看看蝴蝶的翅膀 学者试图解释, 它为什么是蓝色的? 放大来看 你看见的是肉眼看不见的结构 会让世界上最牛的建筑师都蒙羞 这一切都在极小的比例内 除了美丽和功效,它还有另一面 在自然界 所有组织在非凡结构体中的东西 都有其功能性 闪蝶的功能...它本身不是蓝色 它没有蓝色素 据研究者说,它表面有光子晶体 那是非常复杂的晶体 我们目前的科技仍望尘莫及 目前日立用这项科技 发明了一种显示器 并用在光纤上以传输-- 珍妮‧班纳斯来谈过很多次: 这就是仿生学 我的时间用完了
Then, I'll wrap it up with what is at the base of this capacity, of this competence of biodiversity, producing all these wonderful services: the living cell. It is a structure with a few microns, which is an internal wonder. There are TED Talks about it. I won't talk much longer, but each person in this room, including myself, has 100 trillion of these micromachines in their body, so that we can enjoy well-being. Imagine what is out there in the Amazon forest: 100 trillion. This is greater than the number of stars in the sky. And we are not aware of it.
那么我来总结一下 生物多样性机能、能力的基础是什么 竟得以产生这些奇妙的贡献? 是生物细胞 这个结构只有几微米大, 真是体内的奇迹了 已经有几个TED演讲讨论过它, 我就不再赘述 但在座的每一位,包括我 都有一百兆个微小的机器在体内 我们因此才能安享人生 想象一下在亚马逊森林都有什么: 一百兆,比天上的繁星还多 而我们居然对此一无所知
Thank you so much. (Applause)
非常感谢(掌声)