I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine and chief of scientific visualization at Yale University in the department of medicine. And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code for NASA to do virtual surgery in preparation for the astronauts going into deep-space flight, so they could be kept in robotic pods. One of the fascinating things about what we were working on is that we were seeing, using new scanning technologies, things that had never been seen before. Not only in disease management, but also things that allowed us to see things about the body that just made you marvel.
Ponudili so mi mesto izrednega profesorja medicine in šefa znanstvene vizualizacije na univerzi Yale na oddelku za medicino. Moje delo je bilo pisanje število algoritmov in programske kode, da bi NASA lahko izvajala virtualne operativne posege, v pripravah da bi astronavte pošiljali daleč v vesolje, tako da bi bili lahko nameščeni v robotskih komorah. Ena izmed fascinantnih stvari glede našega dela je, da smo s pomočjo novih tehnologij za skeniranje videli stvari, ki še nikdar niso bile videne -- mislim, ne samo pri obravnavanju bolezni ampak tudi stvari, ki so nam dovoljevale videti stvari glede telesa, ki te preprosto pripravijo k čudenju.
I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen. And your entire body, everything -- your hair, skin, bone, nails -- everything is made of collagen. And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this. And the only place that collagen changes its structure is in the cornea of your eye. In your eye, it becomes a grid formation, and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque. So perfectly organized a structure, it was hard not to attribute divinity to it. Because we kept on seeing this in different parts of the body.
Spomnim se ene od prvih prilik, ko smo opazovali kolagen. In celo vaše telo, vse -- vaši lasje, koža, kosti, nohti -- vse je narejeno iz kolagena. In to je nekakšna vrvi podobna struktura, ki se takole ovija in prepleta. Edino mesto, kjer kolagen menja svojo strukturo, je roženica v očesu. V očesu se razvrsti v obliki mreže in zato postane prozorna namesto neprozorna. Tako popolno organizirani strukturi je težko ne pripisati božanski izvor. Zato, ker smo to kar naprej srečevali, vedno znova in znova, v različnih delih telesa.
One of the opportunities I had was one person was working on a really interesting micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH. And what we were going to do was scan a new project on the development of the fetus from conception to birth using these new technologies. So I wrote the algorithms and code, and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur -- then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI. I got the data. And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece, "From Conception to Birth."
Ena izmed priložnosti je bila, ko je nekdo delal na resnično zanimivi napravi za mikromagnetno resonančno slikanje pri raziskovalnem centru NIH. In pripravljali smo se, da bi skenirali nov projekt o razvoju plodu od spočetja do rojstva in pri tem uporabljali tovrstne nove tehnologije. Tako sem napisal algoritme in programsko kodo, on pa je zasnoval strojno opremo -- Paul Lauterbur -- je kasneje prejel Nobelovo nagrado za izum tehnologije za MMRI, jaz pa sem dobil podatke. In sedaj vam bom pokazal vzorec video posnetka "Od spočetja do rojstva."
(Music)
(Glasba)
[From Conception to Birth]
Besedilo video posnetka: "Od spočetja do rojstva"
[Oocyte]
Oocit
[Sperm]
Spermiji
[Egg Inseminated]
Oplojeno jajčece
[24 Hours: Baby's first division]
24 ur: Otrokova prva delitev
[The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion...]
Oplojeno jajčece se deli nekaj ur po združitvi ...
[And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.]
In se deli vsakih 12 do 15 ur.
[Early Embryo]
Zgodnji zarodek
[Yolk sack still feeding baby.]
Rumenjakov mehurček še vedno hrani otroka.
[25 Days: Heart chamber developing.]
25 dni: Razvija se srčna cev
[32 Days: Arms & hands are developing]
32 dni: Razvijajo se roke in dlani
[36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertebrae]
36 dni: Začetki prvotnih vretenc
[These weeks are the period of the most rapid development of the fetus.]
Ti tedni so obdobje najhitrejšega razvoja ploda.
[If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire 9 months, it would be 1.5 tons at birth.]
Če bi plod še naprej rastel s tako hitrostjo vseh devet mesecev, bi ob rojstvu tehtal tono in pol.
[45 Days]
45 dni
[Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.]
Zarodkovo srce bije dvakrat tako hitro kot materino.
[51 Days]
51 dni
[Developing retina, nose and fingers]
52 dni: Razvoj mrežnice, nosu in prstov
[The fetus' continual movement in the womb is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.]
Plodovo stalno premikanje v maternici je potrebno za rast mišic in okostja.
[12 Weeks: Indifferent penis]
12 tednov: Nedoločljiv penis --
[Girl or boy yet to be determined]
ali bo punčka ali fantek se bo še pokazalo.
[8 Months]
8 mesecev
[Delivery: The expulsion stage]
Porod: faza iztisa
[The moment of birth]
Trenutek rojstva
(Applause)
(Aplavz)
Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you. But as you can see, when you actually start working on this data, it's pretty spectacular. And as we kept on scanning more and more, working on this project, looking at these two simple cells that have this unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you. And as we kept on working on this data, looking at small clusters of the body, these little pieces of tissue that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst, all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus, saying, "I'm here to stay." Having conversation and communications with the estrogens, the progesterones, saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me," building this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize, and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being. The marvel of this information: How do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information?
Alexander Tsiaras: Hvala. Toda kot lahko vidite, ko dejansko začneš obdelovati te podatke, je precej spektakularno. In ko smo skenirali naprej in naprej, in delali na tem projektu, in opazovali ti dve preprosti celici, ki imata takšno neverjetno mašinerijo ki bo postala čarovnija v podobi tebe. In ko smo še naprej delali na tem projektu, in gledali majhne skupke telesa, te male koščke tkiva, ki so bili trofoblast, ki se oddvaja od blastociste, in se iznenada zarije v steno maternice, in pravi: "Tukaj sem da ostanem." In ima iznenada pogovor in izmenjavo s pomočjo estrogenov, progesteronov, in pravi: "Tukaj sem da ostanem, vsadi me," in izgrajuje ta neverjetni trilinearni plod ki postane, in to v 44-tih dneh, nekaj, kar lahko prepoznaš, in je potem pri devetih tednih pravzaprav nekako malo človeško bitje. Čudežnost te informacije: Kako dejansko imamo ta biološki mehanizem v našem telesu, da dejansko lahko vidimo to informacijo?
I'm going to show you something pretty unique. Here's a human heart at 25 days. It's just basically two strands. And like this magnificent origami, cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks, as it's just folding on itself. Within five weeks, you start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles. Six weeks, these folds are now beginning with the papilla on the inside of the heart actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart until you get a mature heart -- and then basically the development of the entire human body. The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure saying exactly where that nerve cell should go -- the complexity of these, the mathematical models of how these things are indeed done are beyond human comprehension.
Pokazal vam bom nekaj precej edinstvenega. Tukaj je človeško srce pri 25 [tednih]. V osnovi sta zgolj dve progi. In kot tak čudovit origami se razvijajo celice s hitrostjo milijon celic na sekundo pri štirih tednih, kot da se samo guba sam nase. V petih tednih lahko že vidite zgodnja prekata in zgodnja preddvora. Šest tednov in te gube začenjajo s papilami na notranji strani srca in so dejansko sposobni potegniti navzdol vsako od zaklopk, ki jih ima srce, dokler ne dobite dozorelega srca -- in potem razvoja celotnega človeškega telesa. Čudežnost mehanizmov, ki znotraj vsake genetske strukture povedo, kam točno mora iti ta živčna celica -- kompleksnost teh matematičnih modelov in tega, kako se te stvari dovršijo, presegajo človeško dojemljivost.
Even though I am a mathematician, I look at this with marvel of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes as they build what is us? It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity. Then you start to take a look at adult life. Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries. It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic. But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth, you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body. And only one mile is visible. 59,999 miles that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away. The complexity of building that within a single system is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today.
Čeprav sem matematik, strmim v to s čudenjem nad tem, kako ti svežnji navodil ne delajo napak medtem ko gradijo to, kar smo mi? To je misterij, to je magija, to je božanskost. Potem začneš opazovati odraslo življenje. Poglejte tale mali šop kapilar. To je samo majcena pod-podstruktura, mikroskopska. Vendar imate do takrat, ko dopolnite devet mesecev in ste rojeni, v osnovi skoraj 96.000 kilometrov žil po svojem telesu. Mislim, pri čemer je vidno le kilometer in pol. 95.999 kilometrov, ki v osnovi dovajajo hranilne in odvajajo odpadne snovi. Kompleksnost izgradnje tega znotraj enega samega sistema je, ponovno, onstran kakršnegakoli razumevanja oziroma matematike, ki v tem trenutku obstaja.
And then instructions set, from the brain to every other part of the body -- look at the complexity of the folding. Where does this intelligence of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information, so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow. And this is one of the things we're doing. We're launching two new studies of scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born. Every six months until they're six years old, we're going to be doing about 250 children, watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold to see how this magnificent development actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.
In ta sveženj navodil od možganov do vsakega drugega dela telesa -- poglejte kompleksnost gubanja. Od kod ta inteligenca vedeti, da lahko guba dejansko vsebuje več informacije, tako da ko dejansko gledaš rast otrokovih možganov -- in to je ena od stvari, ki jih počnemo ravno zdaj. Dejansko začenjamo dve raziskavi in sicer da bomo skenirali možgane otroka od trenutka ko se rodi vsakih šest mesecev, dokler ne dopolnijo šest let -- to bomo dejansko počeli s približno 250 otroci -- opazovali bomo, kako to točno se gubajo vijuge (girusi) in žlebovi (sulkusi), da bi ugotovili, kako se ta čudoviti razvoj spremeni v spomine in v čudež v podobi nas.
And it's not just our own existence, but how does the woman's body understand to have genetic structure that not only builds her own, but then has the understanding that allows her to become a walking immunological, cardiovascular system that basically is a mobile system that can actually nurture, treat this child with a kind of marvel that is beyond, again, our comprehension -- the magic that is existence, that is us?
In ne gre samo za lastni obstoj, ampak kako telo ženske razume, da ima genetsko strukturo, ki ne samo, da izgrajuje njeno, ampak ima tudi razumevanje, ki ji omogoča, da postane hodeč imunološki, srčnožilni sistem ki je v osnovi mobilni sistem, ki je sposoben dejansko hraniti, skrbeti za tega otroka z nekakšnim čudenjem ki, ponovno, presega naše dojemanje -- čudež, ki je to, da obstajamo, to, kar smo.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Aplavz)