When my father and I started a company to 3D print human tissues and organs, some people initially thought we were a little crazy. But since then, much progress has been made, both in our lab and other labs around the world. And given this, we started getting questions like, "If you can grow human body parts, can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
Kada smo moj otac i ja otvorili preduzeće za 3D štampu ljudskih tkiva i organa ljudi su mislili da smo malčice ludi Ali je od tada napravljen ogroman napredak kako u našim laboratorijama tako i generalno u svijetu Stoga smo počeli da dobijamo pitanja poput ''Ako možete da razvijate dijelove ljudskog tijela, da li to možete raditi i sa životinjskim mesom i kožom?
When someone first suggested this to me, quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy, but what I soon came to realize was that this is not so crazy after all. What's crazy is what we do today. I'm convinced that in 30 years, when we look back on today and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to make our hamburgers and our handbags, we'll see this as being wasteful and indeed crazy. Did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods? And over the next few decades, as the world's population expands to 10 billion, this will need to nearly double to 100 billion animals.
Kada mi je prvi put to predloženo, iskreno pomislio sam da su oni malčice ludi ali sam ubrzo shvatio da to nije baš tolika ludost Ono što je ludo je to što mi danas radimo Siguran sam da ćemo za 30 godina kada se osvrnemo unazad i pogledamo kako smo gajili i klali milijarde životinja da bi smo pravili hamburgere i tašne shvatiti kakvi smo bili rasipnici i ludaci. Da li ste znali da danas uzgajamo globalno krdo od 60 milijardi životinja kako bi snadbjeli potrebe za mesom, jajima i kožom? I kako ćemo za budućih nekoliko decenija, s rastom populacije na preko 10 milijardi, skoro udvostručiti ovu cifru na 100 milijardi životinja.
But maintaining this herd takes a major toll on our planet. Animals are not just raw materials. They're living beings, and already our livestock is one of the largest users of land, fresh water, and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases which drive climate change. On top of this, when you get so many animals so close together, it creates a breeding ground for disease and opportunities for harm and abuse. Clearly, we cannot continue on this path which puts the environment, public health, and food security at risk.
No održavanje ovako velikog krda uzima veliki danak našoj planeti. Životinje nisu samo sirovine One su živa bića, a uzgajačnice su već jedan od najvećih uzurpatora korisne površine svježe vode, i jedan od najvećih uzročnika efekta staklene bašte koji dovode do klimatskih promjena Kao da nije dovoljno, kada stavite toliko životinja jedne pored drugih, stvarate pogodno tle za razvoj bolesti, i mogućnost za povrede i nasilje. Jasno je da ne možemo nastaviti ovim putem, koji dovodi okolinu, javno zdravlje, i bezbjednost hrane u rizik.
There is another way, because essentially, animal products are just collections of tissues, and right now we breed and raise highly complex animals only to create products that are made of relatively simple tissues. What if, instead of starting with a complex and sentient animal, we started with what the tissues are made of, the basic unit of life, the cell?
Postoji drugačiji put jer su u suštini životinjski produkti prosto zbir tkiva, a mi trenutno uzgajamo i podižemo životinje koje su kompleksna bića samo da bi dobili proizvode napravljene od relativno jednostavnog tkiva. Šta ako bismo umjesto da krenemo od kompleksnog sa osjećajnim životinjama, krenuli od onog od čega su tkiva napravljena, osnovne jedinice života ćelije?
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves can be used to grow biological products like tissues and organs. Already in medicine, biofabrication techniques have been used to grow sophisticated body parts, like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone, that have been successfully implanted into patients. And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
Ovo je biofabrikacija, gdje se ćelije koriste za proizvodnju bioloških dobara kao što su tkiva i organi. U medicini se biofabrikacija već koristi za izrastanje sofisticiranih dijelova tijela, kao što su uši, dušnik, koža, krvni sudovi i kosti, koji su s uspjehom presađeni kod pacijenata. A povrh medicine, biofabrikacija može biti humana, održiva i prilagodljiva nova industrija.
And we should begin by reimagining leather. I emphasize leather because it is so widely used. It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history. Growing leather is also technically simpler than growing other animal products like meat. It mainly uses one cell type, and it is largely two-dimensional. It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators. Until biofabrication is better understood, it is clear that, initially at least, more people would be willing to wear novel materials than would be willing to eat novel foods, no matter how delicious. In this sense, leather is a gateway material, a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry. If we can succeed here, it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat closer on the horizon.
I trebalo bi krenuti od kože Stavljam akcenat na kožu jer se puno koristi, prelijepa je, i toliko dugo je dio naše istorije. Razvoj kože je i tehnički jednostavniji od razvoja drugih životinjskih proizvoda, kao što je meso. Koristi se samo jedan tip ćelije, i uglavnom je dvodimenzionalan. Takođe je manje polarizujući za potrošače i zakonodavce. Sve dok biofabrikacija ne bude bolje shvaćena, jasno je da će, makar u početku, više ljudi biti spremno da nosi nove materijale nego što bi jelo novu hranu, bez obzira koliko ukusna bila. U tom smislu, kožom će se ući na velika vrata početka biofabrikacije kao glavne industrije. Ako uspijemo ovdje, to će približiti druge bioprodukte, kao što je meso, bliže realnosti.
Now how do we do it? To grow leather, we begin by taking cells from an animal, through a simple biopsy. The animal could be a cow, lamb, or even something more exotic. This process does no harm, and Daisy the cow can live a happy life. We then isolate the skin cells and multiply them in a cell culture medium. This takes millions of cells and expands them into billions. And we then coax these cells to produce collagen, as they would naturally. This collagen is the stuff between cells. It's natural connective tissue. It's the extracellular matrix, but in leather, it's the main building block. And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen and we spread them out to form sheets, and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another, like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets, which we then let mature. And finally, we take this multilayered skin and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process, we create leather. And so I'm very excited to show you, for the first time, the first batch of our cultured leather, fresh from the lab. This is real, genuine leather, without the animal sacrifice. It can have all the characteristics of leather because it is made of the same cells, and better yet, there is no hair to remove, no scars or insect's bites, and no waste. This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet, a handbag or a car seat. It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow or an alligator.
Kako mi to radimo? Razvoj kože, počinjemo uzimajući ćelije od životinje, jednostavnom biopsijom. To može biti krava, jagnje, ili nešto malo egzotičnije. Ovaj proces nije štetan po životinju, a Daisy krava može nastaviti sa srećnim životom. Onda izdvajamo ćelije kože, i umnožavamo ih u sredstvu za ćelijske kulture. Ono uzima milione ćelija, i razmnožava ih u milijarde. Onda privoljevamo ćelije da proizvode kolagen, kao što to prirodno rade. Kolagen je materija koja se nalazi između ćelija. To je prirodno vezivno tkivo. To je vanćelijska matrica, ali u koži, on je glavni građevinski materijal. Ono što dalje radimo jeste da uzimamo kolagen i ćelije i razvlačimo ih u listove, koje kasnije stavljamo jedne preko drugih, kao lisnato tijesto, da bi stvorili deblje listove koje ostavljamo da se onda razviju. Konačno, uzimamo ovaj višeslojni pokrivač i nakon kratkog hemijskog procesa bojenja, stvaramo kožu. I zato sam veoma uzbuđen da vam pokažem, po prvi put, prvu seriju naše odgajane kože, svježe iz laboratorije. Ovo je stvarna, prava koža, bez žrtvovanja životinja. Može imati sve karakteristike kože jer je napravljena od istih ćelija, i još bolje, nema dlaka koje se moraju uklanjati bez ožiljaka ili ujeda insekata, i naravno bez otpada. Može biti uzgajana u obliku novčanika, ručne torbe ili kolskih sjedišta. Nije ograničena nepravilnim oblikom krave ili aligatora.
And because we make this material, we grow this leather from the ground up, we can control its properties in very interesting ways. This piece of leather is a mere seven tissue layers thick, and as you can see, it is nearly transparent. And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque. You don't have that kind of fine control with conventional leather. And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities, like softness, breathability, durability, elasticity and even things like pattern. We can mimic nature, but in some ways also improve upon it. This type of leather can do what today's leather does, but with imagination, probably much more.
I zato što mi pravimo ovaj materijal, mi ga razvijamo od samog početka, možemo kontrolisati njegova svojstva na zanimljiv način. Ovo parče kože je tričavih sedam slojeva debelo, i kao što vidite, skoro je providno. A ova koža ima 21 sloj i prilično je neprozirna. Nemate takvu vrstu kontrole sa standardnom kožom. I možemo naštelovati ovu kožu s drugim kvalitetima, poput mekoće, propustljivosti, izdržljivosti, elastičnosti i čak različitih šara. Možemo imitirarti prirodu, ali je i nadograditi. Ovaj tip kože može sve što i sadašnja koža, ali s malo mašte, vjerovatno i više.
What could the future of animal products look like? It need not look like this, which is actually the state of the art today. Rather, it could be much more like this. Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures for thousands of years, beginning with products like wine, beer and yogurt. And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved, and today we prepare cultured food in beautiful, sterile facilities like this. A brewery is essentially a bioreactor. It is where cell culture takes place. Imagine that in this facility, instead of brewing beer, we were brewing leather or meat. Imagine touring this facility, learning about how the leather or meat is cultured, seeing the process from beginning to end, and even trying some. It's clean, open and educational, and this is in contrast to the hidden, guarded and remote factories where leather and meat is produced today. Perhaps biofabrication is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind. It's environmentally responsible, efficient and humane. It allows us to be creative. We can design new materials, new products, and new facilities. We need to move past just killing animals as a resource to something more civilized and evolved. Perhaps we are ready for something literally and figuratively more cultured.
Kako bi mogli izgledati budući životinjski proizvodi. Ne mora biti ovako, kako zapravo zaista izgledaju danas. Već, više nešto slično ovome. Mi se već bavimo kultivisanjem ćelijskih kultura hiljadama godina, počevši od proizvoda poput vina, piva i jogurta. A kad smo već kod hrane, naša kultivisana hrana je evoluirala i danas je mi pripremamo na prelijepim sterilisanim mjestima, poput ovog. Pivnica je u suštini bioreaktor. To je mjesto đe se događa uzgoj ćelija. Zamislite da na ovom mjestu, umjesto kvašenja piva, možemo uzgajati kožu ili meso. Zamislite posjetu ovoj fabrici, učenje o procesu stvaranja kože ili mesa, posmatranju procesa od početka do kraja pa čak i testiranju. Čista je, otvorena i edukativna, a suprotna je sakrivenoj, čuvanoj i zabačenoj fabrici đe se danas proizvode meso i koža. Možda je biofabrikacija prirodna evoluvcija proizvodnje za čovečanstvo. Ne zagađuje okruženje, efikasna je i humana. Dozvoljava nam da budemo kreativni. Možemo dizajnirati nove materijale, produkte i fabrike. Moramo zamijeniti ubijanje životinja kao resursa za nešto više civilizovano i naprednije. Možda smo spremni za bukvalno i figurativno bolje kultivisanje (kulturnije - igra riječi)
Thank you.
Hvala
(Applause)
(Aplauz)