I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota. Many of you may have heard of the Lakota, or at least the larger group of tribes, called the Sioux. The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land to prisoner-of-war camps, now called reservations. The Pine Ridge Reservation, the subject of today's slide show, is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota. It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334, and it is where the Lakota now live. Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM, the American Indian Movement, or of Russell Means, or Leonard Peltier, or of the standoff at Oglala, then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the US.
Danes sem tu, da vam pokažem fotografije plemena Lakota. Morda ste že slišali za Lakoto, ali vsaj za večjo skupino plemen, imenovano Sioux. Lakota so eno izmed mnogih plemen, pregnanih z njihove zemlje kot zaporniki v vojna taborišča, zdaj imenovana rezervati. Rezervat Pine Ridge, tema današnje predstavitve, stoji približno 120 kilometrov jugovzhodno od Črnih hribov v Južni Dakoti. Včasih mu pravijo tudi Taborišče vojnih ujetnikov številka 334, in tu sedaj živijo Lakota. Če je kdo od vas že slišal za AIM gibanje ameriških Indijancev, ali za Russell Meansa, ali za Leonard Peltier-ja, ali za obračun pri Oglali, potem veste, da je Pine Ridge točka nič za probleme staroslecev ZDA.
So I've been asked to talk a little bit today about my relationship with the Lakota, and that's a very difficult one for me, because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color, I'm white, and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation. You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today. I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family. They've called me "brother" and "uncle," and invited me again and again over five years. But on Pine Ridge, I will always be what is called "wasichu." "Wasichu" is a Lakota word that means "non-Indian," but another version of this word means "the one who takes the best meat for himself." And that's what I want to focus on -- the one who takes the best part of the meat. It means "greedy."
Prosili so me, naj danes nekaj povem o mojem odnosu z Lakoto, in to je zame zelo težko. Ker, če niste opazili barve moje kože, bel sem, in to je velika ovira v rezervatih. Videli boste veliko ljudi na fotografijah, z njimi smo se zelo zbližali, sprejeli so me kot del družine. Kličejo me "brat" in "stric" in v petih letih so me povabili znova in znova. Ampak na Pine Ridge-u, bom vedno to, čemur pravijo "wasichu," in "wasichu" je beseda Lakote ki pomeni "ne-Indijanec," ampak druga verzija te besede pomeni "tisti, ki zase vzame najboljše meso." In na to bi se rad osredotočil-- tisti, ki vzame najboljši del mesa. Pomeni pohlepen.
So take a look around this auditorium today. We are at a private school in the American West, sitting in red velvet chairs with money in our pockets. And if we look at our lives, we have indeed taken the best part of the meat. So let's look today at a set of photographs of a people who lost so that we could gain, and know that when you see these people's faces, that these are not just images of the Lakota; they stand for all indigenous people.
Poglejte po avditoriju. Smo na privatni šoli ameriškega zahoda, sedimo na žametnih rdečih stolih, z denarjem v žepu. In če pogledamo naša življenja, smo zares vzeli najboljši del mesa. Poglejmo si zbirko fotografij ljudi, ki so izgubili, da smo mi lahko pridobili, in vedite, da ko vidite obraze teh ljudi, da to niso samo slike Lakote; predstavljajo vse staroselce.
On this piece of paper is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family. The following is a time line of treaties made, treaties broken and massacres disguised as battles. I'll begin in 1824. What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created within the War Department, setting an early tone of aggression in our dealings with the Native Americans.
Na tem papirju je zgodovina, kot sem se je naučil od mojih Lakota prijateljev in družine. To je časovnica sklenjenih sporazumov, prekršenih sporazumov in masakrov, zamaskiranih v boje. Začel bom v letu 1824. Kar je znano kot Urad za indijanske zadeve, je bilo ustanovljeno znotraj Vojnega oddelka, in s tem zastavilo zgodnji agresivni ton naših ravnanj z ameriškimi staroselci.
1851: The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made, clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation. According to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation. If the boundaries of this treaty had held -- and there is a legal basis that they should -- then this is what the US would look like today. Ten years later. The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln, unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.
1851: Sklenjen je prvi sporazum pri Fort Laramie, ki jasno označuje meje naroda Lakota. Glede na sporazum, je bila to samostojna država. Če bi se držali mej v tem sporazumu-- in obstaja pravna podlaga, zaradi katere bi se morali-- bi ZDA danes izgledala takole. 10 let kasneje je Zakon o dodelitvi zemlje, ki ga podpisal predsednik Lincoln, sprostil poplavo belih priseljencev v dežele staroselcev.
1863: An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men, the largest mass execution in US history. The execution was ordered by President Lincoln, only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
1863: Vstaja Santee Siouxov v Minnesoti se konča z obešenjem 38 moških plemena Sioux, največja množična usmrtitev v zgodovini ZDA. Usmrtitev je naročil predsednik Lincoln samo dva dni po tem, ko je podpisal Proklamacijo o emancipaciji.
1866: The beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad -- a new era. We appropriated land for trails and trains to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation. The treaties were out the window. In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud attacked and defeated the US army, many times over. I want to repeat that part: The Lakota defeat the US army.
1866: začetek gradnje transkontinentalne železnice -- novo obdobje. Zemljo smo prilagodili potem in tirom, po bližnjici skozi srce ozemlja Lakote. Za sporazume nam ni bilo več mar. Zato so tri plemena, ki jih je vodil poglavar Rdeči oblak, napadla in mnogokrat premagala vojsko ZDA. Naj ponovim. Lakota so premagali vojsko ZDA.
1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills. The government also promises land and hunting rights in the surrounding states. We promise that the Powder River country will henceforth be closed to all whites. The treaty seemed to be a complete victory for Red Cloud and the Sioux. In fact, this is the only war in American history in which the government negotiated a peace by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.
1868: drugi sporazum pri Fort Laramie jasno zagotavlja samostojnost velikega Sioux naroda in lastništvo Lakote nad svetimi Črnimi hribi. Vlada obljublja zemljo in pravico do lova v sosednjih državah Obljubimo, da bo dežela Powder River od sedaj naprej zaprta za vse belce. Sporazum se je zdel kot popolna zmaga za Rdeči oblak in pleme Sioux. Pravzaprav, je to edina vojna v ameriški zgodovini, kjer je vlada izpogajala mir s priznanjem vseh sovražnikovih zahtev.
1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed. It began carrying, among other things, large numbers of hunters, who began the wholesale killing of buffalo, eliminating a source of food, clothing and shelter for the Sioux.
1869: Dokončali so transkontinentalno železnico. Prinesla je, med drugim, veliko število lovcev, ki so pričeli s pobijanjem bizonov za veleprodajo, in s tem uničili vir hrane, obleke in zavetja za Siouxe.
1871: The Indian Appropriation Act makes all Indians wards of the federal government. In addition, the military issued orders forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations. All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war. Also in 1871, we ended the time of treaty-making. The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations, and we can't have that. We had plans.
1871: Zakon o Indijanski prilastitvi naredi vse Indijance varovance vlade. Dodatno je vojska izdala ukaze prepovedi zapuščanja rezervatov za zahodne Indijance. Vsi zahodni indijanci v tem času so bili zdaj vojni ujetniki. Prav tako leta 1871: končal se je čas sklepanja sporazumov. Problem sporazumov je, da dovoljujejo plemenom obstoj kot samostojni narod, tega pa ne moremo imeti. Imeli smo načrte.
1874: General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, specifically the Black Hills. The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers into Lakota Nation. Custer recommends that Congress find a way to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.
1874: General George Custer je oznanil odkritje zlata na območju Lakote, bolj natančno v Črnih hribih. Te novice so prinesle priliv belih priseljencev na ozemlje Lakote. Custer je predlagal kongresu, naj najde način, da končajo sporazum z Lakoto, kakor hitro je mogoče.
1875: The Lakota war begins over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty. 1876: On July 26th, on its way to attack a Lakota village, Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed at the battle of Little Big Horn. 1877: The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson. He was later killed while in custody. 1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties. A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men, under a campaign known as "Sell or Starve" -- sign the paper, or no food for your tribe. Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed. The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe to sign away land. That clause was obviously ignored.
1875: Vojna z Lakoto se začne zaradi kršitve sporazuma pri Fort Laramie. 1876: 26. julija, na poti na napad na Lakotsko vas, je bila Custerjeva 7. konjenica premagana pri bitki pri Malem Velikem rogu. 1877: Veliki Lakotski bojevnik in poglavar imenovan Nori konj se je predal pri Utrdbi Robinson. Kasneje je bil ubit v priporu. Leta 1877 smo prav tako našli način da zaobidemo sporazume Fort Laramie. Nov sporazum so predstavili poglavarjem Sioux in njihovim vodjem pod kampanjo, znano kot "prodaj ali stradaj". Podpišite papirje, ali pa ne bo hrane za vaše pleme. Samo 10 odstotkov moške populacije je podpisalo. Sporazum Fort Laramie je zahteval vsaj tri četrine plemena za odpis zemlje. Ta člen smo očitno ignorirali.
1887: The Dawes Act. Communal ownership of reservation lands ends. Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections, and distributed to individual Indians with the surplus disposed of. Tribes lost millions of acres. The American dream of individual land ownership turned out to be a very clever way to divide the reservation until nothing was left. The move destroyed the reservations, making it easier to further subdivide and to sell with every passing generation. Most of the surplus land and many of the plots within reservation boundaries are now in the hands of white ranchers. Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.
1887: Zakon Dawes. Skupno lastništvo rezervatov se konča. Rezervati so razkosani v 65 hektarjev velike kose in razdeljeni posameznim indijancem z odpisanim presežkom. Plemena so izgubila milijone hektarov. Ameriške sanje o individualnem latništvu zemlje so se izkazale za premeten način razdelitve rezervatov, dokler ni ostalo nič. Ta poteza je uničila rezervate, omogočila je nadaljno razdelitev in prodajo z vsako naslednjo generacijo. Večina ostale zemlje in veliko parcel znotraj meja rezervata so sedaj v rokah belih lastnikov rančov. Ponovno gre najboljši del zemlje wasichuju.
1890: A date I believe to be the most important in this slide show. This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre. On December 29, US troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek, and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war, using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells, called a Hotchkiss gun. For this so-called "battle," 20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor were given to the 7th Cavalry. To this day, this is the most Medals of Honor ever awarded for a single battle. More Medals of Honor were given for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children than for any battle in World War One, World War Two, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq or Afghanistan.
1890, datum, za katerega verjamem, da je najpomembnejši v tej predstavitvi. To je leto pokola pri Ranjenem kolenu. 29. decembra so vojaki ZDA obkolili tabor Sioux pri zalivu Ranjeno koleno. in poklali poglavarja Big Foot-a in 300 vojnih ujetnikov z uporabo novega, hitro-strelnega orožja, ki je streljalo granate, imenovanega top Hotchkiss. Za to, tako imenovano "bitko", je bilo 20 kongresnih častnih Medalj za hrabrost dodeljenih 7. konjenici. Do današnjega dne je to največje število Častnih medalj, ki so bile kdajkoli podeljene za eno samo bitko. Več Častnih medalj je bilo podeljenih za pokol žensk in otrok, kot za katerokoli bitko v prvi svetovni vojni, drugi svetovni vojni, Koreji, Vietnamu, Iraku ali Afganistanu.
The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars. Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee, I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux, but as a grave for all indigenous peoples. The holy man Black Elk, said, "I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch, as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. And it was a beautiful dream."
Pokol pri Ranjenem kolenu predstavlja konec vojn z Indijanci. Kadarkoli obiščem mesto množičnega groba pri Ranjenem kolenu, ga vidim ne samo kot grob za Lakoto ali za Siouxe, ampak kot grob za vse staroselce. Sveti mož, Črni los, je rekel, "Takrat nisem vedel, kaj vse se je končalo. Ko sedaj gledam nazaj, na svoja stara leta, lahko še vedno vidim poklane ženske in otroke, kako ležijo na kupih in razsejani, po vsej krivi soteski, tako živo, kot sem jih videl z mladimi očmi. In vidim, da je takrat v krvavem blatu umrlo še nekaj drugega in je bilo pokopano v viharju: Sanje ljudi so umrle tam, in te sanje so bile prelepe."
With this event, a new era in Native American history began. Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after, because it was in this moment, with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns, that the US government openly declared its position on Native rights. They were tired of treaties. They were tired of sacred hills. They were tired of ghost dances. And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux. So they brought out their cannons. "You want to be an Indian now?" they said, finger on the trigger.
S tem dogodkom se je začelo novo obdobje ameriških staroselcev. Vse se lahko meri pred Ranjenim kolenom in po njem. Ker je v tistem trenutku, s prsti na sprožilcih Hotchkiss topov, vlada ZDA odkrito razglasila svoje stališče do pravic staroselcev. Naveličani so bili sporazumov. Naveličani so bili svetih hribov. Naveličani so bili plesa duhov. In naveličani so bili vseh nevšečnosti s Siouxi. Zato so ven privlekli topove. "Bi zdaj rad bil Indijanec?" so rekli, s prstom na sprožilcu.
1900: the US Indian population reached its low point -- less than 250,000, compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.
1900: Populacija Ameriških Indijancev je dosegla najnižjo točko-- manj kot 250 000, v primerjavi z osmimi milijoni leta 1492.
Fast-forward. 1980: The longest-running court case in US history, the Sioux Nation versus the United States, was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court. The court determined that when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations and seven million acres of their land were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders, the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty had been violated. The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken, and that the initial offering price, plus interest, should be paid to the Sioux Nation. As payment for the Black Hills, the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation. The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry, "The Black Hills are not for sale."
Previjmo naprej. 1980: O najdaljšem sodnem primeru v zgodovini ZDA, narod Sioux proti ZDA, je razsodilo Vrhovno sodišče ZDA. Sodišče je odločilo, da ko so Siouxe premestili v rezervate, in je bilo sedem milijonov arov njihove zemlje dostopne rudosledcem in naseljevalcem, so bili pogoji drugega sporazuma pri Fort Laramie kršeni. Sodišče je razsodilo, da so bili Črni hribi vzeti ilegalno in da mora biti prvotna cena z obrestmi plačana narodu Sioux. Kot plačilo za Črne hribe je sodišče dodelilo samo 106 milijonov dolarjev narodu Sioux. Siouxi so denar zavrnili z bojnim krikom: "Črni hribi niso naprodaj."
2010: Statistics about Native population today, more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee, reveal the legacy of colonization, forced migration and treaty violations. Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent. The housing office is unable to build new structures, and existing structures are falling apart. Many are homeless, and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings with up to five families. Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge have no electricity. At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation are infested with black mold. More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line. The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge is approximately eight times higher than the US national average. The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent, and is about three times higher than the US national average. Cervical cancer is five times higher than the US national average. The school dropout rate is up to 70 percent. Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the US national average. Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren because parents, due to alcoholism, domestic violence and general apathy, cannot raise them. Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40 suffers from diabetes. The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old -- roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.
2010: statistični podatki o staroselcih danes, več kot stoletje po pokolu pri Ranjenem Kolenu, odkrivajo zapuščino kolonizacije, prisilne migracije in kršitve sporazmov. Brezposelnost na rezervatu Pine Ridge se giblje med 85 in 90 odstotki. Urad za naselitve ne more zgraditi novih objektov in že obstoječi objekti razpadajo. Mnogi so brez domov, in če imajo dom, so stlačeni v razpadajoče zgradbe, tudi s po petimi družinami. 39 odstotkov domov na Pine Ridge-u nima elektrike. Vsaj 60 odstotkov domov na rezervatu ima črno plesen. Več kot 90 odstotkov populacije živo pod mejo revščine. Pojavljanje tuberkuloze na Pine Ridgeu je približno osemkrat višje kot povprečno v ZDA. Umrljivost novorojenčkov je najvišja na celini, in je približno trikrat višja od povprečja v ZDA. Rak materničnega vratu je petkrat bolj pogost kot je povprečje v ZDA. 70 odstotkov otrok šole ne dokonča. Menjave učiteljev so osemkrat bolj pogoste kot povprečno v ZDA. Pogosto stari starši vzgajajo svoje vnuke, ker jih starši zaradi alkoholizma, nasilja v družini in vsesplošne apatije niso zmožni vzgajati. 50 odstotkov populacije starejše od 40 let ima sladkorno bolezen. Pričakovana življenjska doba za moške je med 46 in 48 let-- približno enaka kot v Afganistanu in Somaliji.
The last chapter in any successful genocide is the one in which the oppressor can remove their hands and say, "My god -- what are these people doing to themselves? They're killing each other. They're killing themselves while we watch them die." This is how we came to own these United States. This is the legacy of Manifest Destiny. Prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps, long after the guards are gone. These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.
Zadnje poglavje vsakega uspešnega genocida je tisto, ko zatiralec lahko dvigne roke in reče, "Moj bog, kaj ti ljudje počnejo sami sebi? Pobijajo drug drugega. Ubijajo sebe, medtem ko jih mi gledamo umirati." Tako smo postali lastniki Združenih držav. To je zapuščina manifesta usode. Zaporniki se še rojevajo v taborišča vojnih ujetnikov dolgo potem, ko stražarjev več ni. To so kosti, ki ostanejo, ko je pobrano najboljše meso.
A long time ago, a series of events was set in motion by a people who look like me, by wasichu, eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills. Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.
Pred dolgim časom so niz dogodkov začeli ljudje, ki izgledajo kot jaz, wasichu, neučakani, da si vzamejo zemljo in vodo, in zlato v hribih. Ti dogodki so vodili v efekt domin, ki se še ni končal.
As removed as we, the dominant society, may feel from a massacre in 1890, or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago, I still have to ask you the question: How should you feel about the statistics of today? What is the connection between these images of suffering and the history that I just read to you? And how much of this history do you need to own, even? Is any of this your responsibility today? I have been told that there must be something we can do. There must be some call to action. Because for so long, I've been standing on the sidelines, content to be a witness, just taking photographs. Because the solutions seem so far in the past, I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.
Čeprav se kot dominantna družba počutimo odmaknjeni od masakra leta 1890, ali od niza prelomljenih sporazumov pred 150 leti, vas moram še vedno vprašati, kako se počutite glede današnjih statistik? Kaj je povezava med temi podobami trpljenja in med zgodovino, ki sem vam jo prebral? in koliko te zgodovine si morate lastiti? Je karkoli od tega zdaj vaša odgovornost? Rekli so mi, da mora obstajati nekaj, kar lahko storimo. Mora biti nek poziv k ukrepanju. Ker predolgo že stojim na robu zadovoljen kot priča, samo fotografiram. Ker se rešitev zdi tako daleč v preteklosti, da bi potreboval časovni stroj, da bi jih dosegel.
The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix. It's not something everyone can get behind the way they get behind helping Haiti, or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine. The "fix," as it's called, may be much more difficult for the dominant society than, say, a $50 check or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses, or a suburban family donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore. So where does that leave us? Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
Trpljenja staroselcev ni enostavno popraviti. Za to se ne morejo zavzeti vsi, kot se zavzamejo za Haiti, ali končanje AIDSa, ali boj proti lakoti. "popravilo", kot bi rekli temu, je morda veliko težje za dominantno družno kot, recimo, ček za 50$ ali cerkveni obisk, da bi prebarvali z grafiti prekrite hiše, ali pa predmestna družina, ki daruje škatlo starih oblačil, ki jih niti več nočejo. Kje smo torej? Skomigamo z rameni v temi?
The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota. The call to action I offer today -- my TED wish -- is this: Honor the treaties. Give back the Black Hills. It's not your business what they do with them.
Združene države še naprej vsak dan kršijo pogoje iz let 1851 in 1868 sporazumov Fort Laramie z Lakoto. Moj poziv k dejanjem danes -- moja TED želja -- je tole: Spoštujte sporazume. vrnite Črne Griče. Ni vaša stvar kaj počnejo z njimi.
(Applause)
(Aplavz)