If you look deep into the night sky, you see stars, and if you look further, you see more stars, and further, galaxies, and further, more galaxies. But if you keep looking further and further, eventually you see nothing for a long while, and then finally you see a faint, fading afterglow, and it's the afterglow of the Big Bang.
Ako pogledate duboko u noćno nebo vidite zvijezde i ako pogledate dalje, vidite još zvijezda i dalje galaksije, i dalje još galaksija. Ali ako nastavite gledati sve dalje i dalje vremenom nećete vidjeti ništa dugo vremena i onda ćete vidjeti blagi odsjaj koji je sve slabiji i to je odsjaj Velikog Praska.
Now, the Big Bang was an era in the early universe when everything we see in the night sky was condensed into an incredibly small, incredibly hot, incredibly roiling mass, and from it sprung everything we see.
Veliki Prasak bila je era u ranom svemiru kada je sve što vidimo na noćnom nebu bilo stisnuto u nevjerojatno malu nevjerojatno vruću, nevjerojatno zakovitlanu masu i iz nje je izletilo sve što vidimo.
Now, we've mapped that afterglow with great precision, and when I say we, I mean people who aren't me. We've mapped the afterglow with spectacular precision, and one of the shocks about it is that it's almost completely uniform. Fourteen billion light years that way and 14 billion light years that way, it's the same temperature. Now it's been 14 billion years since that Big Bang, and so it's got faint and cold. It's now 2.7 degrees. But it's not exactly 2.7 degrees. It's only 2.7 degrees to about 10 parts in a million. Over here, it's a little hotter, and over there, it's a little cooler, and that's incredibly important to everyone in this room, because where it was a little hotter, there was a little more stuff, and where there was a little more stuff, we have galaxies and clusters of galaxies and superclusters and all the structure you see in the cosmos. And those small, little, inhomogeneities, 20 parts in a million, those were formed by quantum mechanical wiggles in that early universe that were stretched across the size of the entire cosmos.
Mi smo napravili kartu tog odsjaja s velikom preciznosti i kada kažem mi, mislim na ljude među kojima nisam ja. Mi smo napravili kartu odsjaja sa spektakulatnom preciznosti i jedno od iznenađenja kod odsjaja je da je gotovo potpuno jednoličan. Četrnaest milijardi svjetlosnih godina u ovom smjeru i četrnaest milijardi svjetlosnih godina u onom smjeru, svugdje je ista temperatura. Prošlo je trinaest milijardi godina od Velikog Praska i tako je postao slab i hladan. Sada je 2,7 stupnjeva. Ali nije točno 2,7 stupnjeva. Samo je 2,7 stupnjeva do otprilike deset dijelova u milijun. Ovdje je malo toplije, a ovdje je malo hladnije i to je nevjerojatno važno svima u ovoj sobi, jer tamo gdje je bilo malo toplije, tamo je bilo više stvari, i tamo gdje je bilo malo više stvari imamo galaksije i skupine galaksija i superklastere i sve strukture koje vidite u svemiru. I te male nejednakosti, dvadeset dijelova u milijun, one su formirane kvantno-mehaničkim klimanjima u tom ranom svemiru koje su bile rastegnute kroz veličinu cijelog svemira.
That is spectacular, and that's not what they found on Monday; what they found on Monday is cooler. So here's what they found on Monday: Imagine you take a bell, and you whack the bell with a hammer. What happens? It rings. But if you wait, that ringing fades and fades and fades until you don't notice it anymore. Now, that early universe was incredibly dense, like a metal, way denser, and if you hit it, it would ring, but the thing ringing would be the structure of space-time itself, and the hammer would be quantum mechanics. What they found on Monday was evidence of the ringing of the space-time of the early universe, what we call gravitational waves from the fundamental era, and here's how they found it. Those waves have long since faded. If you go for a walk, you don't wiggle. Those gravitational waves in the structure of space are totally invisible for all practical purposes. But early on, when the universe was making that last afterglow, the gravitational waves put little twists in the structure of the light that we see. So by looking at the night sky deeper and deeper -- in fact, these guys spent three years on the South Pole looking straight up through the coldest, clearest, cleanest air they possibly could find looking deep into the night sky and studying that glow and looking for the faint twists which are the symbol, the signal, of gravitational waves, the ringing of the early universe. And on Monday, they announced that they had found it.
To je spektakularno i to nije ono što je otkriveno u ponedjeljak; ono što je otkriveno u ponedjeljak je još zanimljivije. Dakle ovo je ono što je otkriveno u ponedjeljak; Zamislite da uzmete zvono, i udarite zvono čekićem. Što se događa? Ono zvoni. Ali ako pričekate, zvonjenje slabi i slabi i slabi sve dok ga više ne primjećujete. Rani svemir bio je nevjerojatno gust, poput metala, puno gušći, i ako ste ga udarili, on će zvoniti, ali ono što će zvoniti će biti sama struktura prostor-vremena, a čekić će biti kvantna mehanika. Ono što je otkriveno u ponedjeljak je dokaz zvonjenja prostor-vremena u ranom svemiru, što zovemo gravitacijskim valovima iz osnovne ere i ovo je kako je to otkriveno. Ti valovi su odavno oslabljeli. Ako odete u šetnju vi se ne klimate. Ti gravitacijski valovi u strukturi svemira su potpuno nevidljivi za bilo koji praktičnu svrhu. Ali u rano doba, kada je svemir radio taj zadnji odsjaj, gravitacijski valovi su napravili male zaokrete u strukturui svjetla koje vidimo. Tako gledajući u noćno nebo dublje i dublje -- zapravo, ti ljudi su proveli tri godine na Južnom polu gledajući gore kroz najhladniji, najbistriji i najčišći zrak koji su mogli pronaći gledajući duboko u noćno nebo i proučavajući taj odsjaj i tražeći blage zaokrete koji su simbol, signal, gravitacijskih valova, zvonjava ranog svemira. I u ponedjeljak, oni su objavili da su to pronašli.
And the thing that's so spectacular about that to me is not just the ringing, though that is awesome. The thing that's totally amazing, the reason I'm on this stage, is because what that tells us is something deep about the early universe. It tells us that we and everything we see around us are basically one large bubble -- and this is the idea of inflation— one large bubble surrounded by something else. This isn't conclusive evidence for inflation, but anything that isn't inflation that explains this will look the same. This is a theory, an idea, that has been around for a while, and we never thought we we'd really see it. For good reasons, we thought we'd never see killer evidence, and this is killer evidence.
I stvar koja je meni spektakulatna oko toga nije samo zvonjava, iako je to super. Stvar koja je toliko odlična, razlog zašto sam ja na ovoj pozornici, je zato što nam to govori je nešto duboko o ranom svemiru. Govori nam da mi i sve što vidimo oko nas je u osnovi jedan veliki mjehurić -- i to je ideja inflacije -- jedan veliki mjehurić kojeg okružuje nešto drugo. Ovo nije konačni dokaz inflacije, ali bilo što što nije inflacija, a da ovo objašnjava će izgledati isto. Ovo je teorija, ideja, koja postoji neko vrijeme i nismo mislili da ćemo je stvarno vidjeti. Zbog dobrih razloga nismo mislili da ćemo ikad vidjeti ubojit dokaz, a ovo je ubojit dokaz.
But the really crazy idea is that our bubble is just one bubble in a much larger, roiling pot of universal stuff. We're never going to see the stuff outside, but by going to the South Pole and spending three years looking at the detailed structure of the night sky, we can figure out that we're probably in a universe that looks kind of like that. And that amazes me.
Ali stvarno luda ideja je da je naš mjehurić samo jedan mjehurić u puno većem, zakovitlanom loncu univerzalne stvari. Mi nikad nećemo vidjeti stvari izvan, ali tako da smo otišli na Južni pol i proveli tri godine gledajući detaljnu strukturu noćnog neba, možemo pretpostaviti da smo vjerojatno u svemiru koji izgleda poput toga I to me oduševljava.
Thanks a lot.
Hvala puno.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)