I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota. Many of you may have heard of the Lakota, or at least the larger group of tribes, called the Sioux. The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land to prisoner-of-war camps, now called reservations. The Pine Ridge Reservation, the subject of today's slide show, is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota. It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334, and it is where the Lakota now live. Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM, the American Indian Movement, or of Russell Means, or Leonard Peltier, or of the standoff at Oglala, then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the US.
Ovde sam danas da vam pokažem svoje fotografije naroda Lakota. Mnogi od vas su čuli za narod Lakota, ili bar za veću grupu plemena koji se zovu Sijuksi. Lakote su jedno od mnogih plemena koja su preseljena sa svoje zemlje u logore za ratne zarobljenike, koji se sada zovu rezervati. Rezervat Pajn Ridž, predmet današnje prezentacije, lociran je oko 120 km jugoistočno od Blek Hilsa u Južnoj Dakoti. Poznat je i kao Logor za ratne zarobljenike broj 334, i to je mesto gde Lakote danas žive. Ako je iko od vas čuo za AIP, Američki Indijanski Pokret ili za Rasela Minsa, ili Lenarda Peltijera, ili za sukobe kod Oglale, onda znate da je Pajn Ridž krizno žarište za indijanska pitanja u SAD.
So I've been asked to talk a little bit today about my relationship with the Lakota, and that's a very difficult one for me, because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color, I'm white, and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation. You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today. I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family. They've called me "brother" and "uncle," and invited me again and again over five years. But on Pine Ridge, I will always be what is called "wasichu." "Wasichu" is a Lakota word that means "non-Indian," but another version of this word means "the one who takes the best meat for himself." And that's what I want to focus on -- the one who takes the best part of the meat. It means "greedy."
Pozvali su me danas da govorim o svom odnosu sa Lakotama, a to je veoma teško za mene. Jer ako niste primetili moju boju kože, ja sam belac, i to je velika prepreka u rezervatu starosedelaca. Videćete mnogo ljudi na mojim fotografijama danas, dosta sam se zbližio s njima i prihvatili su me kao člana porodice. Nazvali su me bratom, ujakom i pozivali me iznova i iznova tokom pet godina. Ali u Pajn Ridžu, ja ću uvek biti ono što oni zovu "vašiču". A "vašiču" je reč na jeziku Lakota koja znači ne-Indijanac. Ali još jedno značenje ove reči je "onaj koji uzima najbolje meso za sebe." I to je ono što želim da istaknem - onaj koji uzima najbolje parče mesa. To znači pohlepan.
So take a look around this auditorium today. We are at a private school in the American West, sitting in red velvet chairs with money in our pockets. And if we look at our lives, we have indeed taken the best part of the meat. So let's look today at a set of photographs of a people who lost so that we could gain, and know that when you see these people's faces, that these are not just images of the Lakota; they stand for all indigenous people.
Bacite pogled oko sebe u ovom auditorijumu. Nalazimo se u privatnoj školi na američkom zapadu, sedimo na crvenim stolicama od baršuna, s novcem u džepovima. I ako sagledamo svoj život, mi zaista jesmo uzeli najbolje parče mesa. Pogledajmo nekoliko fotografija ljudi koji su izgubili da bismo mi dobili. I znajte, kada budete videli njihova lica, da ovo nisu slike samo naroda Lakota, one predstavljaju sve domorodačke narode.
On this piece of paper is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family. The following is a time line of treaties made, treaties broken and massacres disguised as battles. I'll begin in 1824. What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created within the War Department, setting an early tone of aggression in our dealings with the Native Americans.
Na ovom parčetu papira nalazi se istorija koju sam naučio od mojih prijatelja i porodice Lakota. Ono što sledi je hronološki prikaz sklopljenih sporazuma, prekršenih sporazuma, i pokolja prerušenih u bitke. Počeću od 1824. "Ono što je poznato kao Biro za indijanska pitanja otvoreno je u okviru Ratnog departmana najavljujući od samog početka agresiju u našem odnošenju prema američkim starosedeocima.
1851: The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made, clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation. According to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation. If the boundaries of this treaty had held -- and there is a legal basis that they should -- then this is what the US would look like today. Ten years later. The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln, unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.
1851: sklopljen je prvi sporazum u Fort Laramiju jasno obeleživši granice nacije Lakota. Prema sporazumu, te teritorije su suverena nacija. Da su granice ovog sporazuma održane - a po pravnoj osnovi trebalo je da budu - ovako bi SAD izgledale danas. 10 godina kasnije, Zakon o domaćinstvima, koji je potpisao predsednik Linkoln, izazvao je priliv belih doseljenika na zemlju starosedelaca.
1863: An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men, the largest mass execution in US history. The execution was ordered by President Lincoln, only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
1863: Ustanak Santi Sijuksa u Minesoti završava se vešanjem 38 muškaraca Sijuksa, najveće masovno pogubljenje u istoriji SAD. Pogubljenje je naredio predsednik Linkoln samo dva dana nakon što je potpisao Proklamaciju o emancipaciji.
1866: The beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad -- a new era. We appropriated land for trails and trains to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation. The treaties were out the window. In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud attacked and defeated the US army, many times over. I want to repeat that part: The Lakota defeat the US army.
1866. početak gradnje transkontinentalne železenice - početak nove ere. Zemlju smo prilagodili prugama i vozovima da bi skratili sebi put kroz srce Lakota nacije. Sporazumi su završili kroz prozor. Kao odgovor na to, tri plemena Lakote pod vođstvom poglavice Crvenog Oblaka napalo je i porazilo američku vojsku mnogo puta. Želim da ponovim ovaj deo. Lakote su porazile američku vojsku.
1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills. The government also promises land and hunting rights in the surrounding states. We promise that the Powder River country will henceforth be closed to all whites. The treaty seemed to be a complete victory for Red Cloud and the Sioux. In fact, this is the only war in American history in which the government negotiated a peace by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.
1868: Drugi sporazum u Fort Laramiju jasno garantuje suverenitet Velike nacije Sijuksa i Lakotino vlasništvo nad svetim brdima Blek Hils. Vlada takođe obećava zemlju i pravo lova u okolnim državama. Obećali smo da će područje oko reke Pauder biti zatvoreno za sve belce. Sporazum je izgledao kao potpuna pobeda za Crvenog Oblaka i Sijukse. Zapravo, ovo je jedini rat u američkoj istoriji u kome je vlada sklopila mir tako što je pristala na sve zahteve neprijatelja.
1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed. It began carrying, among other things, large numbers of hunters, who began the wholesale killing of buffalo, eliminating a source of food, clothing and shelter for the Sioux.
1869: završena je transkontinentalna železnica. Počela je da prevozi, između ostalog i veliki broj lovaca, koji su počeli da ubijaju bizone na veliko, eliminišući izvor hrane, odeće i skloništa za Sijukse.
1871: The Indian Appropriation Act makes all Indians wards of the federal government. In addition, the military issued orders forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations. All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war. Also in 1871, we ended the time of treaty-making. The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations, and we can't have that. We had plans.
1871: Zakon o aproprijaciji Indijanaca pretvorio je sve Indijance u vladine štićenike. Pored toga, vojska je izdavala naređenja kojima je zapadnim Indijancima zabranila da napuštaju rezervate. Svi zapadni Indijanci su u tom trenutku postali ratni zarobljenici. Takođe, 1871. smo završili sa sklapanjem sporazuma. Problem sa sporazumima je taj što omogućavaju plemenima da postoje kao suverene nacije, a to ne smemo dozvoliti; jer smo imali planove.
1874: General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, specifically the Black Hills. The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers into Lakota Nation. Custer recommends that Congress find a way to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.
1874: General Džordž Kaster je objavio otkriće zlata na teritoriji Lakota, tačnije na Blek Hilsu. Vest o zlatu je dovela do masivnog doseljavanja belaca, na teritoriju Lakota. Kaster preporučuje da Kongres nađe način da okonča sporazume sa Lakotama što je moguće pre.
1875: The Lakota war begins over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty. 1876: On July 26th, on its way to attack a Lakota village, Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed at the battle of Little Big Horn. 1877: The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson. He was later killed while in custody. 1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties. A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men, under a campaign known as "Sell or Starve" -- sign the paper, or no food for your tribe. Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed. The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe to sign away land. That clause was obviously ignored.
1875: počinje rat s Lakotama zbog kršenja sporazuma iz Fort Laramija. 1876: 26. jula, kada je krenula da napadne selo Lakota, Kasterova Sedma konjica poražena je u bici kod Litl Big Horna. 1877. Veliki Lakota ratnik i poglavica Ludi Konj predao se kod Fort Robinsona. Kasnije je ubijen u pritvoru. 1877. je ujedno i godina kada smo našli način da zaobiđemo sporazume iz Fort Laramija. Novi dogovor predstavljen je poglavicama i starešinama Sijuksa u kampanji pod nazivom "prodaj ili gladuj". Potpišite papire ili neće biti hrane za vaše pleme. Samo 10% odraslih muškaraca je potpisalo. Prema Fort Laramijskom sporazumu, bar tri četvrtine plemena moralo je da otpiše zemlju. Ta klauzula je očigledno zanemarena.
1887: The Dawes Act. Communal ownership of reservation lands ends. Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections, and distributed to individual Indians with the surplus disposed of. Tribes lost millions of acres. The American dream of individual land ownership turned out to be a very clever way to divide the reservation until nothing was left. The move destroyed the reservations, making it easier to further subdivide and to sell with every passing generation. Most of the surplus land and many of the plots within reservation boundaries are now in the hands of white ranchers. Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.
1887: Dozov zakon. Nema više zajedničke svojine nad zemljom u rezervatima. Rezervati su rasparčani na parcele od po 65 hektara, i podeljeni Indijancima ponaosob, a višak im je oduzet. Plemena su izgubila milione hektara. Američki san o privatnoj svojini pokazao se kao veoma lukav način da se rezervat razdeli dok od istog ne ostane ništa. Taj potez uništio je rezervate, tako da je sa svakom novom generacijom bivalo lakše deliti ih dalje i prodavati. Većina preostale zemlje i veliki broj placeva u okviru rezervata sada su u rukama belih vlasnika rančeva. Još jednom, najbogatiji deo zemlje odlazi vašičuu.
1890: A date I believe to be the most important in this slide show. This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre. On December 29, US troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek, and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war, using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells, called a Hotchkiss gun. For this so-called "battle," 20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor were given to the 7th Cavalry. To this day, this is the most Medals of Honor ever awarded for a single battle. More Medals of Honor were given for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children than for any battle in World War One, World War Two, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq or Afghanistan.
1890. je godina koju smatram najvažnijom u ovoj prezentaciji. Ovo je godina Pokolja na Vundid Ni Kriku. 29. decembra, američke trupe opkolile su kamp Sijuksa na Vundid Ni Kriku, i iskasapile poglavicu Veliko Stopalo i još 300 ratnih zarobljenika, koristeći novo rafalno oružje, koje ispaljuje eksplodirajuće metke, poznato kao Hočkis mitraljez. Za ovu takozvanu bitku, Kongres je dodelio 20 medalja časti Sedmoj konjici. Do današnjeg dana, ovo je najveći broj medalja časti ikad dodeljenih za jednu bitku. Više medalja časti je ovde dodeljeno za ubijanje kako žena tako i dece nego u bilo kojoj bici u Prvom svetskom ratu, Drugom svetskom ratu, Koreji, Vijetnamu, Iraku ili Avganistanu.
The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars. Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee, I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux, but as a grave for all indigenous peoples. The holy man Black Elk, said, "I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch, as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. And it was a beautiful dream."
Pokolj na Vundid Ni Kriku smatra se završetkom indijanskih ratova. Kad god posetim mesto masovne grobnice na Vundid Niju, ja ne vidim samo grobnicu Lakota ili Sijuksa, već grobnicu svih domorodačkih naroda. Sveti čovek Crni Los kazao je: "Nisam tada znao koliko toga se završilo. Sada, kada se osvrnem sa ovog visokog brega moje starosti, još uvek mogu videti zaklane žene i decu kako leže na gomili ili razbacani naokolo duž čitavog klanca jasno kao što sam ih video svojim mladim očima. I vidim da je još nešto umrlo tamo u krvavom blatu, i ostalo sahranjeno u vejavici. San jednog naroda umro je tamo. Bio je to divan san."
With this event, a new era in Native American history began. Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after, because it was in this moment, with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns, that the US government openly declared its position on Native rights. They were tired of treaties. They were tired of sacred hills. They were tired of ghost dances. And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux. So they brought out their cannons. "You want to be an Indian now?" they said, finger on the trigger.
Ovim događajem započela je nova era u istoriji američkih domorodaca. Sve se može izmeriti u okviru događaja pre i posle Vundid Nija. Jer u tom trenutku, sa prstom na obaraču mitraljeza Hočkis, američka vlada javno je pokazala svoj stav prema pravima domorodaca. Dosadili su im sporazumi. Dosadila su im sveta brda. Dosadili su im plesovi duhova. I dosadilo im je da ih Sijuksi uznemiravaju. Zato su izneli svoje topove. "Još uvek želiš da budeš Indijanac," rekli su, sa prstom na obaraču.
1900: the US Indian population reached its low point -- less than 250,000, compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.
1900: populacija Indijanaca u SAD spala je na minimum - manje od 250.000, u poređenju sa procenjenih 8 miliona iz 1492.
Fast-forward. 1980: The longest-running court case in US history, the Sioux Nation versus the United States, was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court. The court determined that when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations and seven million acres of their land were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders, the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty had been violated. The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken, and that the initial offering price, plus interest, should be paid to the Sioux Nation. As payment for the Black Hills, the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation. The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry, "The Black Hills are not for sale."
Premotajmo unapred. 1980: Najduži sudski spor u istoriji SAD, Narod Sijuksa protiv Sjedinjenih Država, vodio se na Vrhovnom sudu SAD. Sud je utvrdio da, kada su Sijuksi preseljeni u rezervate i tri miliona hektara njihove zemlje postalo dostupno doseljenicima u potrazi za zlatom, uslovi drugog sporazuma iz Fort Laramija bili su prekršeni. Sud je izrekao da je područje Blek Hilsa oduzeto ilegalno i da cena prvobitne ponude treba biti isplaćena Sijuksima uz kamatu. Kao nadoknadu za Blek Hils, sud je dodelio samo 106 miliona dolara narodu Sijuksa. Sijuksi su odbili novac jednoglasnim povicima: "Blek Hils nije na prodaju."
2010: Statistics about Native population today, more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee, reveal the legacy of colonization, forced migration and treaty violations. Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent. The housing office is unable to build new structures, and existing structures are falling apart. Many are homeless, and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings with up to five families. Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge have no electricity. At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation are infested with black mold. More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line. The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge is approximately eight times higher than the US national average. The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent, and is about three times higher than the US national average. Cervical cancer is five times higher than the US national average. The school dropout rate is up to 70 percent. Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the US national average. Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren because parents, due to alcoholism, domestic violence and general apathy, cannot raise them. Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40 suffers from diabetes. The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old -- roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.
2010: Statistika o stanju domorodačke populacije danas, više od veka nakon Pokolja na Vundid Niju, otkriva posledice kolonizacije, prisilno migriranje i prekršavanje sporazuma. Nezaposlenost u rezervatu Pajn Ridž kreće se između 85 i 90 odsto. Građevinski ured ne može da izgradi nove objekte, a postojeći su u procesu raspadanja. Mnogi su beskućnici, a oni sa kućama zbijeni su u istrulelim zgradama sa čak i do pet porodica. 39 odsto domova u Pajn Ridžu nema struje. Najmanje 60 odsto domova u rezervatu preplavljeno je toksičnom crnom buđi. Preko 90 odsto populacije živi ispod državne granice siromaštva. Stopa tuberkuloze u Pajn Ridžu je približno osam puta viša od državnog proseka. Stopa smrtnosti odojčadi je najviša na kontinentu i oko tri puta viša od državnog proseka. Rak grlića materice je pet puta češći od državnog proseka. Stopa odustajanja od školovanja doseže 70 odsto. Smenjivanje nastavnika je osam puta češće od državnog proseka. Neretko, bake i dede podižu svoje unuke jer roditelji, usled odavanja alkoholizmu, nasilja u porodici i opšte apatije, nisu u stanju da to čine. 50 odsto populacije iznad 40 godina starosti boluje od dijabetesa. Očekivani životni vek za muškarce je između 46 i 48 godina - gotovo jednako Avganistanu i Somaliji.
The last chapter in any successful genocide is the one in which the oppressor can remove their hands and say, "My god -- what are these people doing to themselves? They're killing each other. They're killing themselves while we watch them die." This is how we came to own these United States. This is the legacy of Manifest Destiny. Prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps, long after the guards are gone. These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.
Poslednje poglavlje svakog uspešnog genocida je ono kada opresor može dići ruke i reći: "Bože, šta to sebi čine ovi ljudi? Ubijaju jedni druge. Ubijaju sami sebe dok ih mi gledamo kako umiru." Tako smo došli u posed naših Sjedinjenih Država. Ovo je nasleđe vidljive sudbine. Zarobljenici se i dalje rađaju u logorima za ratne zarobljenike iako stražara već odavno nema. Ovo su kosti koje su ostale nakon što im je oduzeto svo meso.
A long time ago, a series of events was set in motion by a people who look like me, by wasichu, eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills. Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.
Jednom davno, niz događaja pokrenuli su ljudi koji izgledaju kao ja, vašiču, željni zemljišta i vode i zlata sa planina. Ti događaji proizveli su domino efekat koji još uvek traje.
As removed as we, the dominant society, may feel from a massacre in 1890, or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago, I still have to ask you the question: How should you feel about the statistics of today? What is the connection between these images of suffering and the history that I just read to you? And how much of this history do you need to own, even? Is any of this your responsibility today? I have been told that there must be something we can do. There must be some call to action. Because for so long, I've been standing on the sidelines, content to be a witness, just taking photographs. Because the solutions seem so far in the past, I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.
Koliko god mi kao dominirajuće društvo bili udaljeni od masakra iz 1890. ili niza prekršenih sporazuma od pre 150 godina, ja vas svejedno moram pitati, kako doživljavate današnju statistiku? Kakva je veza između ovih slika stradanja i istorije koju sam vam upravo pročitao? I koji deo te istorije je zapravo vaš? Da li je išta od toga vaša odgovornost danas? Rečeno mi je da mora biti nešto što možemo učiniti. Mora biti nekog poziva na akciju. Jer toliko sam dugo stajao po strani zadovoljan svojom ulogom svedoka, samo snimajući fotografije. Jer rešenje je, čini se, tako daleko u prošlosti, da mi ništa manje od vremenske mašine neće pomoći da ga pronađem.
The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix. It's not something everyone can get behind the way they get behind helping Haiti, or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine. The "fix," as it's called, may be much more difficult for the dominant society than, say, a $50 check or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses, or a suburban family donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore. So where does that leave us? Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
Stradanje domorodačkih naroda nije jednostavan problem. Nije to nešto u čemu bi svako mogao učestvovati kao što je pomoć Haitiju, suzbijanje side ili borba protiv gladi. Rešenje tog problema mnogo je složenije za dominirajuće društvo od, recimo, čeka na 50 dolara, ili crkvenih akcija krečenja kuća išaranih grafitima, ili neke porodice iz predgrađa koja donira kutiju odeće koju više ne želi. Dakle, u koji nas položaj to postavlja? Sleganje ramenima u mraku?
The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota. The call to action I offer today -- my TED wish -- is this: Honor the treaties. Give back the Black Hills. It's not your business what they do with them.
Sjedinjene Države svakodnevno nastavljaju da krše uslove sporazuma iz 1851. i 1868. u Fort Laramiju. Ono što ja predlažem danas - moja TED želja je: ispoštujmo sporazume. Vratimo im Blek Hils. Šta će oni s njim raditi nije vaša stvar.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)