When I was 10 years old, a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school. And as a special treat, he took me to the pathology lab and took a real human brain out of the jar and placed it in my hands. And there it was, the seat of human consciousness, the powerhouse of the human body, sitting in my hands. And that day I knew that when I grew up, I was going to become a brain doctor, scientist, something or the other.
我十岁果阵时, 我有个表哥带我参观咗佢返学嘅医学院 我仲得到特殊照顾 佢带我去咗间病理学实验室 然后攞出个真实嘅人类大脑 从一个罐入边 然后摆喺我手上 呢个就喺 人类意识嘅位置 人体躯干嘅发动机 摆喺我手上 由果日开始 我知道我大个咗之後 我会去做一个脑科医生 或者喺科学家,或者其他相关嘅
Years later, when I finally grew up, my dream came true. And it was while I was doing my Ph.D. on the neurological causes of dyslexia in children that I encountered a startling fact that I'd like to share with you all today. It is estimated that one in six children, that's one in six children, suffer from some developmental disorder. This is a disorder that retards mental development in the child and causes permanent mental impairments. Which means that each and every one of you here today knows at least one child that is suffering from a developmental disorder.
过咗咁多年,当我终于大个女了 我嘅梦想实现咗 然后当我修紧我嘅哲学博士学位 喺关于对神经系统有問題 而造成阅读障碍嘅细路 我发现到一个惊人嘅事实 而今日我想将佢同大家分享下 据估计,六分之一嘅细路 每六个细路就有一个 会有某种程度嘅发展障碍问题 呢种发展障碍 会阻住儿童嘅心智发展 并造成永久嘅精神损伤 即喺话今日在座嘅每一位½ 都会认识起码一位细路 喺有发展障碍嘅
But here's what really perplexed me. Despite the fact that each and every one of these disorders originates in the brain, most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior. But diagnosing a brain disorder without actually looking at the brain is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem based on their physical symptoms, without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray to look at the heart. It seemed so intuitive to me. To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately, it would be necessary to look at the brain directly. Looking at behavior alone can miss a vital piece of the puzzle and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading, picture of the child's problems. Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology, the diagnosis of brain disorders in one in six children still remained so limited.
但喺有一度令我搞唔明嘅地方 尽管事实上 每个发展障碍嘅个案 都系产生喺大脑之中 基本上呢啲紊乱 都喺简单嘅通过 观察患者基本嘅行为嚟诊断 但喺诊断一种大脑紊乱 又唔去睇个大脑发生咩事 就好似医一个心脏病人 只根据简单嘅身体症状 而唔去睇心电图或者系X光胸透 嚟了解个心脏 我觉得咁太依赖直觉喇 要精确诊断同医好一种大脑紊乱 绝对要直接睇下个大脑 只喺睇病人嘅行为 有可能错过最重要嘅一塊拼图 同埋导致不完全,甚至喺错误解读 问题解决方案 依家 尽管医疗科技进步咗好多 要诊断六分之一儿童嘅 大脑紊乱 条件都喺好有限嘅
And then I came across a team at Harvard University that had taken one such advanced medical technology and finally applied it, instead of in brain research, towards diagnosing brain disorders in children. Their groundbreaking technology records the EEG, or the electrical activity of the brain, in real time, allowing us to watch the brain as it performs various functions and then detect even the slightest abnormality in any of these functions: vision, attention, language, audition. A program called Brain Electrical Activity Mapping then triangulates the source of that abnormality in the brain. And another program called Statistical Probability Mapping then performs mathematical calculations to determine whether any of these abnormalities are clinically significant, allowing us to provide a much more accurate neurological diagnosis of the child's symptoms. And so I became the head of neurophysiology for the clinical arm of this team, and we're finally able to use this technology towards actually helping children with brain disorders. And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process of setting up this technology here in India.
后来我遇到一个哈佛大学嘅小组 佢哋用咗种好先进嘅医疗技术™ 并运用佢 唔单止做大脑研究 仲用佢诊断儿童嘅大脑紊乱问题 佢哋呢种创新嘅技术 可以记录EEG脑电图或者电流活动¾ 仲喺实时记录 咁样我哋就可以睇到 大脑执行不同嘅功能 然后检测出啲好细微嘅异常 喺呢啲功能之中 视觉,注意力,语言,发声 有一个项目叫做 脑电活动绘图 用三角定位的方式找出 脑部唔正常信号嘅来源 仲有一个项目叫做 统计几率绘图 佢可以执行数学运算 通过运算嚟决定呢啲反常 喺未临床特征 咁就比咗我哋一个更加之精准嘅 神经学诊断 对果啲儿童嘅症状 所以我就做咗呢个团队 临床部分嘅神经生理学嘅负责人 同埋我哋依家终于可以用呢种科技 实实际际咁 去帮助大脑紊乱嘅小朋友 喺呢度我好开心咁同大家讲我哋依家 正在将呢种科技应用到印度
I'd like to tell you about one such child, whose story was also covered by ABC News. Seven-year-old Justin Senigar came to our clinic with this diagnosis of very severe autism. Like many autistic children, his mind was locked inside his body. There were moments when he would actually space out for seconds at a time. And the doctors told his parents he was never going to be able to communicate or interact socially, and he would probably never have too much language.
我想同大家讲下一个小朋友 佢嘅故事美国广播公司都有介绍 七岁嘅 Justin Seingar 嚟到我哋诊所 佢被人哋诊断到有好严重嘅自闭症 好似好多自闭症儿童咁 佢嘅心智被自己嘅身体鎖住咗 曾经有几次 佢自己一个人喺度发牛斗 个医生同佢父母讲 佢永远都唔可以 好似社交咁沟通同互动 佢可能永远唔会讲好多野
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology to actually look at Justin's brain, the results were startling. It turned out that Justin was almost certainly not autistic. He was suffering from brain seizures that were impossible to see with the naked eye, but that were actually causing symptoms that mimicked those of autism. After Justin was given anti-seizure medication, the change in him was amazing. Within a period of 60 days, his vocabulary went from two to three words to 300 words. And his communication and social interaction were improved so dramatically that he was enrolled into a regular school and even became a karate super champ.
当我哋用呢个创新嘅脑电图(EEG)科技 去认真睇下Justin嘅大脑 结果系好出乎意料嘅 结果显示Justin基本 完全无自闭症 佢只系脑部疾病发作 而斋系用对眼系睇唔到嘅 但喺佢又喺会引起 好似自闭症咁嘅症状 当Justin接受咗抗发作药物治疗之后 佢嘅改变喺十分惊人嘅 喺60日嘅时间之内 佢嘅词汇从两三个单词 飞升到300几个 佢嘅沟通同社交 不可思议嘅提升到 可以去正常嘅学校返学 佢甚至变成咗一个空手道嘅冠軍
Research shows that 50 percent of children, almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures. These are the faces of the children that I have tested with stories just like Justin. All these children came to our clinic with a diagnosis of autism, attention deficit disorder, mental retardation, language problems. Instead, our EEG scans revealed very specific problems hidden within their brains that couldn't possibly have been detected by their behavioral assessments. So these EEG scans enabled us to provide these children with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis and much more targeted treatment.
调查表明一半嘅儿童 接近一半 被诊断为自闭症嘅 其实系因为有隐藏住个大脑疾病 呢啲就喺我测试过嘅 小朋友嘅面容 就好似Justin嘅故事咁 呢啲细路 嚟到我哋诊所之前被诊断为 自闭症,注意力缺陷紊乱 精神障碍,语言障碍 事实上,我哋嘅EEG脑电图扫描揭示佐 隐藏在大脑入边嘅特殊问题 呢啲问题本来喺无办法 用行为评估检测出嘅 所以EEG脑电图扫描 令到我哋可以向依啲小朋友提供一个 精确好多嘅神经生理学诊断 同埋更加之有针对性嘅治疗比呢啲小朋友
For too long now, children with developmental disorders have suffered from misdiagnosis while their real problems have gone undetected and left to worsen. And for too long, these children and their parents have suffered undue frustration and desperation. But we are now in a new era of neuroscience, one in which we can finally look directly at brain function in real time with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively, and find the true source of so many disabilities in children.
好耐以嚟,有发展紊乱嘅小朋友 忍受住误诊 而真正嘅问题仲未被检测出嚟 而令到佢病情恶化 一路以嚟,呢啲小朋友同佢哋嘅父母 忍受住過度嘅伤心同绝望 但喺我哋依家处于神经生理学嘅新时代 喺度我哋终于可以直接睇到 大脑嘅实时运行 而无风险同埋副作用,亦无侵略性 我哋可以搵到 令儿童们失常嘅真正原因
So if I could inspire even a fraction of you in the audience today to share this pioneering diagnostic approach with even one parent whose child is suffering from a developmental disorder, then perhaps one more puzzle in one more brain will be solved. One more mind will be unlocked. And one more child who has been misdiagnosed or even undiagnosed by the system will finally realize his or her true potential while there's still time for his or her brain to recover. And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
所以如果今日我可以启发 就算只系你哋其中嘅一小部分人♪ 将呢种先进嘅诊断手法 分享比就算一个 患有大脑发展紊乱嘅儿童嘅父母 咁可能又一个 脑疾会被治愈 又一个紧闭嘅大脑会被打开 咁又一个被误诊 或者系用现在嘅系统无法诊断嘅儿童 终于可以发现佢嘅潜力 因为依家仲有时间 佢嘅大脑仲可以恢复翻 而呢啲,只要简单嘅通过睇下佢嘅脑电波就可以做到
Thank you.
多谢
(Applause)
(掌声)