If you look deep into the night sky, you see stars, and if you look further, you see more stars, and further, galaxies, and further, more galaxies. But if you keep looking further and further, eventually you see nothing for a long while, and then finally you see a faint, fading afterglow, and it's the afterglow of the Big Bang.
Ako se duboko zagledate u nebo noću, vidite zvezde, ako pogledate dalje, videćete još zvezda, dalje su galaksije, a dalje od toga još galaksija. Ali ako nastavite da gledate dalje i dalje, u jednom trenutku nećete videti ništa neko vreme i onda konačno vidite slab sjaj koji nestaje, to je sjaj koji prati Veliki prasak.
Now, the Big Bang was an era in the early universe when everything we see in the night sky was condensed into an incredibly small, incredibly hot, incredibly roiling mass, and from it sprung everything we see.
Veliki prasak je bio doba u ranom periodu univerzuma kada je sve što vidimo na noćnom nebu bilo zbijeno u neverovatno malu, neverovatno vrelu, zamućenu masu iz koje je nastalo sve što vidimo.
Now, we've mapped that afterglow with great precision, and when I say we, I mean people who aren't me. We've mapped the afterglow with spectacular precision, and one of the shocks about it is that it's almost completely uniform. Fourteen billion light years that way and 14 billion light years that way, it's the same temperature. Now it's been 14 billion years since that Big Bang, and so it's got faint and cold. It's now 2.7 degrees. But it's not exactly 2.7 degrees. It's only 2.7 degrees to about 10 parts in a million. Over here, it's a little hotter, and over there, it's a little cooler, and that's incredibly important to everyone in this room, because where it was a little hotter, there was a little more stuff, and where there was a little more stuff, we have galaxies and clusters of galaxies and superclusters and all the structure you see in the cosmos. And those small, little, inhomogeneities, 20 parts in a million, those were formed by quantum mechanical wiggles in that early universe that were stretched across the size of the entire cosmos.
Taj prateći sjaj smo mapirali sa velikom preciznošću, a kada kažem "mi", mislim na ljude koji nisu ja. Mapirali smo prateći sjaj sa spektakularnom preciznošću, i jedan od šokova je to što je skoro u potpunosti ujednačen. 14 milijardi svetlostnih godina u tom pravcu i još toliko u drugom pravcu, temperatura je ista. Prošlo je 14 milijardi godina od Velikog praska, tako da je on oslabio i ohladio se. Sada je 2,7 stepeni. Ali nije tačno toliko. Samo je 2,7 stepeni na otprilike deseti deo miliona. Ovde je malo vrelije, a tamo je malo hladnije, a to je veoma bitno za sve u ovoj prostoriji, jer tamo gde je malo vrelije, tu je bilo malo više stvari, a gde je bilo malo više stvari, imali smo galaksije i skupove galaksija i superskupove i svu strukturu koju vidite u kosmosu. Te malene nehomogenosti, 20 delova miliona, to se formiralo mrdanjem u kvantnoj mehanici u tom ranom univerzumu, i to se razvuklo preko dužine celog kosmosa.
That is spectacular, and that's not what they found on Monday; what they found on Monday is cooler. So here's what they found on Monday: Imagine you take a bell, and you whack the bell with a hammer. What happens? It rings. But if you wait, that ringing fades and fades and fades until you don't notice it anymore. Now, that early universe was incredibly dense, like a metal, way denser, and if you hit it, it would ring, but the thing ringing would be the structure of space-time itself, and the hammer would be quantum mechanics. What they found on Monday was evidence of the ringing of the space-time of the early universe, what we call gravitational waves from the fundamental era, and here's how they found it. Those waves have long since faded. If you go for a walk, you don't wiggle. Those gravitational waves in the structure of space are totally invisible for all practical purposes. But early on, when the universe was making that last afterglow, the gravitational waves put little twists in the structure of the light that we see. So by looking at the night sky deeper and deeper -- in fact, these guys spent three years on the South Pole looking straight up through the coldest, clearest, cleanest air they possibly could find looking deep into the night sky and studying that glow and looking for the faint twists which are the symbol, the signal, of gravitational waves, the ringing of the early universe. And on Monday, they announced that they had found it.
To je spektakularno i to nisu pronašli u ponedeljak, ono što su tad pronašli je još više kul. Ovo su otkrili tada: zamislite da uzmete zvono i udarite ga čekićem. Šta se dešava? Ono zvoni. Ali ako sačekate, ta zvonjava se utišava i polako slabi i slabi dok je više ne primećujete. Taj rani univerzum je bio neverovatno gust, poput metala, i još gušći, i zvonio bi kada ga udarite, ali ono što zvoni je bila sama struktura prostor-vreme, a čekić bi bila kvantna mehanika. U ponedeljak su otkrili dokaz o zvonjavi prostor-vreme ranog univerzuma, ono što zovemo gravitacionim talasima iz fundamentalnog doba, a ovako su ih otkrili. Ti talasi su davno utihnuli. Ako se prošetate, nećete mrdati. Ti gravitacioni talasi u strukturi svemira su apsolutno nevidljivi za sve praktične primene. Ali u ranom vremenu kada je univerzum pravio taj poslednji prateći sjaj, gravitacioni talasi napravili su male vrtloge u strukturi svetla koje vidimo. Gledajući dublje i dublje u noćno nebo, zapravo, ovi ljudi su proveli tri godine na Južnom polu gledajući pravo gore kroz najhladniji, najjasniji i najčistiji vazduh koji su mogli da nađu i gledaju duboko u noćno nebo i proučavajući taj sjaj i gledajući u blage vrtloge koji su znak i signal gravitacionih talasa, zvonjave ranog univerzuma. U ponedeljak su objavili da su ga našli.
And the thing that's so spectacular about that to me is not just the ringing, though that is awesome. The thing that's totally amazing, the reason I'm on this stage, is because what that tells us is something deep about the early universe. It tells us that we and everything we see around us are basically one large bubble -- and this is the idea of inflation— one large bubble surrounded by something else. This isn't conclusive evidence for inflation, but anything that isn't inflation that explains this will look the same. This is a theory, an idea, that has been around for a while, and we never thought we we'd really see it. For good reasons, we thought we'd never see killer evidence, and this is killer evidence.
Meni je tu spektakularna ne samo zvonjava, iako je i to super. Ono što je neverovatno, razlog zbog kojeg sam ovde, je što nam to kaže nešto duboko o ranom univerzumu. Kaže nam da smo mi i sve oko nas zapravo jedan veliki mehur - i to je ova ideja naduvavanja - jedan veliki mehur okružen nečim drugim. Ovo nisu konačni dokazi o tom naduvavanju, ali sve što nije naduvavanje a objašnjava ovo će izgledati isto. Ovo je teorija, ideja koja postoji već neko vreme i nikada nismo mislili da ćemo je zaista videti. Iz dobrih razloga, mislili smo da nikada nećemo videti odlične dokaze, a ovo je upravo to.
But the really crazy idea is that our bubble is just one bubble in a much larger, roiling pot of universal stuff. We're never going to see the stuff outside, but by going to the South Pole and spending three years looking at the detailed structure of the night sky, we can figure out that we're probably in a universe that looks kind of like that. And that amazes me.
Ali je zaista luda ideja da je naš mehur samo jedan mehur u puno većem, zamućenom kazanu stvari u univerzumu. Nikada nećemo videti ono spolja, ali time što odemo na Južni pol i provedemo tri godine posmatrajući detaljnu strukturu noćnog neba, možemo da otkrijemo da smo verovatno u univerzumu koji je nalik tome. I to me zapanjuje.
Thanks a lot.
Hvala vam mnogo.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)