I want you to touch your face. Go on. What do you feel? Soft? Squishy? It's you, right? You're feeling you? Well, it's not quite true. You're actually feeling thousands of microscopic creatures that live on our face and fingers. You're feeling some of the fungi that drifted down from the air ducts today. They set off our allergies and smell of mildew. You're feeling some of the 100 billion bacterial cells that live on our skin. They've been munching away at your skin oils and replicating, producing the smells of body odor. You're likely even touching the fecal bacteria that sprayed onto you the last time you flushed a toilet, or those bacteria that live in our water pipes and sprayed onto you with your last shower. Sorry.
Yuzingizga qo'lingizni tekkizing. Qani sinab ko'ringchi. Nimani his qilyapsiz? Yumshoqmi? Mayinmi? Siz o'zingizni his qilyapsiz, shunday emasmi? Aslida esa unday emas. Siz barmoqlarizda va yuzlaringizda yashaydigan minglab mikroskopik mavjudodlarni his qilyapsiz. Siz bugun havo orqali kelgan mayda zamburug' moddalarni his qilyapsiz. Ular bizning allergiyamizni qo'zg'aydi va chrindi hidiga ega. Siz bizning terimizda yashaydigan 100 milliardlab bakteriya hujayralarini his qilyapsiz. Ular terimizdagi yo'g'lardan oziqlanib yog' o'rnini qoplamoqda va tana hidini ishlab chiqarmoqda. Ehtimol, siz kecha hojatxonaga kirgan paytingizdagi fekaliya bakteriyasini ushlamoqdasiz, yoki kecha sizga sepilgan suv quvurlarida yashaydigan bakteriyalarni his qilyapsiz. Uzr.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
You're probably even giving a microscopic high five to the two species of mites that live on our faces, on all of our faces. They've spent the night squirming across your face and having sex on the bridge of your nose.
Balkim siz yuzimizda yashaydigan ikki xil parazitlarga mikroskopik salom berayotgandirsiz. Ular kechasi bilan yuzimiz bo'ylab aylanib chiqadi va burnimiz uchida yotadi.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
Many of them are now leaking their gut contents onto your pores.
Ularni ko'plari hozir o'zlarini ichlarini sizning teshiklaringiz bo'shatyapdi.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
Now look at your finger. How's it feel? Gross? In desperate need of soap or bleach? That's how you feel now, but it's not going to be how you feel in the future.
Endi barmoqlarizga qarang. Qanday his qilyapsiz? Rasvo? Yuvib tashlash uchun sovun kerakmi? Siz hozir shunday his qilyapsiz lekin kelajakda siz bunday his qilmaysiz.
For the last 100 years, we've had an adversarial relationship with the microscopic life nearest us. If I told you there was a bug in your house or bacteria in your sink, there was a human-devised solution for that, a product to eradicate, exterminate, disinfect. We strive to remove most of the microscopic life in our world now. But in doing so, we're ignoring the best source of new technology on this planet. The last 100 years have featured human solutions to microbial problems, but the next 100 years will feature microbial solutions to human problems.
Ohirgi 100 yil davomida bizga yaqin turgan mikroskopik olam bilan hammamiz raqobatdosh munosabatda bo'ldik. Agar uyingizda parazit yoki rakovinangizda bakteriyalar bor desam, bunga inson yaratgan yechim bor, ya'ni bunday mavjudodlarni yo'q qiladigan vosita. Hozirgi kunda biz ko'plab mikroskopik mavjudodlarni yo'q qilishga kurashamiz. Ammo bu bilan biz yer yuzidagi eng zo'r texnologiya manbaini inkor qilmoqdamiz. Ohirgi 100 yil davomida, insoniyat bakteriya muammolar yechimini kuzatdi, lekin kelasi bir asrda bakteriyalarning insoniyat muammosi yechimi kuzatiladi.
I'm a scientist, and I work with researchers at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado to uncover the microscopic life that is nearest us, and that's often in our most intimate and boring environments, be it under our couches, in our backyards, or in our belly buttons. I do this work because it turns out that we know very little about the microscopic life that's nearest us. As of a few years ago, no scientist could tell you what bugs or microorganisms live in your home -- your home, the place you know better than anywhere else.
Men olimman va izlanuvchi olimlar bilan Shimoliy Karolina va Kolorado universitetlarida bizga eng yaqin hamda yashirin va no'malum atrof-muhitda mavjud bo'lgan; bizning yotog'imiz ostida, bizning bog'imizda yoki bizning kindigimizda mavjud mikroskopik hayotni fosh qilish ustida ishlayman. Men bu sohada ishlaganimni sababi biz bizga yaqin bo'lgan mikroskopik hayot haqida juda ham kam bilamiz. Bir necha yil muqaddam hech qaysi olim bizga yaxshi tanish bo'lgan xonadonimizda qanday parazit yoki mikroorganizm turishini aytolmasdi.
And so I and teams of others are armed with Q-tips and tweezers and advanced DNA techniques to uncover the microscopic life nearest us. In doing so, we found over 600 species of bugs that live in USA homes, everything from spiders and cockroaches to tiny mites that cling to feathers. And we found over 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi that live in our dust bunnies, thousands more that live on our clothes or in our showers. We've gone further still, and we looked at the microorganisms that live inside the bodies of each of those bugs in our home. In each bug, for example, a wasp, we see a microscopic jungle unfold in a petri plate, a world of hundreds of vibrant species. Behold the biological cosmos! So many of the species you're looking at right now don't yet have names. Most of the life around us remains unknown.
Shuning uchun men va boshqa jamoalar paxta o'ralgan gurgurt cho'plari, pinsetlar va mikroskopik mavjudotlarni fosh qilishda foydalaniladigan DNK metodlari bilan qurollanganmiz. Bu sohada biz o'rgimchakdan tortib suvarak va patda yashovchi kichik burgagacha bo'lgan parazitlarning 600dan ortiq turini aniqladik. Bundan tashqari biz bizning chang bosgan yumshoq o'yinchoqlarimizda va kiyim javonimiz hamda dushxonamizda yashaydigan 100 000 ortiq parazit va bakteriyalarni aniqladik. Biz yanada chuqurroq kirdik va har bitta parazitning tanasi ichida yashaydigan mikroorganizmlarni o'rgandik. Har bitta parazidda, masalan, arida, biz hali kashf qilinmagan yuzlab tirik mavjudodlarni kuzatishimiz mumkin. Mana biologik kosmos qayerda! Siz kurib turgan mavjudodlarning ko'pini nomi yo'q hali. Atrofimizdagi olamning ko'p qismi hali no'malum.
I remember the first time I discovered and got to name a new species. It was a fungus that lives in the nest of a paper wasp. It's white and fluffy, and I named it "mucor nidicola," meaning in Latin that it lives in the nest of another. This is a picture of it growing on a dinosaur, because everyone thinks dinosaurs are cool. At the time, I was in graduate school, and I was so excited that I had found this new life form. I called up my dad, and I go, "Dad! I just discovered a new microorganism species." And he laughed and he goes, "That's great. I hope you also discovered a cure for it."
Men birinchi marta yangi kashf qilingan mavjudotni nomlashga to'g'ri kelganini eslayman. Bu qog'oz arida yashovchi parazit edi. U yumshoq va mayin edi, va men uni "mukur nidikola" deb atadim, lotin tilida birovning inida yashovchi deganini bildiradi. Bu uning dinozavr ichida katta bo'layotganligining rasmi, chunki hammaning fikricha dinozavrlar juda ham zo'r. Men magistratura bosqichida o'qiyotgan paytimda men yangi mavjudodlar hayoti haqida topganimda juda ham hayajonda edim. Men dadamni oldiga bordim va "Dada. men mavjudodlarning yangi turlarini topdim" dedim. U kulib, "Bu yahshi. Men o'ylaymanki sen ularga davo ham topding" dedi.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
"Cure it."
"Buni davolash."
Now, my dad is my biggest fan, so in that crushing moment where he wanted to kill my new little life form, I realized that actually I had failed him, both as a daughter and a scientist. In my years toiling away in labs and in people's backyards, investigating and cataloging the microscopic life around us, I'd never made clear my true mission to him. My goal is not to find technology to kill the new microscopic life around us. My goal is to find new technology from this life, that will help save us.
Hozir dadam meni eng katta muxlisim, shuning uchun u mening yangi hayot shaklini o'ldirishni xohlagan payti men uni farzand va olim sifatida uyaltirib qo'yganimni anglab yetdim. Labaratoriyalarda hamda odamlarning bog'ida ishlab yurgan va mikroskopik mavjudodlarning katalogini tuzgan paytlarimda, men unda mening asl ishim nimadan iboratligini aytmaganman. Maqsad atrofimizdagi mikroskopik hayotni o'ldirish uchun texnologiya topishdan iborat emas. Mening maqsadim bizni asrash uchun mikroskopik hayotdan texnologiya topish.
The diversity of life in our homes is more than a list of 100,000 new species. It is 100,000 new sources of solutions to human problems. I know it's hard to believe that anything that's so small or only has one cell can do anything powerful, but they can. These creatures are microscopic alchemists, with the ability to transform their environment with an arsenal of chemical tools. This means that they can live anywhere on this planet, and they can eat whatever food is around them. This means they can eat everything from toxic waste to plastic, and they can produce waste products like oil and battery power and even tiny nuggets of real gold. They can transform the inedible into nutritive. They can make sugar into alcohol. They give chocolate its flavor, and soil the power to grow.
Bizning xonadonimizda mavjud mikroskopik hayotning 100 000 yangi turlari mavjud. Bu degani 100 000 ta insoniyat muammolarining yechimi manbaidir. Men shunday kichik, bitta hujayraga ega bo'lgan mavjudot kuchli narsa qila olishi mumkinligiga ishonish qiyinligini bilaman, lekin ular qila oladi. Bu mavjudotlar o'z atrof muhitini kimyoviy arsenalga aylantira oladigan mikroskopik alkimyogardir. Bu ular har qanday muhitda yashay oladi degani va atrofidagi istalgan narsadan ozuqa sifatida foydalana oladi. Bu ularning zaharli moddadan to plastik chiqindigacha bo'lgan har qanday narsani iste'mol qila oladi va ular yog' va quvvat batareykasi kabi chiqindi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqara oladi. Ular hatto asl tillaning kichik bo'laklariniyam ishlab chiqara oladi. Ular iste'molga yaroqsiz mahsulotni yaroqli mahsulotga, alkogolni shakarga aylantira oladi. Ular shokoladga ta'm berish va tuproqqa kuch berish qudratiga ega.
I'm here to tell you that the next 100 years will feature these microscopic creatures solving more of our problems. And we have a lot of problems to choose from. We've got the mundane: bad-smelling clothes or bland food. And we've got the monumental: disease, pollution, war. And so this is my mission: to not just catalog the microscopic life around us, but to find out what it's uniquely well-suited to help us with.
Men sizlarga aytamanki, kelasi 100 yil davomida ushbu mikroskopik mavjudotlarning bizning ko'p muammolarimizni hal etishini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Bizda muammolar ko'p. Bizda har kunlik badbo'y kiyim va yoqimsiz taom bor. Shu bilan birga ulkan muammolarimiz bor: kassaliklar, atrof muhit ifloslanishi va urushlar. Shuning uchun mening vazifam nafaqat atrofimizdagi mikroskopik hayotni katalog qilishdan iborat balkim bizga aynan nima yordam bera olishini aniqlashdir.
Here's an example. We started with a pest, a wasp that lives on many of our homes. Inside that wasp, we plucked out a little-known microorganism species with a unique ability: it could make beer. This is a trait that only a few species on this planet have. In fact, all commercially produced beer you've ever had likely came from one of only three microorganism species. Yet our species, it could make a beer that tasted like honey, and it could also make a delightfully tart beer. In fact, this microorganism species that lives in the belly of a wasp, it could make a valuable sour beer better than any other species on this planet. There are now four species that produce commercial beer. Where you used to see a pest, now think of tasting your future favorite beer.
Sizlarga bir misol aytaman. Biz zararkunanda va uyimizda uchraydigan ko'plab arilardan boshladik. Arining ichida hali to'liq o'rganilmagan noyob qobiliyatga ega bo'lgan pivo tayyorlay oladigan mikro- organizmlardan boshladik. Bunday xususiyatga sayyoramizda faqatgina bir necha mavjudodlar ega. To'g'risini aytganda, bozorda olgan har qanday pivongiz faqatgina uchta mikroorganizm turlari orqali tayyorlangan. Lekin bizning mavjudodlarimiz asal va tortning ta'mini beradigan ajoyib pivo tayyorlay oladi. Arining qornida yashovchi mikroorganizm turlari sayyoramizdagi boshqa har qanday mikroorganizmdan yaxshiroq nordon pivo tayyorlay oladi. Hozirgi kunda to'rtta mikroorganizm turi pivo tayyorlay oladi. Zararkunandaning pivo tayyorlashini eshitib endi kelajakdagi pivoni ta'tib ko'rish haqida o'ylab ko'ring.
As a second example, I worked with researchers to dig in the dirt in people's backyards. There, we uncovered a microorganism that could make novel antibiotics, antibiotics that can kill the world's worst superbugs. This was an awesome thing to find, but here's the secret: for the last 60 years, most of the antibiotics on the market have come from similar soil bacteria. Every day, you and I and everyone in this room and on this planet, are saved by similar soil bacteria that produce most of our antibiotics. Where you used to see dirt, now think of medication.
Ikkinchi misol sifatida shuni aytamanki, odamlarning bog'ida loy qazib olish uchun izlanuvchi olimlar bilan ishladim. Biz u yerda yangi antibiotiklar tayyorlay oladigan mikro- organizmlarni kashf qildik. Bunday antibiotiklar dunyoning eng yomon superparazitlarini o'ldira oladi. Bu kashf qilingan ajoyib narsa edi, lekin bir sir bor: ohirgi 60 yil davomida bozordagi antibiotiklarning ko'plari shunga o'xshash tuproq bakteriyasidan kelgan. Har kuni siz va men, xonada o'tirgan va sayyoramizdagi har bir odam huddi shunga o'xshash bakteriyalar yordamida saqlanadi. Siz loyni eshitib endi dori darmon haqida o'ylab ko'ring.
Perhaps my favorite example comes from colleagues who are studying a pond scum microorganism, which is tragically named after the cow dung it was first found in. It's pretty unremarkable and would be unworthy of discussion, except that the researchers found that if you feed it to mice, it vaccinates against PTSD. It vaccinates against fear. Where you used to see pond scum, now think of hope.
Ehtimol eng yahshi misol, afsuski birinchi bor sigir gungidan topilganligi uchun shunday atalgan hovuzda yashaydigan mikroorganizmlarni o'rganayotgan hamkasblarimdan chiqadi. Bu faqatgina sichqonga yedirilganda travma dan keyingi stress buzilishi vaksinasini o'rnini bosadi va boshqa hech qanday muzokaraga munosib hususiyati mavjud emas. Bu qo'rquvga qarshi vaksinadir. Hovuz paraziti haqida eshitdingiz endi umid qiling.
There are so many more microbial examples that I don't have time to talk about today. I gave you examples of solutions that came from just three species, but imagine what those other 100,000 species in your dust bunnies might be able to do. In the future, they might be able to make you sexier or smarter or perhaps live longer.
Bundan tashqari ko'plab mikrobik misollar mavjud, lekin bugun barini gapirishga vaqt yetmaydi. Men sizga faqatgina uchta mikroorganizmdan kelgan yechimlar haqida gapirdim. Tasavvur qilib ko'ring, sizning chang bosgan yumshoq o'yinchog'ingizdagi 100 000 mavjudot nima qila oladi. Kelajakda ular sizni jozibaliroq yoki aqlliroq qilishi mumkin, yo balkim ko'proq yashashingizga yordam berar.
So I want you to look at your finger again. Think about all those microscopic creatures that are unknown. Think about in the future what they might be able to do or make or whose life they might be able to save. How does your finger feel right now? A little bit powerful? That's because you're feeling the future.
Yana birbor barmoqlaringizga qarang. Barcha noma'lum bo'lgan mikroskopik mavjudotlar haqida bir o'ylab ko'ring. Kelajakda ular nima qilishi, yaratishi, kimningdir hayotini saqlab qolish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lishi haqida bir o'ylang. Barmoqlaringizni qanday his qilyapsiz endi? Biroz qudratliroqmi? Buning sababi siz kelajakni his qilyapsiz.
Thank you.
Rahmat
(Applause)
(qarsaklar)