My subject today is learning. And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz. Ready? When does learning begin? Now as you ponder that question, maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten, the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher. Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how to walk and talk and use a fork. Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement, which asserts that the most important years for learning are the earliest ones. And so your answer to my question would be: Learning begins at birth.
Tema ime per sot eshte te mesuarit. Dhe ne kete fryme, une dua te drejtoj nje pop kuiz. Gati? Kur fillon te mesuarit? Tani perderisa e mendoni ate pyetje, ndoshta ju jeni duke menduar per diten e pare te para-shkollores ose te kopshtit, hera e pare qe femijet jane ne klase me nje mesues. Apo ndoshta ju keni deshire te kujtoni fazen e femijerise kur femijet jane duke mesuar si te ecin dhe flasin dhe te perdorin pirunin. Ndoshta ju e keni hasur levizjen Zero- ne Tre, i cila pohon se vitet me te rendesishme te te mesuarit jane ato me te hershmet Dhe keshtu, pergjigja juaj per pyetjen time do te ishte: Te mesuarit fillon ne lindje.
Well today I want to present to you an idea that may be surprising and may even seem implausible, but which is supported by the latest evidence from psychology and biology. And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb. Now I'm a science reporter. I write books and magazine articles. And I'm also a mother. And those two roles came together for me in a book that I wrote called "Origins." "Origins" is a report from the front lines of an exciting new field called fetal origins. Fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged just about two decades ago, and it's based on the theory that our health and well-being throughout our lives is crucially affected by the nine months we spend in the womb. Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me. I was myself pregnant while I was doing the research for the book. And one of the most fascinating insights I took from this work is that we're all learning about the world even before we enter it.
Mire sot une dua t'ju prezantoj nje ide qe mund t'ju duket befasuese dhe mund t'ju duket e papranushme, por e cila eshte mbeshtetur nga evidencat e fundit nga psikologjia dhe biologjia. Dhe kjo do te thote se disa nga mesimet me te rendesishme ndodhin para se ne te lindim, ndersa jemi akoma ne bark te nenes. Tani une jam nje reporter sheknce. Une shkruaj libra dhe artikuj ne revista. Dhe gjithashtu jam nene. Dhe keto dy role erdhen sebashku per mua ne nje liber qe kam shkruar i quajtur "Origines." "Origines" eshte nje reportazh nga fronti i nje fushe te re ngazellyese kerkimesh e quajtur origjina embrionit Origjina e embrionit eshte disipline shkencore e cila u shfaq dy dekada me pare, dhe eshte e bazuar ne teorine se shendeti yne dhe mireqenia pergjate jetes tone influencohen shume nga nente muajt qe kalojme ne barkun e nenes. Kjo teori kishte me shume se interes intelektual per mua. Une vete isha shtatetzene ndersa isha duke bere hulumtimet per kete liber. Dhe nje nder njohurite më interesante qe me ka dhene kjo pune eshte se ne mesojme gjithe gjerat rreth botes akoma para se te futemi ne te.
When we hold our babies for the first time, we might imagine that they're clean slates, unmarked by life, when in fact, they've already been shaped by us and by the particular world we live in. Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learn while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
Kur i mbajme bebet ne krahe per te paren here, ne mund te imagjinojme se ata jane pllaka te pasterta, te pa njollosura nga jeta, kur ne fakt, ata tanime jane formuar nga ne dhe nga bota e vecante qe ne jetojme. Sot dua te ndaj me juve disa gjera te mahnitshme qe jane duke zbuluar shkenctareret ne lidhje me ate se cka meson embrioni perderisa ata akoma jane ne barkun e nenes
First of all, they learn the sound of their mothers' voices. Because sounds from the outside world have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voices fetuses hear, starting around the fourth month of gestation, are muted and muffled. One researcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher in the old "Peanuts" cartoon. But the pregnant woman's own voice reverberates through her body, reaching the fetus much more readily. And because the fetus is with her all the time, it hears her voice a lot. Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice and it prefers listening to her voice over anyone else's.
Se pari, ata mesojne tingullin e zerit te nenes se tyre Sepse tingujt nga bota e jashtme duhet te udhetojne neper indet abdominale te nenes dhe permes lengut amniotik qe rrethon fetusin, zerat qe fetusi degjon, fillojne rreth muajit te katert te shtatezanise, jane te shurdhur. Nje hulumtues thote se ata ndoshta duken sikur zeri i mesuesit te Charlie Brown ne filmin vizatimor "Peanuts" Por zeri i gruas shtatezene jehon neper trupin e saj, duke e arritur fetusin shume me lehte. Dhe sepse fetusi eshte me te gjate gjithe kohes, e degjon zerin e saj shume. Njeheresh kur lind femiju, i'a njeh zerin e saj dhe preferon te degjoj zerin e saj me shume se cdo kujt tjeter.
How can we know this? Newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they're really good at is sucking. Researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging up two rubber nipples, so that if a baby sucks on one, it hears a recording of its mother's voice on a pair of headphones, and if it sucks on the other nipple, it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice. Babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one. Scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them and resume their fast sucking when they get bored. This is how researchers discovered that, after women repeatedly read aloud a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant, their newborn babies recognized that passage when they hear it outside the womb. My favorite experiment of this kind is the one that showed that the babies of women who watched a certain soap opera every day during pregnancy recognized the theme song of that show once they were born. So fetuses are even learning about the particular language that's spoken in the world that they'll be born into.
Si mund ta dime kete? Femijet e posa lindur nuk mund te bejne shume, por nje gje qe ata jane vertete te zote, eshte te thithin gji. Hulumtuesit perfitojne nga ky fakt duke i mashtruar me dy biberona gome, nese nje bebe e pi ne nje e degjon regjistrimin e zerit te nenes me nje kaske degjuese, dhe nese pi nga biberoni tjeter degjon zerin e nje femre te pa njohur. Femijet shpejt tregoj preferencat e tyre duke e zgjedhur te paren. Shkenctaret gjithashtu perfitojne nga fakti se femijet do te ngadalsojne pirjen e tyre kur dicka i'u intereson atyre dhe e rifillojne pirjen e tyre te shpejte kur ata merziten. Kjo eshte se si hulumtuesit zbuluan se, pasi qe gruaja lexonte me ze pa nderprerje nje paragraf nga Dr. Seuss " The Cat in the Hat" ndersa ato ishin shtatezene, femijet e posa lindur e njohen ate fragment kur e degjuan jashte barkut te nenes. Eksperimenti im i preferuar i ketij lloji eshte ai i cili tregoi se femijet e gruas qe shikon nje serial televiziv te caktuar cdo dite gjate shtatezanise ka njohur melodine e kenges te atij shou-i kur linden. Pra fetuset madje jane duke mesuar per nje gjuhe te vecante qe flitet ne boten qe ata do te lindin.
A study published last year found that from birth, from the moment of birth, babies cry in the accent of their mother's native language. French babies cry on a rising note while German babies end on a falling note, imitating the melodic contours of those languages. Now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful? It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival. From the moment of birth, the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely to care for it -- its mother. It even makes its cries sound like the mother's language, which may further endear the baby to the mother, and which may give the baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand and speak its native language.
Nje studim i publikuar vitin e shkuar zbuloi se nga lindja, nga momenti i lindjes, femijet qajne ne theks te gjuhes ametare te nenes se tyre. Bebet franceze qajne ne nje note ngritese ndersa bebet Gjermane me nje note te poshte, duke imituar vijat melodike te ketyre gjuheve. Tani pse ky lloj i te mesuarit te fetusit te jete i dobishem? Mund te kete evoluar per te ndihmuar mbijetesen e bebes. Nga momenti i lindjes, femiju u pergjigjet shumices se zerave personi qe eshte me i pelqyeshem per t'u kujdesur-- eshte nena. Kjo madje ben te qaren e saj te duket sikur gjuha e nenes, qe mund te hyje me shume ne zemer femija nenes, dhe qe mund ti jape bebes nje avantazh ne detyren kritike ne te mesuarit si te kuptoje dhe flase gjuhen ametare.
But it's not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero. It's also tastes and smells. By seven months of gestation, the fetus' taste buds are fully developed, and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell, are functioning. The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way into the amniotic fluid, which is continuously swallowed by the fetus. Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes once they're out in the world. In one experiment, a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice during their third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant women drank only water. Six months later, the women's infants were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice, and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it. The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate more carrot-flavored cereal, and from the looks of it, they seemed to enjoy it more.
Por nuk eshte vetem melodia qe fetuset jane duke mesuar ne miter. Gjithashtu shijet dhe ererat. Ne muajin e shtate te shtatezanise, shijet e fetusit jane plotesisht te zhvilluara, dhe receptoret e nuhatjes, te cilet e lejojne ate nuhatje jane funksionale. Aroma e ushqimit qe ha nje grua shtatezene gjejne rrugen e tyre te lengu amniotik, i cili vazhdimisht gelltitet nga fetusi. Femijet duket qe kujtojne dhe preferojne keto shije posa te dalin ne bote. Ne nje eksperiment, nje grup i grave shtatezena i ishte kerkuar te pinte shume leng te karrotave gjate tre mujorit te trete te shtatezanise, gjersa nje grupit tjter te grave shtatezena pine vetem uje. Gjashte muaj me vone, femijet e grave iu dhane drithera te perziera me leng karrote, dhe shprehjet e fytyres u observuan ndersa ata hanin ate. Pasardhesit e grave te cilet kane pire leng karrotash kane ngrene me shume drithera te perziera me karrota dhe nga cka pame, ata u duken qe po e shijonin me shume.
A sort of French version of this experiment was carried out in Dijon, France where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy showed a preference for anise on their first day of life, and again, when they were tested later, on their fourth day of life. Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck." What this means is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat. Fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that they'll be joining through one of culture's most powerful expressions, which is food. They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of their culture's cuisine even before birth.
Nje version i njejte Francez i ketij eksperimenti eshte bere ne Dijon, France ku hulumtuesit zbuluan se qe bebet e nenave qe konsumuan ushqim dhe lengje te aromamtizuar me shije anise gjate shtatezanise shfaqen nje preference per anise ne diten e pare te jetes, dhe prap, kur ishin provuar me vone, ne diten e katert te jetes. Femijet nenat e te cileve nuk kane ngrene anise gjate shtatezanise treguan nje reagim qe te ngjashem me "i shpifur". Cka do te thote kjo eshte se fetuset jane duke mesuar nga nenat e tyre ne menyre efektive per cka eshte e sigurt dhe e mire te hame. Fetuset gjitahshtu mesohen rreth kultures se vecante qe ata do t'i bashkangjiten pergjate njeres nder shprehjeve me te fuqishme te kultures, qe eshte ushqimi. Ata po njihen me karakteristikat e shijeve dhe erezave te kuzhines se kultures se tyre para se te lindin.
Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons. But before I get to that, I want to address something that you may be wondering about. The notion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus -- like playing Mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly. But actually, the nine-month-long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is a lot more visceral and consequential than that. Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life -- the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she's exposed to, even the emotions she feels -- are shared in some fashion with her fetus. They make up a mix of influences as individual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself. The fetus incorporates these offerings into its own body, makes them part of its flesh and blood. And often it does something more. It treats these maternal contributions as information, as what I like to call biological postcards from the world outside.
Tani duket se fetuset jane duke mesuar madje mesime me te medha. Por para se t'a beje ate, Dua te adresoj dicka qe ju ndoshta jeni duke menduar. Nocioni i te mesuarit te fetusit mund te sjell ne mendje perpjekjet tuaja per t'a pasuruar fetusin sikurse duke e luajtur Moxartin permes kufjeve te vendosura ne nje bark shtatezane Por faktikisht, procesi nente mujoresh i formimit qe ndodh ne barkun e nenes eshte shume me i thelle dhe i rendesishem sesa ajo. Me shume se cka nje grua shtatezene ballafaqohet ne jeten e saj te perditshme -- ajrin qe ajo thith, ushqimin dhe pijet qe ajo konsumon, kimikateve te cilave i'u ekspozohet, madje edhe emocioneve qe ajo ndjen-- jane te perbashekta me fetusin e saj. Ato perbejne nje perzierje te ndikimeve si individ dhe idiosentrik si grua nje vetvete. Fetusi perfshin keto oferta ne trupin e tij, i ben ato pjese e te mishit dhe gjakut te tij. Dhe shpesh bene dicka me shume. I trajton keto kontribute amesore si informacion, sic une kam deshire t'a quaj si nje kartoline biologjike nga bota e jashtme.
So what a fetus is learning about in utero is not Mozart's "Magic Flute" but answers to questions much more critical to its survival. Will it be born into a world of abundance or scarcity? Will it be safe and protected, or will it face constant dangers and threats? Will it live a long, fruitful life or a short, harried one? The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular provide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to the wind. The resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus' brain and other organs are part of what give us humans our enormous flexibility, our ability to thrive in a huge variety of environments, from the country to the city, from the tundra to the desert.
Pra, cka eshte duke mesuar fetusi ne uteron nuk eshte "Magic Flute" e Mozartit por pergjigjet per pytjet shume me shume kritike per mbijetesen e saj. A do te lind ne nje bote te begatise ose te pamjaftushmerise? A do te jete sigurt dhe e mbrojtur, ose a do te perballoj rreziqet dhe kercenimet e vazhdushme? A do te jetoj nje jete te gjate dhe te frytshme ose nje te shkurter? Dieta e gruas shtatezene dhe niveli i stresit ne vecanti sigurojne te dhena ne rendeishme per kushtet qe mbizoterojne si nje gisht i ngritur ne ere. Rezultatet e akorduara dhe harmonizuara ne trurin e fetusit dhe organeve tjera jane pjese e asaj qe na jep ne qenieve njerezore fleksibilitetin tone te madh, aftesine tone per te lulezuar ne nje shumellojshmeri te madhe te mjedisit, nga fshati ne qytet, nga tundra ne shkretire.
To conclude, I want to tell you two stories about how mothers teach their children about the world even before they're born. In the autumn of 1944, the darkest days of World War II, German troops blockaded Western Holland, turning away all shipments of food. The opening of the Nazi's siege was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades -- so cold the water in the canals froze solid. Soon food became scarce, with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day -- a quarter of what they consumed before the war. As weeks of deprivation stretched into months, some resorted to eating tulip bulbs. By the beginning of May, the nation's carefully rationed food reserve was completely exhausted. The specter of mass starvation loomed. And then on May 5th, 1945, the siege came to a sudden end when Holland was liberated by the Allies.
Per ta mbyllur, une do te ju tregoj dy histori se si nenat i mesojne femijet e tyre per boten madje para se ata te lindin. Ne vjeshten e 1944, ditet e zymta te Luftes se Dyte Boterore, trupat Gjermane bllokuan Hollanden Perendimore, duke i kthyer te gjitha dergesat e ushqimit Fillimi i rrethimit Nazist u pasua nga nje nder dimrat me te ftohte ne dekada-- aq ftohte saqe ujerat ne kanale u ngrine u bene te ngurta. Se shpejti ushqimi u be i pamjatushem, shume hollandeze mbijetonin me 500 kalori ne dite-- cereku i asaj qe konsumonin para luftes. Pasiqe javet e privimit u zgjaten ne muaj, disa arriten te hanin qepujka rrenje tulipanesh. Nga fillimi i Majit, rezerva ushqimore e racionuar me kujdes nga shteti ishte shteruar plotesisht. Spektri i urise masive u ngrit. Dhe pastaj ne 5 Maj, 1945 rrethimit i erdhi nje fund i pa pritur kur Holanda u lirua nga Aleatet
The "Hunger Winter," as it came to be known, killed some 10,000 people and weakened thousands more. But there was another population that was affected -- the 40,000 fetuses in utero during the siege. Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy were immediately apparent in higher rates of stillbirths, birth defects, low birth weights and infant mortality. But others wouldn't be discovered for many years. Decades after the "Hunger Winter," researchers documented that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege have more obesity, more diabetes and more heart disease in later life than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions. These individuals' prenatal experience of starvation seems to have changed their bodies in myriad ways. They have higher blood pressure, poorer cholesterol profiles and reduced glucose tolerance -- a precursor of diabetes.
"Dimri i Urise" sic u njoh, vrau 10.000 njerez dhe dobesoi me mijera tjere. Por ishte nje popull tjeter qe sihte prekur-- 40.000 fetuset ne utero gjate rrethimit. Disa nga efektet e kequshqyerjes gjate shtatezanise u paraqiten menjehere ne shkalle te larte tek te posalindurit, defekte ne lindje, lindje me peshe te ulte dhe vdekshmeria e femijeve. Por te tjeret nuk do te zbuloheshin per vite te tera. Dekada pas " Dimrit te urise", hulumtuesit dokumentuan se njerezit nenat e te cileve ishin shtatezena pergjate rrethimit kane me shume obesitet, me shume diabet dhe me shume semundje ne zemer ne jeten e me vonshme sesa individet te cilet ishin zhvilluar nen kushte normale. Eksperincat e indvideve para lindjes te urise duket se u'a kane ndryshuar trupat ne menyra te shumta. Ato kane tension te larte te gjakut, profile te varfera te kolesterolit dhe tolerance glukoze te reduktuar-- nje shenje paralajmeruese te diabeteve.
Why would undernutrition in the womb result in disease later? One explanation is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation. When food is scarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, and away from other organs like the heart and liver. This keeps the fetus alive in the short-term, but the bill comes due later on in life when those other organs, deprived early on, become more susceptible to disease.
Pse kequshqyerja ne bark do te rezultonte ne nje semundje me vone? Nje shpjegim eshte sepse fetuset jane duke bere me te miren e nje situate te keqe. Kur eshte ushqimi i paket ata shmangin lendet ushqyese ne drejtim te organit vertete kirtik, trurit, dhe larg organeve tjera sikurse zemra dhe mushkerit Kjo e mban te gjalle fetusin ne nje periudhe te shkurter, por fatura vjen me vone ne jete kur keto organe tjera, privohen me heret, behen me te prekshem ndaj semundjeve.
But that may not be all that's going on. It seems that fetuses are taking cues from the intrauterine environment and tailoring their physiology accordingly. They're preparing themselves for the kind of world they will encounter on the other side of the womb. The fetus adjusts its metabolism and other physiological processes in anticipation of the environment that awaits it. And the basis of the fetus' prediction is what its mother eats. The meals a pregnant woman consumes constitute a kind of story, a fairy tale of abundance or a grim chronicle of deprivation. This story imparts information that the fetus uses to organize its body and its systems -- an adaptation to prevailing circumstances that facilitates its future survival. Faced with severely limited resources, a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements will, in fact, have a better chance of living to adulthood.
Por kjo nuk eshte e vetmja qe po ndodh. Duket sikur fetuset jane duke marr sygjerime nga mjedisi intraueterine dhe duke u'a analizuar psikologjine e tyre ne perputhje me rrethanat. Ata jane duke i pergatitur veten e tyre per llojin e botes qe ata do te takohen ne pjesen tjter te barkut. Fetusi e rregulon metabolzmin e vet ne procese tjere psikologjike ne pritje te mjedisit qe i pret ata. Dhe ne baze te parashikimit te fetusit eshte se cka han nena e tyre. Ushqimet qe konsumon nje grua shtatezene perbejne nje lloj historie, nje perralle e begatise apo nje kronike e zymte e privimit. Historia jep informacione se fetusi perdor per te organizuar trupin dhe sistemet e tij-- nje pershtatje te rrethanve mbizoteruese qe lehteson mbijetesen e se ardhmes Te ballafaquar me burime shume te kufizuara, nje femije me madhesi me te vogel me reduktimin e kerkesave te energjise ne fakt do te kene nje shans per te jetuar ne moshen madhore.
The real trouble comes when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators, when fetuses are led to expect a world of scarcity and are born instead into a world of plenty. This is what happened to the children of the Dutch "Hunger Winter." And their higher rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease are the result. Bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories of the post-war Western diet. The world they had learned about while in utero was not the same as the world into which they were born.
Problemi i vertete vjen kur grate shtatezena ne nje fare menyre nuk jane treguese te mira kur fetuset jane te prirura qe te presin nje bote te mungeses dhe ne vend te saj lindin ne nje bote te shumices. Kjo eshte cka u ka ndodhur femijeve hollandez te " Dimrit te urise". Dhe shkalla me larte e trashjes, diabetit dhe semundjeve te zemres jane rezultati. Trupat qe ishin ndertuar per te rezervuar cdo kalori e gjeten veten e tyre duke lundruar ne kalori te teperta ne dieten perendimore te pas luftes. Bota qe u ishte mesuar ndersa ne utero nuk ishte e njejta me boten ne te cilen ata kishin lindur.
Here's another story. At 8:46 a.m. on September 11th, 2001, there were tens of thousands of people in the vicinity of the World Trade Center in New York -- commuters spilling off trains, waitresses setting tables for the morning rush, brokers already working the phones on Wall Street. 1,700 of these people were pregnant women. When the planes struck and the towers collapsed, many of these women experienced the same horrors inflicted on other survivors of the disaster -- the overwhelming chaos and confusion, the rolling clouds of potentially toxic dust and debris, the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
Ja edhe nje histori tjeter. Ne ora 8: 46 me 11 Shtator, 2001, kishte dhjetra mijera njerez ne afersi te Qendres se Tregetise Boterore ne New York-- banoret e periferise duke vrapuar tek trenat, kamariere duke rregulluar tavolinat per mengjesin e nxituar agjentet me telefona ne Wall Street. 1,700 e ketyre njerezve ishin gra shtatezena. Kur aeroplani goditi dhe kullat u shemben, shume prej ketyre grave provuan horroret e njejta me te mbijetuarit e tjere te fatkeqesise-- kaos derrmues dhe konfuzion, rete rokullisese te pluhurit te mundshem helmues dhe copave, rrahja e zemres per jeten e tyre.
About a year after 9/11, researchers examined a group of women who were pregnant when they were exposed to the World Trade Center attack. In the babies of those women who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or PTSD, following their ordeal, researchers discovered a biological marker of susceptibility to PTSD -- an effect that was most pronounced in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe in their third trimester. In other words, the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome had passed on a vulnerability to the condition to their children while they were still in utero.
Rreth nje viti pas 9/11, hulumtuesit ekzaminuan nje grup grash qe ishin shtatezene kur ato ishin ekspozuar sulmit te Qendres se Tregtise Boterore. Ne foshnjet e ketyre grave te cilat zhvilluan sindromin e stresit pas-traumatik, ose PTSD, pas vujatjeve te tyre, hulumtuesit zbuluan nje shenje biologjike te ndjeshmerise tek PTSD-- nje efekt qe me se shumti ishte shfaqur tek foshnjet nenat e te cileve provuan katastrofen ne tremujorin e trete. Me fjale te tjera, nenat me sindromin e stresit pas-traumatik kaluan ne nje dobesi ne keto kushte tek femjet e tyre ndersa ata ishin akoma ne utero.
Now consider this: post-traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong, causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering. But there's another way of thinking about PTSD. What looks like pathology to us may actually be a useful adaptation in some circumstances. In a particularly dangerous environment, the characteristic manifestations of PTSD -- a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings, a quick-trigger response to danger -- could save someone's life. The notion that the prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive is still speculative, but I find it rather poignant. It would mean that, even before birth, mothers are warning their children that it's a wild world out there, telling them, "Be careful."
Tani konsideroni kete: sindromin e stresit post-traumatik duket te jete nje reaksion i stresit qe eshte perkeqsuar duke i'u shkaktuar viktimave vuajtje te pa nevojshme. Por eshte nje menyre tjeter e te menduarit per PTSD. Cka duket si patologji per ne faktikisht mund te jete nje adaptim i dobishem ne disa rrethana. Ne nje mjedis vecanerisht te rrezikshem, manifestimet karakteristike te PTSD-- nje mbi-vetdije e mjedisit te dikujt, nje reagim i shpejte ndaj rrezikut-- mund te shpetoje jeten e dikujt. Nocioni se transmetimit paralindjes i rrezikut PTSD eshte i adaptushem akoma eshte spekulativ, por une e gjej si teper prekes. Kjo do te thote se, edhe para lindjes, nenat jane duke i paralajmeruar femijet e tyre se eshte nje bote e eger aty, duke i'u thene, "Keni Kujdes."
Let me be clear. Fetal origins research is not about blaming women for what happens during pregnancy. It's about discovering how best to promote the health and well-being of the next generation. That important effort must include a focus on what fetuses learn during the nine months they spend in the womb. Learning is one of life's most essential activities, and it begins much earlier than we ever imagined.
Me lejoni te jem me qarte. Hulumtimi i origjines se fetusit nuk eshte per te fajesuar grate se cka ndodh gjate shtatezanise. Eshte rreth te zbuluarit se si te promovohet me se miri shendeti dhe mireqenia e gjenerates se ardhshme. Ajo perpjekje e rendesishme duhet te perfshije nje fokus ne ate se cka mesojne fetuset gjate nente muajve qe ata kalojne ne bark. Mesimi eshte njeri prej aktiviteteve me thelbesore te jetes, dhe fillon shume me heret sesa ne e kemi imagjinuar.
Thank you.
Faleminderit.
(Applause)
(Duartrokitje)