I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine and chief of scientific visualization at Yale University in the department of medicine. And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code for NASA to do virtual surgery in preparation for the astronauts going into deep-space flight, so they could be kept in robotic pods. One of the fascinating things about what we were working on is that we were seeing, using new scanning technologies, things that had never been seen before. Not only in disease management, but also things that allowed us to see things about the body that just made you marvel.
Ponuđeno mi je mjesto izvanrednog profesora medicine i pročelnika znanstvenih vizualizacija na Yale sveučilištu na odjelu medicine. Moj posao je bio napisati mnoge algoritme i kodove da bi NASA mogla izvoditi virtualne operacije u pripremi astronauta za letove u daleki svemir, tako da bi ih se moglo čuvati u robotskim kapsulama. Jedna od fascinantnih stvari na kojima smo radili je da smo vidjeli, koristeći nove vrste tehnologija skeniranja, stvari koje se nikad prije nisu vidjele -- mislim, ne samo u upravljanju bolestima, nego i stvari koje su nam omogućile da vidimo stvari izvan tijela koje vas jednostavno zadive.
I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen. And your entire body, everything -- your hair, skin, bone, nails -- everything is made of collagen. And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this. And the only place that collagen changes its structure is in the cornea of your eye. In your eye, it becomes a grid formation, and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque. So perfectly organized a structure, it was hard not to attribute divinity to it. Because we kept on seeing this in different parts of the body.
Sjećam se kad smo jedan od prvih puta gledali kolagen. Vaše cijelo tijelo, sve -- vaša kosa, koža, kosti, nokti -- sve je napravljeno od kolagena. Njegova struktura nalikuje užetu koje se ovako uvija i kovitla. Jedino mjesto na kojem kolagen mijenja svoju strukturu je u rožnici oka. U oku, postaje mrežasta formacija, i zbog toga postaje proziran, kao suprotnost mutnom. Tako savršeno organizirana struktura, bilo je teško ne pridodati joj božanska svojstva. Jer stalno smo to viđali, iznova i iznova u različitim dijelovima tijela.
One of the opportunities I had was one person was working on a really interesting micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH. And what we were going to do was scan a new project on the development of the fetus from conception to birth using these new technologies. So I wrote the algorithms and code, and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur -- then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI. I got the data. And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece, "From Conception to Birth."
Jedna od mogućnosti koje sam imao je bila osoba koja je radila sa NIH na stvarno zanimljivoj opremi za snimanje mikromagnetske rezonance. I ono što smo htjeli napraviti je bilo skenirati novi projekt na razvoju fetusa od začeća do rođenja koristeći ove vrste novih tehnologija. Tako sam pisao kodove algoritama, a on je izgradio hardver -- Paul Lauterbur -- i tako osvojio Nobelovu nagradu za izum MRI-ja. Dobio sam podatke. Pokazat ću vam uzorak djela, "Od začeća do rođenja".
(Music)
(Glazba)
[From Conception to Birth]
"Od začeća do rođenja"
[Oocyte]
Oocit
[Sperm]
Spermiji
[Egg Inseminated]
Oplođivanje jajašca
[24 Hours: Baby's first division]
24 sata: prva dioba djeteta
[The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion...]
Oplođeno jajašce se dijeli nekoliko sati nakon fuzije ...
[And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.]
I dijeli se iznova svakih 12 do 15 sati.
[Early Embryo]
Rani embrij
[Yolk sack still feeding baby.]
Posteljica još uvijek hrani dijete.
[25 Days: Heart chamber developing.]
25 dana: razvija se srčana komora
[32 Days: Arms & hands are developing]
32 dana: razvijaju se ruke i šake
[36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertebrae]
36 dana: početak primitivnih kralježaka
[These weeks are the period of the most rapid development of the fetus.]
Ovi tjedni su period najbržeg razvoja fetusa.
[If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire 9 months, it would be 1.5 tons at birth.]
Ako bi fetus nastavio rasti ovom brzinom svih devet mjeseci, težio bi 1,5 tonu pri rođenju.
[45 Days]
45 dana
[Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.]
Srce embrija kuca dvaput brže od majčinog.
[51 Days]
51 dan
[Developing retina, nose and fingers]
52 dana: Razvijaju se mrežnica, nos i prsti
[The fetus' continual movement in the womb is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.]
Stalni pokreti fetusa u maternici su potrebni za rast mišića i kostiju.
[12 Weeks: Indifferent penis]
12 tjedana: Nediferencirani penis --
[Girl or boy yet to be determined]
još nije odlučeno je li djevojčica ili dječak
[8 Months]
8 mjeseci
[Delivery: The expulsion stage]
Porod: stadij istiskivanja
[The moment of birth]
Trenutak rođenja
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you. But as you can see, when you actually start working on this data, it's pretty spectacular. And as we kept on scanning more and more, working on this project, looking at these two simple cells that have this unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you. And as we kept on working on this data, looking at small clusters of the body, these little pieces of tissue that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst, all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus, saying, "I'm here to stay." Having conversation and communications with the estrogens, the progesterones, saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me," building this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize, and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being. The marvel of this information: How do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information?
Hvala vam. Ali, kao što možete vidjeti, kad zbilja započnete raditi na ovim podacima, poprilično su spektakularni. I kako smo sve dalje i dalje skenirali, radeći na ovom projektu, promatrajući ove dvije jednostavne stanice koje imaju nevjerojatan pogon koji će postati čarolija vas. I kako smo radili na ovim podacima, gledajući malene grozdove što čine tijelo, ove male komadiće tkiva kako se trofoblast razvija od blastociste, odjednom se ugrađujući u stijenku maternice, govoreći: "Tu sam i ostat ću." Odjednom vodeći razgovor i komunikaciju s estrogenom, progesteronom, govoreći, "Tu sam da ostanem, usadite me," gradeći nevjerojatan prostoran fetus koji kroz 44 dana postaje nešto što možete prepoznati, i kroz devet tjedana stvarno postaje maleno ljudsko biće. Čarolija ove informacije: Kako zapravo imamo ovaj biološki mehanizam unutar našeg tijela da možemo vidjeti ove informacije?
I'm going to show you something pretty unique. Here's a human heart at 25 days. It's just basically two strands. And like this magnificent origami, cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks, as it's just folding on itself. Within five weeks, you start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles. Six weeks, these folds are now beginning with the papilla on the inside of the heart actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart until you get a mature heart -- and then basically the development of the entire human body. The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure saying exactly where that nerve cell should go -- the complexity of these, the mathematical models of how these things are indeed done are beyond human comprehension.
Pokazat ću vam nešto poprilično jedinstveno. Ovo je ljudsko srce u 25. [tjednu]. U osnovi su to dvije niti. I kao veličanstveni origami, stanice se razvijaju u prosjeku milijun stanica u sekundi u četvrtom tjednu, dok se omotava samo oko sebe. Kroz pet tjedana, možete vidjeti ranu pretklijetku i rane klijetke. Šest tjedana, i ovi navoji počinju s papilarnim mišićem unutar srca koji stvarno može povući bilo koji od zalistaka u srce dok ne dobijete razvijeno srce -- i odatle razvoj cijelog ljudskog tijela. Čarolija mehanizama unutar svake genetičke strukture koja govori gdje točno svaka živčana stanica treba ići -- kompleksnost matematičkih modela onoga kako se ove stvari čine je iznad ljudske spoznaje.
Even though I am a mathematician, I look at this with marvel of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes as they build what is us? It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity. Then you start to take a look at adult life. Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries. It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic. But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth, you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body. And only one mile is visible. 59,999 miles that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away. The complexity of building that within a single system is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today.
Iako sam i sam matematičar, gledam sa čuđenjem kako ovaj skup uputa ne čine pogreške dok grade ono što smo mi? To je misterija, čarolija, božanstvo. Onda počnete gledati život odrasloga. Pogledajte ovaj maleni pramen kapilara. Samo je malena pod-podstruktura, mikroskopske veličine. Ali dok budete u devetom mjesecu i rađate se, imate gotovo 95.000 kilometara žila u tijelu. I samo je jedan kilometar vidljiv. 94.999 kilometara koji donose hranjive tvari i odnose otpad. Složenost građe koja je unutar jednog sustava, ponavljam, izvan bilo kakve spoznaje, i izvan bilo koje postojeće matematike.
And then instructions set, from the brain to every other part of the body -- look at the complexity of the folding. Where does this intelligence of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information, so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow. And this is one of the things we're doing. We're launching two new studies of scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born. Every six months until they're six years old, we're going to be doing about 250 children, watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold to see how this magnificent development actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.
I ovaj skup uputa, od mozga do svakog drugog dijela tijela -- pogledajte složenost nabora. Odakle razumijevanje spoznaje kako nabor zapravo može sadržavati više informacija, tako da dok gledate kako mozak djeteta raste -- i ovo je jedna od stvari koje upravo radimo. Pokrećemo dva nova istraživanja skeniranja mozga djeteta od trenutka kad se rodi. Svakih šest mjeseci do šeste godine -- ovo ćemo raditi s oko 250 djece -- gledamo kako se točno nabori i zavoji mozga svijaju da bismo vidjeli kako se ovaj veličanstven razvoj pretvara u uspomene i čaroliju koja smo mi.
And it's not just our own existence, but how does the woman's body understand to have genetic structure that not only builds her own, but then has the understanding that allows her to become a walking immunological, cardiovascular system that basically is a mobile system that can actually nurture, treat this child with a kind of marvel that is beyond, again, our comprehension -- the magic that is existence, that is us?
I nije u pitanju samo naše postojanje, nego i kako tijelo žene razumije genetičku strukturu koja ne gradi samo njeno tijelo, nego kako joj dopušta da postane hodajući imunološki kardiovaskularni sustav koji je u osnovi mobilni sustav koji može njegovati, i voditi brigu o djetetu sa čarolijom koja je, ponavljam, izvan naše spoznaje -- čarolijom koja je postojanje, koja smo mi?
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)